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Illustrated Topics 



FOR 



American History 

ARRANGED BY 

albert e. Mckinley, Ph. d. 



PUBUSHED BY 

McKINLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY 

PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



Copyright. 1912. by McKlnley Publlshinj Co. 



©CI.A327JJ37 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. 



Topic U 1. Physical Basis of American History. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Physical Features of North America. 

a") Shape and Coast Line; principal indentations; 
West Indian Islands. 

b) ^fountains of North America. 

1) The Appalachians. 

2) The Cordillera: The Rockies. .Sierra 

Nevada, Cascade. 

c) Drainage of United States. 

1) Atlantic Coast. 

2) Central Valley. 

3) Valley of the St. Lawrence and Great 

Lakes. 

4) Plateau Region. 

5) Pacific Coast. 

d) Climate. 

1 ) Isothermal lines. 

2) Rainfall. 

3) Comparison with climate of same latitude 

in Europe. 

4) Effect of climate upon Euro]ieans. 

e) Accessibility of Country. 

1 ) Atlantic Coast shut off by Alleghanies. 

2) .Significance of Valley of St. Lawrence. 

3) Mississippi Basin. 

4) Western arid lands. 

5) Pacific Coast accessible only from Mexico. 

2. Resources. 

a) Character of soil and agricultural advantages. 

1 ) Atlantic coastal plain. 

2) Piedmont region. 

3) Great ^Mississippi Plain. 

4) "Great American Desert." 

5) Pacific Coast. 

b) Material Resources. 

1) Forest area; original and present; kinds 

of usable timber. 

2) Location of principal metals, coal, and 

minerals. 
S) Fur-bearing animals; importance in 
American history. 

4) The buffalo, and deer. 

5) The fisheries. 

3. Commercial Advantages. 

a) Location with reference to Western Europe. 

b) River systems as an aid to internal and foreign 

commerce. 

c) Principal Indian portages. 

d) Principal harbors on: Atlantic Coast. Gulf 

Coast, Pacific Coast. 

4. Influence of Geographic Conditions upon American 

History. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks. — Ashley, 1-11; rhanning, l-l(i; Hnrt, 17-i.); 
-Montgomery, 31-32, "42-43. 

For Collateral Heading. — Bogart, Economic History, 1-1 (>; 
Conian, Industrial Historv, 4-7; Fisher, Colonial Era, ch. 1; 
Mill, International Geography, oh. 37, 3S, 30; Thwaites, The 
Colonies, 1-7. 

For Topical Study.— 

1. Brighani, Geographic Influences, ch. 1-3; Doyle, English 
Colonies, I, ch. 3; Farrand, Basis of .American History, ch. 
1-2; Semple, American History and Its Geographic Conditions; 
Shaler, Man and Xature in America; Shaler, U. S., I, oh. 1-3, 
5-6. 

2. Brigham, ch. 4-10; Farrand, ch. 3-4; Semple; Shaler, Man 
and Xature in America; Shaler, U. S., I, ch. 7-10. 

3. Brigham, ch. 4, 11; Dovle, English Colonies. I, p. 6-8; 
Shaler, U. S., I, oh. 10. 

Source References. — Hart, Source Rook, 39-:i2. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

The following selections have been chosen to show the nat- 
ural environment of the early settlers in America. The first 
is a description of the Middle .A-tlantic region, taken from a 
remonstrance sent to Holland by the Dutch settlers of Xew 
Amsterdam. The second is the earliest description we possess 
of the buffalo; the description should be compared with the 
pictures presented with this topic. The other extracts arc 
quotations from a large body of colonial legislation dealing 
with the wild beasts which infested the country around the- 
settlements. 

The land of itself is fertile, and capable of being en- 
tirely cultivated by an abundance of people, were it 
judiciously divided according to circumstances. The 
climate liere is pleasant, and more temperate than in 
Netherland. The winds are changeable and blow from 
all points, but generally from the Southwest and North- 
west. The summer furnishes the first of these, the winter 
the latter, which sometimes blows very sharply. . . . 
The Coast is generally clean and sandy; the Foreland 
doubles or is broken into Islands. 

The Country generally is in many places hilly, with 
some high Mountains, likewise many very fine Flats and 
Maize lands, together with extensive Valleys, some of 
which are salt, others again are fresh; all very good 
Meadows. With the exception of the Maize lands, flats 
and valleys, which have few or no trees and could with 
little labor be converted into good tillage land, the soil 
is commonly covered with all sorts of timber, standing, 
however, without order as in other wildernesses. 

The Seasons here are about the same as in Netherland, 
but the summer is warmer and begins more suddenly; 
the winter is cold, and far in the interior, or towards the 
most northern part, colder than in Netherland; 'tis like- 
wise subject to a great deal of snow which also remains 
a long time, far in the interior, however, fully 3, 4 to o 
months on the ground ; but near the Seacoast it is quickly 
dissolved by the Southerly wind. ... It produces sev- 
eral kinds of timber, suitable for the construction of 
houses and ships, be they large or small, consisting of 
various sorts of oak, . . . various sorts of nut timber, 
such as oil nut, large and small; hickory, also large and 
small. . . . Chestnuts, as in Netherland, but they grow 
wild without regularity ; three sorts of Beeches, . . . ax- 
handle wood, two sorts of canoe wood, ash, birch, pine, 
lathwood, Imberen or wild cedar, linden, alder, willow, 
thorn, elder, with divers other species. . . . 

The fruits which the country naturally produces con- 
sist chiefly of acorns, some of them very sweet, nuts of 
various sorts, chestnuts, beechnuts, but not many, mul- 
berries, plums, medlars, wild cherries and black currants, 
gooseberries, abundance of hazel nuts, small apples, a 
great abundance of strawberries throughout the entire 
country with considerable other fruits and roots of which 
the Indians make use. . . . Almost the whole country, 
as well the forests as the maize lands and flats, is full of 
vines, but principally — as if they had been planted there 
— around and along the banks of the brooks, streams and 
rivers which course and flow in abundance very con- 
veniently and agreeably all through the land. The 
crapes are of many varieties; some white, some blue, 
some very fleshy and fit only to make raisins of; some 
again are juicy, some very large, others on the contrary 
small: their juice is pleasant and some of it white, like 
French or Rhenish Wine; that of others a very deep 
red ; . . . the vines run far up the trees and are shaded 
bv their leaves, so that the grapes are slow in ripening 



(Continued on Page 4.) 



PhilaJdpliia. Pa 



MCKINLEY'S Desk Outline Maps. No. SSb. NORTH AMERICA. (Coast lines only.) 




Map Work for Topic U 1. 

Show oil iii,i|i llic iiiouiitaiil .systems, principal ri\irs mikI ccononiii' areas 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American history. 



SOURCE -STUDY- Continued. 

and a littlu sour, but were cultivation and knowkdgt- ap- 
plied here, doubtless as fine wines would then be made 
as in any other wine-growing countries. . . . 

The \Vild animals here consist principally of lions 
[panthers], but they are few; bears, of which there are 
many; elks, a great number of deer, some of which are 
entireh' white and others wholly black, but the latter 
are very rare. The Indians say that the white deer have 
a great retinue of other deer, bj' which they are highly 
esteemed, beloved and honored, and that it is quite the 
contrary with regard to those that are black. There are, 
besides, divers other large animals in the interior, but 
they arc unknown to Christians; also wolves, but dan- 
gerous only to small cattle ; likewise beavers, otters, fish- 
ers, catamounts, foxes, racoons, minks, hares, muskrats 
about as large as cats, martens and squirrels, some of 
which can even fly; there are, besides, woodchucks and 
divers other small animals, but for the most part, as we 
are informed, unknown to the Christians. 

The country is in no wise deprived of its share of birds, 
for there are found great numbers of birds of prey, such 
as: two varieties of Eagles. . . . Also Hawks, Sakers, 
Sparrow-hawks, Duck-hawks, Chicken-hawks and va- 
rious other sorts, all birds of prey, and capable of being 
trained and used for falconry, though some of them differ 
somewhat in shape from those in Netherland. Here is, 
also, a bird of a white color with a head like a cat's, and 
a body like a big owl. We know no name for it in Dutch 
[Cireat Horned Owl]. . . . The other land birds con- 
sist mostly of Turkeys, the same as in Netherland, but 
wild, and best and plentiest in winter; also various sorts 
of Partridges, some smaller, some larger, than in Nether- 
land ; Plover, wood and water Snipe, Pheasants, Heath- 
hens, also Cranes, Herons, Bitherns, multitudes of 
Pigeons closely resembling wood pigeons, but a little 
smaller; likewise Quails, Merlins, Thrushes, Sand-pipers. 
. . . There are also other small birds, some of which 
sing, but the names of most of them are unknown to us, 
and would also take too long to enumerate. 

Different sorts of water fowl likewise are found there, 
which are all ver^- good and fit to eat ; such as Swans, 
'. . . three species of Geese, . . . Ducks of various 
sorts. Widgeons, Divers, Coots, Spoonbills and several 
other kinds. . . . 

The river Fish here is almost the same as in Nether- 
land, and consists of Salmon, Sturgeon, Striped-bass, 
Drum-fish, Shad, Carp, Perch, Pike, Trout, Roach, Bull- 
heads, Suckers, Sun-fish, Eels, Nine-eyes or lampreys, 
but much more abundant and larger than in Netherland ; 
there are various other species of fish, of which we know 
not the names. 

In the salt water are found Cod-fish, Shell-fish, Weak- 
fish, Herring, Mackerel, Thorn-backs, Flounders, Plaice, 
Sheeps-heads, Black-fish, Sharks, . . . and divers others, 
together with Lobsters, Crabs, Coucks, from which the 
Indians make white and black wampum, abundance of 
oysters and mussels, with many other similar sorts of 
shell fish resembling each other, with the names of 
which we are not acquainted. There are, also, both sea 
and land tortoises. 

The venomous reptiles found there, consist chieflj' of 
.\dders and Lizards, but they do little or no harm; there 
arc various sorts of snakes, but not dangerous; if they 
possibly can, they retreat before people (else they are 
usually killed) except the rattle-snake, which has a rattle 
on the tail, wherewith it makes a' verv loud noise when- 



ever it is angry, or intends to bite; it grows a joint longer 
every year. This snake is very malignant and not in- 
clined to retreat before a man or other creature. Whoever 
is bit by one runs great risk of his life, if not imme- 
diately attended to; but the best of it is, they are not 
numerous; and the true Serpentaria grows s])ontaneously 
here, which is very highly prized by the Indians, as being 
an unfailing cure. . . . 

Documents Relatinc/ to the Colonial Histori/ of New 
York, Vol. I, pp. 275-278. Van der Donck's Remon- 
.strance of New Netherland, July 28, 1649. 

Now that I wish to describe the appearance of the 
bulls, it is to be noticed first that there was not one of 
the horses that did not take flight when he saw them first, 
for they have a narrow, short face, the brow two palms 
across from eye to eye, the eyes sticking out at the side, 
so that, when they are running, they can see who is fol- 
lowing them. They have very long beards, like goats, and 
when they are running they throw their heads back witli 
the beard dragging on the ground. There is a sort of 
girdle around the middle of the body. The hair is very 
woolh', like a sheep's, very fine, and in front of the girdle 
the hair is very long and rough like a lion's. They have 
a great hump, like a camel's. The horns are short and 
thick, so that they are not seen much above the hair. 
In May they change the hair in the middle of the body 
for a down, which makes perfect lions of them. They 
rub against the small trees in the little ravines to shed 
their hair, and they continue this until only the down is 
left, as a snake changes his skin. They have a short 
tail, with a bunch of hair at the end. When they run 
they carry it erect like a scorpion. . . . — From Win- 
ship's translation of Castaneda's account of Coronado's 
expedition. Bureau of Ethnolor/i/ Report, 1892-93, Part 
I, p. 542. 

It is enacted by the Court that all the Townes. w^'in 
the Gou^'ment shall make woolfe trapps and bayte them 
and looke vnto them dayly vpon the penalty of X" a trap 
that shalbe neglected. the number that eich Towne 
is to make is as followeth. 

Plymouth five Duxborrow five Scittuate foure Sand- 
wich three Taunton two Boonestable three Yarmouth 
three & Marshfeild two. (Plymouth, September 7, 1642; 
Plymouth Records, Laus. p. 38.) 

BE IT ENACTED . . . That ... if any Person or 
Persons shall kill or destroy any Bear or Wild Cat within 
any Town in this Government, being any of the Inhabi- 
tants of said Colony, such Person or Persons shall re- 
ceive as a Premium or Reward therefor, the Sum of 
Twenty Shillings for each of them. . . . (Rhode Island, 
February, 17^S-3i; Acts and Laws of Rhode Island, ed. 
of 17'15,"p. 178.) 

An Act, for destroying Vermin in this Province. 

Be it Enacted . . . That from and after the Ratifica- 
tion of this Act, any Person or Persons that shall kill 
any of the Vermin hereafter mentioned, shall be intitled 
to a Claim upon the Parish where such Vermin was 
killed, the several Rewards as follows, vis. For every 
Panther, Ten Sliillings, Proclamation Money; for every 
Wolf, Ten Shillings, Proclamation Money; and for every 
Wild-Cat, Two Shillings and Six Pence, Proclamation 
Money. . . . (North Carolina, 1748 ; -lefs o/ -issem^/.y, 
ed. of 1751, p. 261.) 



McKinley'9 Illustrated Topics for American History. 

Topic U 2. The Indians of North America. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Prc-historic ]Man in Anifrici. 

Mound-builders, cliff dwellers, etc. 

2. Indian Civilization in Mexico, Central America, and 

Peru. 

3. Principal Indian Tribes of North America. 

Locate on map. 

4. Studv in detail the Indian Tribes of some section. 

One of: 

a) Algonquins. 

b) Iroquois. 

c) Creeks, Chocktaws, Cherokees, Chickasaws, etc. 

d) Sioux. 

e) Indians of Pacific Coast. 

4. Indian Civilization. 

a) Tribal organization. 

b) Family relations ; dwellings ; house-life. 

c) Religious customs and myths. 

d) Methods of agriculture. 

e) Hunting and fishing. 

f) !Modes of travel. 

g) Intertribal relations and wars, 
h) Numbers of the Indians. 

5. Relations of the Indians to Europeans. 

a) Occupation and purchase of their lands. 

b) Organization of trade with Indians: by indi- 

viduals, by companies, by colonial laws. 
Coureurs de blois. 

c) Wars of extermination in English Colonies. 

d) Treatment b}' Spaniards and by French. 

e) Attempts to convert to Christianity b}' French, 

by Spaniards, and by English. 

f) Effect of intercourse upon Europeans and upon 

Indians. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 1-6; A.shley, 11-17; Hart, 
iJj-^O; Johnston-MacDonald, 1-2; McLaughlin", 1-4; McMaster, 
()K-73; Montgomery, 32-:58; Muzzey, 2'3-2(i. 

For Collateral Reading.— Elson, U. S., 28-40; Fisher, Colonial 
Era, ch. 2; Sloane, French War, etc., 37-37; Thwaites, Colonies, 

7-20. 

For Topical Study. — ■ 

1. Doyle, Eng. Colonies, I, 9-10; Farrand, Basis of Ameri- 
can History, ch. .5; Fiske, Discovery of America, I, 1-147; 
VVinsor, America, I, ch. fi. 

2. Winsor, America, I, ch. .'?-l. 

3. Farrand, ch. 6; Fiske, I, 1-147; Parkman, .Tesuits in Xorth 
America, Introduction; Conspiracy of l'nntia<', ch. 1. 

4. Farrand, ch. 7-12. 

a. Doyle, Eng. Colonies, I, 12-17; Farrand, ch. 13-17; Fiske, 
I, 1-147"; Hildreth, U. S., I, ch. 2; Parkman, .Tesuits in Xorth 
America, Introduction; Conspiracy of Pontiac. ch. 1; Shaler, 
Man and Nature in America, 180-lSS; .Shaler, 1'. S., I, ch. 4; 
Winsor, America, ch. .'>. 

Source References.— Hart, Source Book, 23-26; Hart, Con- 
temporaries, I, 203-206, 318-324, 501-.507, 525-.?28, ,M7-559, II, 
eh. 18; Old South Leaflets, Xos. 21, 22, 52, 87, 88, 143, 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

INDIAN TREATIES. 

The Indian's language was symbolical and metaphorical; 
with him certain signs stood for long harangues or extended doc- 
uments. The settlers easily learned the few catch words or 
phrases which meant so much to the Indian, and, putting 
aside the European conventionalities in their conferences with 
the Indians, they used almost to excess the language and 
.symbols of the aborigines. That the Indians appreciated this 
consideration is shown by the reply of the Six N'ations to 
Colonel William Johnson, on September 10, 1753: "We are 
pleased with everjthing you have said, and return you a great 
many thanks for speaking in our own way, which is more 
intelligible to us, because more conformable to the Customs 
and Manners of our Forefathers." (Documentary History of 
New York, II, 640.) 

The following two extracts illustrate the metaphorical lan- 
guage of the Indians; they show the nature of the gifts made 
to the Indians and the method of punctuating their spoken 
discourse by the presentation of gifts. The spelling of the 
originals has been preserved. 

The Governor delivered the following speech : 
Brother Teedyuscung, and you my Brethren now 
present — 

Yesterday I sent two Gentlemen of the Council and the 
Provincial Interpreter to meet you at Germantown and to 
conduct you to this old Council Fire. 

I now, in behalf of the Inhabitants of this Province, 
by this String of Wampum, bid you heartily welcome. 

Gave a String. 
Brother: 

As I am assured you come on Business of Importance 
in the first place I with this String wash the Sweat off 
your Body, and wipe the dust out of your Eyes, that you 
may rest easy, and see your Brothers with a clean and 
chearful Countenance. A String. 

Brother: 

As you come thro' thick dark Woods, where many 
Bushes and prickly Bryars grow that may have hurt your 
legs, I with this String pull out the Bryars and anoint 
your I-egs with healing salve. A String. 

Brother : 

With this String I wash all bitterness and dust that 
may stick in your throat, and I clear the Passage from 
your heart to your mouth, that you may speak openly and 
ifreely whatsoever you may have to communicate to me. 

A String. 
Brothers: 

As vour Cloaths are worn out and torn by the Briars 
in your long .lourncy, the good People of Pennsylvania 
))resent you with some others, which you will divide, 
amongst you as you think proper. 

A LIST OF THE fiOODS PRESEXTFD TO THE INDIANS. 



I Piece of Stroud, 

1 Piece of Red Stroud, 

2 Pieces of white halfthick, 

2 Pieces Purple ditto, 

20 fine Tandem Ruffled 

Shirts, 
30 good plain Shirts, 

3 Groce Star Garters, 
12 Strouds, 

3 pieces Blankets, 
3 tti Vermillion, 
3 fine laced Hatts, 
2 doz. fine felt Hats, 



1 pee. 18 yds Callicoe, 

2 doz. large white wro' 

Buckles, 

2 doz. Cutteau knives, 

2 doz. large ditto, 

1 doz. hulgee Silk Handker- 
chiefs, 

1 thousand needles, 
.50 Hi Tobacco, 

6 painted frame Glasses. 
24 neat pocket ditto, 

1 Cag Pipes, conte 3 Groce, 
20 pr. Mens Shoes. 



(Philadelphia, .July 6. 17.')8; Penna. Archives, 1st 
Series, Vol. Ill, 457, 467. 



Copyrlalit. 19i: 



155. 

McKinley Publishinj Co. 



(Continued on Page 4.) 



PhUa(ltlphi«. P«. 



MCKINLEY'S Desk Outline Maps. No. 85 b. NORTH AMERICA. (Coast lines only.) 




Map Work for Topic U 2. 

Show on the nr.tp ttie locjtinn of tlio ])rin(ipMl Indian nations of Xorlh Anicricn, 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics ior American History. 



SOURCE - STUD Y.-Continued. 

Extracts from tlic Journal of Governor Benjamin 
I'letclier's Visit to Albany, Sept. 17-Oct. 5, 1696. 

His Exccll : called the Sachems together and spake. . . . 

Brethren 

I do acquaint you from my most illustrious Master 
the King of Great Brittaine France and Ireland that he 
will alwayes extend his gracious proteecon to you and as 
a seal of it His ^Majesty has commanded me to deliver 
you tiiese jiresents to keep bright the Covenant Chain 
from all rust and to strengthen it in behalfe of all his 
Majestyes subjects, not only of this Province, but those 
also of New England, Connecticut, the Jerseys, Pensil- 
vania, Maryland and Virginia. 

A List of the presents sent from the Kings Most Ex- 
cellent Majesty & given to the Indians (viz') 

2-1 blew Coats [laced wih 1 barrell powder 

broad Lace] -lOO weight lead 

24 laced hatts 1000 flints 

24 pr .shoes with buckles 1 grose of tobacco pipes, 

24 Shirts wood & tinn 

2-2 dozen hose 2 grose knives 

:10 gunn barrils & locks 6 pound vermilion 
30 brasse kettles 

prime cost in England of the above goods £200 sterling. . . . 

Sanonguiresc a Sachim of the Mohaques was Speaker 
Brother Caijenquiragoe [Indian name for Gov. Fletcher] 

We returne you thanks for what you have said the day 
before yesterday in coodoling of our losse, and for the 
kettles which you gave us to boyle our victuals in the 
room of those that are lost by the enemy as also for the 
two Belts of Wampum given us as a token of yo'' sin- 
cerity, by which our hearts are mightily rejoiced and 
lifted up in this our poor condition. 
Brother C * 

We are exceedingly rejoyced that the Great King over 
the Seas has sent us in this our low condition, by which 
our hearts are lifted up, we were ready to sink in a 
miserable perishing condition and this makes us revive 
again. He laid down six Beaver Skins. . . . 
Brother C 

We again thank you for the message you have brought 
from the Great King. 

And we Jiray you to send again to him for us with all 
vigour and speed, and to lay before the King what we 
have here said : faile not in writeing, faile not to let the 
King know it. We give these five beavers to the man that 
writes, to pay for the paper penn & ink. 
Brother C— 

We desire you to acquaint the Great King as before, 
tiiat we are a small people and he has a great people and 
many cannoes with great guns ; we desire you to write 
to him to know whether he will send them to distroy 
Canida or not, against the next time the trees grow green ; 
and if he will not send forces to distroy Canida then to 
send us word thereof that we may make peace for our- 
selves, for ever, or for some time. 

And we earnestly prav you will desire the Great King 
to send us an answer by the next time the trees grow 
green. He laid down a bundle of six bevers. . . . 

Dackashata a Sachim of the Sinnekes was Speaker 
Brother C 

We come to condole the losse you daily receive having 
daily alarms of sculking partyes of the enemy doing mis- 
chiefe. Then laid down a belt of Wampum. 
Brother C 

I am come with the whole House to consider what 
tends to the common good of the whole House. 



Brother C 

We come here to quicken the fire, and renew the Cove- 
nant Chain. 
Brother C 

We come to renew the Covenant Chain with all the 
brethren of New England, Connecticutt, New Yorke, the 
Jerseys, Pensilvania, Maryland & Virginia tiiat they may 
partake of the warmth of the fire. 
Brother C 

We recommend to all that are in the Covenant Chain 
to be vigorous to keep it up. 
Brother C 

When all is said I drinck to all yo'' licaltlis & then I 
deliver you the cupp. 
Brother" C 

There has been a cloud and we come to remove it, as 
the sun in the morning remove the dar[k]nesse of the 
night. 
Brother C 

The Tree of safety and welfare jilanted here we con- 
firme it. 
Brother C 

As the tree is planted here and confirmed, so we make 
fast all the roots and branches of it, all the brethren of 
the F'ive Nations and the brethren of Virginia, Maryland, 
Pensilvania, the Jerseys, New Yorke, Connecticutt, & 
New England. 
Brother C 

We wish we may rest in quietnesse under that tree. 
We fill it with new leaves, and wish all that are in the 
Covenant Chain may have the benefite to sitt down quiett 
under its shaddow. . . . 
Brother C 

We wish the Cannoes may go to and again in safety 
that the Great King may know what we have here said 
and that we may have an answer. We now have made 
our word good ; here is the cup. Then laid down some 
small bundles of bever saying, — It is but small, but is 
as it were saved out of the fire. 

His Excel! stood up and said: — 
Brethren. 

I have heard what you have said, and have here re- 
newed the Covenant Chain with all the Five Nations the 
Mohaques, Oneydes, Onnondages, Caijouges, and Sin- 
nekes, in behalf of the Brethren of this Province, Vir- 
ginia, Maryland, Pensilvania, the Jerseys, Connecticutt 
& New England; and I assure the Five Nations of his 
Maj''^' proteecon. I have provided for you some 
vietualls and drink to drink the King's health, and in 
confirmacon thereof that it may last as long as the sun k 
moon endures I give this Belt Wampum. 

The ])rinci])le Sachim of the Mohaques called — Oheee 
The whole Assembly answered Heeeeee Hogh. 

The Principle Sachim of Oneyde called — Oheee 
The whole Assembly answered Heeeeee Hogh. 

The ]irinciple Sachim of Onnondage called — Oheee 
The whole Assembly answered Heeeeee Hogh. 

The principle Sachim of Caijouge called — Oheee. 
The whole Assembly answered Heeeeee Hogh. 

The principle Sachim of Sinneke called — Oheee 
The whole Assembly answered Heeeeee Hogh. 
In the evening His Excell. did appoint the principle 
Sachims to meet him at a private conference next morn- 
ing. 

(Albany, Sept. 17-Oct. C>, l6<)6; Documents Relating 
to the Colonial Histori/ of New York, IV, 235-23i[> 
jiassim.) 



^!n the original Ihe 



spelt ■ 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 3. European Background of American History. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. General Awakening of Europe in Ijth and iGtIi 

Centuries. 

2. The Renaissance. 

a) Antecedents in Crusades and medieval trade. 

b) The New Learning: study of classics. 

c) Printing; Gutenberg, c. 1450: learning placed 

on a democratic basis. 

d) An age of personal, individual activity, displac- 

ing the guilds and social organi.-'.ations of 
Middle Ages. 

e) An age of invention and discovery: 

1 ) In astronomy — Copernicus. 

2) In other sciences. 

3) Invention of gunpowder — overthrow of 

feudalism and chivalry. 

4) In geography — see below. 
.'!. The Reformation. 

a) Relation to Renaissance. 

b) Prominent persons — Lutlier, Zwingli, Calvin, 

Knox, Loyola. 

c) Results: 

1) Irreparable split in Cliristian chureli. 

2) Persecutions and civil wars: 

(a) The Inquisition. 

(b) The Revolt of the Netherlands. 

(c) Wars in CJermany. l.T IT-iri.Tri ; 

]6lS-l(i48. 

(d) Wars in France, 1 ")58-l;J98. 

(e) Wars in England — tile PuritaJi 

Revolt. 

3) Reform in Catholic Church: Council of 

Trent, Jesuits, etc. 

4) Multiplicity of sects. 

5) Eventual toleration in religion in countries 

where sects were nearly equally 
divided. 

6) New missionary activity among both 

Catholics and Protestants. 
4. Conditions in Great Britain. 

a) Strong national monarchy of Tudors. 

b) Organization of English government. 

1) The Nation. 

Executive — the King and his ministers. 

Legislature — Parliament: Kin", Lords 
and Commons. 

Judiciary — House of Lords, Privy Coun- 
cil, King's Courts. 

2) Local Government. 

The County — sheriff, coroner, justice cf 

peace, county court. 
The Parish or Town — local duties: care 

of church, of jjoor, of local roads, 

etc. 
The Borough — incorporated by King: 

usually governed by select few of 

pojiulation. 
The city — cliartered by King: An elab- 
orate government possessing few 

)io)iular features. 

c) Religious sects. 

] ) Church of England — legally su|)))orteil by 

)>ublic taxes. 
2) Puritans — believed in state eliurcli. but 

wished to purify it. 

riipypiilh(. I'Jli MiKinl.y Piihlishi: 



3) Separatists-^rwould establish congrega- 
tions largely independent of each 
other and of the state. 

4) Catholics: — treated as public enemies, al- 
though many were loyal to monarchy. 

d) Social and Industrial Conditions. 

1) Growth of enclosed estates and spread cf 
sheep-raising. 

2) Large number of vagrants. 

3) City population increasing. 

4) Growth of new industries, and scareii for 
new markets. 

5) Overthrow of guild system. 

6) Existence of many legal monopolies. 

7) Rise of chartered companies for commer- 
cial purposes. 

. Knowledge of Geogra))hy. 

a) Medieval trade routes. 

b) Journeys of Marco Polo and other travellers. 

c) Early maps. 4. 

d) Explorations along African coast by Portu- 
guese. 

e) Ideas of the sliape and size of the eartli. 

f) Inventions aiding geographical discovery; Mari- 
ner's compass, astrolabes, quadrant, nauti- 
cal tables, map-making, globe-making. 

. Trade witli the East. 

a) Routes — Alexandria, Constantinople. 

b) Controlled by Italian cities. 

c) Articles of commerce. 

d) Conquests by Turks and influence on commerce. 
c) Demand for new routes. 

. Trading. Companies. 

a) An age of legal monopolies in commerce. 

b) Commercial monopolies to trade with certain 
places given by France, England, Spain, 
the Dutch, etc., to select companies of their 
citizens. 

c) Often became instrumental in discovery and 
settlement of new lands. 

. The National ^Monarchies of the Ifitli and 17th Cen- 
turies. 

a) England — under Tudors and Stuarts. 

b) France — under Louis XI, Francis I, and the 
Bourbons. 

c) Spain united under Ferdinand and Isabella. 

d) Austria — under Hapsburg family, 
c) Sweden — under Gustavus Adolphus. 

f) The Dutcli — a confederation with an hereditary 
presidency. 

g) Struggles of tile new monarchies with one an- 
other: Hapsburgs and Bourbons; Spain 
and England; Spain and the Dutch; Eng- 
land and France. 

REFERENCES. 

Texthooks.— Hnrt, l:i-17; .iMiiirs niid Sruiford, 1-R; Mc- 
■Miighlin, G-10. 

For Topical .Study. — 

J. Robinson, Western Knrope, cli. J.'. 

:!. Bancroft, I, 177-ISI; Clicviiev, Kiiropean B.U'ki.'r(iMiul, cli. 
-10; Rol)ins(in, cli. )}:i-:i). 

4. Bancroft, I, 181-l<i;i; Clicvnev, cli. II-IH; Uobinson. <-li 
T, 30. 

.">. Fiske, Discovery of .America, I, ■?95-.'J:U: .Sjiarks, F,\- 
ansion of .American Ppo))Ie, cli. 1; Winsor, I, cli. I. 

(). Chevnev, ch. 1-4; Fiske, Discoverv of .\iiierlca, I, JjC-^g t. 

T. Cheynev, ch. 7-8. 

8. Cheyney, ch. 5-6. 

. PhiLiadplila. Pa. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. 



Source References. — Hart, Contemporaries, I, ch. C, 7, 8; 
Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. 1-10; Kendall, Source Book of 
English History, ch. S-14; Lee, Source Book of English His- 
tory", ch. 14-23; Prothero, Select Statutes: Robinson, Readings 
ill European History. I. ch. 33, H, ch. 33-30. 

Biography. — Lives of Prince Henry, the Navigator, Marco 
Polo. 



SOURCE- STUDY. 

ORIENTAL TRADE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE. 

The first of the following extracts are .selected in order to 
.how the current European ideas respecting the Orient. Marco 
Polo, a Venetian, with his father and uncle, made a journey 
into tlie Far East, an account of which was made pul)lic in 
1398, three years after the return of the family to Venice. 
The account had a wide influence in moulding western ideas 
respecting the east. Cohnnbus himself possessed a copy of 
the travels of Marco Polo, and his annotations upon its 
margins, showing his great interest in the eastern trade, can be 
seen today. 

The selections have been chosen to show mainly the condi- 
tions of trade and industry in the east. Note the articles 
of commerce mentioned, and the lines of trade; also the 
descriptions of golden scenes, always prefaced, however, with 
the remark that others say such things exist. Marco Polo 
describes accurately what "he himself has seen; and always 
distinguishes between his own information and that derived 
from others. 

The second extract is from a modern account of the Eastern 
trade and the influence of the Turks thereon. The third is a 
brief quotation from Prof. E. P. Cheyney's notable volume in 
the American Xation. 

To this city [Pekin] every thing that is most rare 
,ind valuable in all parts of tlie world, finds its way, and 
more especially does this apply to India, wliich furnishes 
precious stones, pearls, and various drugs and spices. 
From the . . . provinees of the empire, whatever there 
is of value is carried tliither, to supply the demands of 
those multitudes who are induced to establish their resi- 
dence in the vicinity of the court. The quantity of mer- 
chandise sold there exceeds also the traffick of any other 
place; for no fewer than a thousand carriages and pack- 
horses loaded with raw-silk make their daily entry, and 
gold tissues and silks of various kinds are manufactured 
to an immense extent. . . . 

The noble and handsome city of Zai-tun, which has a 
jiort on the seacoast celebrated for the resort of shipping, 
loaded with merchandize that is afterwards distributed 
througli every part of the province of Manji. The quan- 
tity of pejjper imported there is so considerable, that 
what is carried to Alexandria, to supply the demand of 
the western jiarts of the world, is trifling in comparison, 
perhaps not more than the hundredth part. It is indeed 
impossible to convey an idea of the concourse of mer- 
chants and tile .-iccunnilation of goods, in this wjiich is 
lield to be one of tlie largest and most commodious ])orts 
in tlie world. . . . Tlie ships are freighted by them 
[merchants] at the rate of tliirty per cent, for tine goods, 
forty-four for pepper, and for lignum aloes, sandal-wood, 
and other drugs, as well as articles of trade in general, 
forty per cent.: so that it is computed by the merchants, 
that their charges, including customs and freight, amount 
to half the value of the cargo; and yet u|)on the half 
tliat remains to them, their profit is so considerable, 
lliat they are always disposed to return to tlie same 
market witli a further stock of merch.nndise. . . . 

Zipangu [.lapan] is .an island in the eastern oce.an. 
situated at the distance of about fifteen hundred miles 
from the main land or coast of Manji [China]. It is of 
considerable size; its inhabitants have fair complexions, 
are well made, and arc civilized in their manners. Their 



religion is the worship of idols. They are independent 
of everj' foreign power, and governed only by their own 
kings. They have gold in the greatest abundance,, its 
sources being inexhaustible, but as the king does not 
allow of its being exported, few merchants visit the 
country, nor is it frequented by much shipping from 
other ports. To this circumstance we are to attribute the 
extraordinary richness of the sovereign's palace, .accord- 
ing to what we are told by those who have access to the 
place. The entire roof is covered with a plating of gold, 
in the same manner as we cover houses, or more properly, 
churches, with lead. The ceilings of the halls arc of the 
same precious metal ; many of the apartments have small 
tables of pure gold considerably thick; and the windows 
also have golden ornaments. So vast", indeed, are the 
riches of tlie pal.ace, that it is impossible to convey an 
idea of them. In this island there are pearls also, in 
large quantities, of a red (pink) colour, round in shape, 
and of great size ; equal in value to, or even exceeding 
that of the white pearls. . . . 

In this kingdom [of Aden at the entrance to the Red 
Sea] there are many towns and castles, and it has the 
advantage of an excellent port, frequented by ships 
arriving from India with spices and drugs. The mer- 
chants who purchase them with the intention of conveying 
them to Alexandria, unlode them from the ships in which 
they were imported, and distribute the cargoes on board 
of other smaller vessels, with which they navigate a gulf 
of the sea for twenty days, or more or less, according 
to the weather they experience. Having reached their 
port, they then load their goods upon the backs of 
camels, and transport them overland thirty days' journey, 
to the river Nile, where they are again put into small 
vessels, called jerms, in which they are conveyed by the 
stream of that river to Kairo, and from thence, by an 
artificial canal, called KaUzene, at length to Alexandria. 
This is the least difficult and the shortest route the mer- 
chants can take with their goods, the produce of India, 
from Aden to that city. In this port of Aden likewise the 
merchants ship a great number of Arabian horses, which 
thev carry for sale to all the kingdoms and islands of 
India, obtaining high prices for them, and making large 
profits. . . . 

The inhabitants of the city [Hang-cheu, China], are 
idolaters, and they use paper money as currency. The 
men as well as the women have fair complexions and are 
handsome. The greater part of them are always clothed 
in silk, in consequence of the vast quantity of that ma- 
terial produced in the province of Kin-sai, exclusively of 
what the mereliants import from other provinces. 
Amongst the handicraft trades exercised in the place, 
there are twelve considered to be superior to the rest 
as being more generally useful ; for each of which there 
are a thousand workshops, and each shop furnishes ein- 
]3loyment for ten, fifteen, or twenty workmen, and in a 
few instances as many as forty, under their respective 
masters. Tlie opulent principals in these manufactories 
do not labour with their own hands, but on the contrary 
assume airs of gentility and affect jiarade. Their wives 
equally abstain from work. They have much beauty, as 
has been remarked, and are brought u]i witli delicate and 
languid habits. The costliness of their dresses, in silks 
and jewelry, can scarcely be imagined. . . . 

An island of very great size named Java, according to 
the reports of some well-informed navigators, is the 
largest in the world ; being in circuit above three thousand 
miles. . . . The country abounds with rich commodities. 

(Continued on Page 4.) 







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McKinley"5 Illustrated Topics lor American History. 



SOURCE -STUDY.-Continued. 

Pepper, nutmegs, spikewood, gahmgal, eubebs, eloves, and 
all the other valuable spices and drugs, are the jiroduee 
of the island ; whieh oecasion it to be visited by many 
ships laden with merchandise, that yields to the owners 
considerable profit. The quantity of gold collected there 
exceeds all calculation and belief. From thence it is that 
the merchants of Zai-tiin and of Manji [China] in gen- 
eral have imported, and to this day import, that metal 
to a great amount, and from thence also is obtained the 
greatest part of the spices that are distributed through- 
out the world. . . . — The Travels of Marco Polo (ed. by 
W. Marsden, London, 1818), j). 351, .121, SiiP, 569, 590, 
725. 

AA'hile Greek and Roman merchants had enriched 
themselves by the Indo-European trade, the actual sea- 
passage from India to Egypt, like the actual caravan 
route from the Persian Gulf to the Levant, remained in 
the hands of Semitic races. Colonies of Arabs and Jews 
settled in an early century of our era, or perhaps be- 
fore it, on the southern Bombay coast, where their 
descendants form distinct communities at the present day. 
The voyages of Sinbad the Sailor are a popular romance 
of the Indian trade under the caliphs of Baghdad, prob- 
.ibly in the ninth century A. D. . . . Sinbad traverses 
the ocean regions from the Persian Gulf to Malabar, the 
Maldive Islands, Ceylon, and apparently as far as the 
]\Ialay Peninsula. 

. . . Egypt had passed to the Saracens in GiO A. D. 
But under its . . . sultans the Indo-Egyptian trade con- 
tinued to flourish, and probably gained rather than lost 
!)y the temporary interruption of the Syrian land-route 
during the Crusades. Ibn Batuta (1301-1377), who 
travelled for twenty-four years in Asia, Africa and the 
Mediterranean, declared Cairo to be the greatest city in 
the world "out of China," and mentions Alexandria as 
one of the five chief ports which he had seen. . . . 

But the same Turkish avalanche that had thrown itself 
across the Syrian and Black Sea routes was also to de- 
scend on Egypt. The Venetians on their expulsion from 
Constantinople in 1261 transferred their eastern com- 
merce to Alexandria, and after the capture of Constan- 
tinople by the Turks in 1453, Egypt for a time enjoyed 
almost a monopoly of the Indian trade. . . . The growth 
of the Ottoman navy from M'70 onwards began, however, 
to imi)eril the ^Mediterranean outlets of the Indo-Egyp- 
tian trade. It was in vain tliat Venice in 1 1'51' made an 
un-Christian peace with the Moslem conquerors of Con- 
stantinople, and sought to secure the passage from the 
Adriatic to Alexandria by fortified stations and island 
strongholds along the route. Venice had ruined the 
naval power of Genoa, and the gallant defence of the 
Knights Hospitallers at Rhodes in 1480 could only delay, 
not avert, the Ottoman seizure of the Alediterranean 
highway. 

In 1470 the Turks wrested the Xegropont from Venice 
with a fleet of one hundred galleys and two hundred 
transports. Before ten years passed their squadrons 
swept the Adriatic and ravaged along the Italian coast. 
In their work of destruction the Turks were aided by 
an even more savage sea-force from the West. The rise 
of the Barbarv corsairs . . . formed the maritime com- 



l^lement of the Turkish conquests by land. . . . During 
a quarter of a century before this [1504] final develop- 
ment, the galleys of the African Moors outflanked the 
Venetian and Genoese fleets in the western Mediter- 
ranean, and thus strengthened the Turks in their struggle 
for the naval suj)remacy of the Levant. 

The same year, 1480, which saw the temporary failure 
of the Ottomans at Rhodes saw also their capture of 
Otranto in Italy. In 1499 they crushed the naval force 
of V^enice at Zouehio and Lepanto. By this time the 
Sea of Marmora and the Black Sea had become Turkish 
lakes. Turkish fleets and fortresses dominated the Helles- 
pont, tlie Sj'rian coast, the Greek harbours, and most of 
the island trading-stations of the ^Egean and the Le- 
vant. The use of the Ottomans as -a sea-power thus 
blockaded the Mediterranean outlets of the Indo-Egyj)- 
tian trade as their use as a land-power had obstructed the 
Indo-Syrian and Black Sea routes. . . . 

The Ottoman seizure or obstruction of the Indian 
trade brought disaster not alone to the Mediterranean 
republics. The blow fell first on Genoa and A'^enice, but 
it sent a shock through the whole system of European 
commerce. The chief channel by which the products 
of Asia reached the central and northern nations of 
Christendom was the Hanseatic League. . , . 

The Indian trade formed an important contributary to 
this Hanseatic commerce. When the Eastern traffic be- 
gan to dry up, its European emporiums declined ; when 
. . . the Cape route was substituted, they withered away. 
"Grass grew," says Motley, "in the fair and pleasant 
streets of Bruges, and sea-weed clustered about the halls 
of Venice." Augsburg which had financed the commerce 
of Central Europe dwindled into a provincial town. 
Novgorod suffered in addition to mercantile decay the 
abolition of its charters by Ivan III in 1475. . . . The 
Mediterranean marts of Eastern commerce, from Lisbon 
looking out on the Atlantic, to Venice once mistress of 
the Adriatic and the Levant, shared in varying degrees 
the common fate. In the first years of the sixteenth cen- 
tury the Indo-European trade of the ]\Iiddle Ages lay 
strangled in the grip of the Turks. — Sir William Wilson 
Hunter, A Hisfori/ of British India, I, 47-53. 

. . . One of the chief luxuries of the Middle Ages was 
the edible spices. The monotonous diet, the coarse food, 
the unskilful cookery of mediaeval Europe had all their 
deficiencies covered with a charitable mantle of Oriental 
seasoning. . . . 

Pepper, the most common and at the same time the 
most valued of these spices, was frequently treated as 
a gift of honor from one sovereign to another, or as a 
courteous form of payment instead of money. . . . The 
amount of these spices demanded and consumed was 
astonishing. Venetian galleys, Genoese carracks, and 
other vessels on the Mediterranean brought many a 
cargo of them westward, and they were sold in fairs and 
markets everywhere. "Pepper-sack" was a derisive and 
yet not unappreciative epithet applied by German robber- 
barons to the merchants whom they plundered as they 
passed down the Rhine. ... In romances and chron- 
icles, in cook-books, trades-lists, and customs-tariffs, 
spices are mentioned with a frequency and consideration 
unknown in modern times. — Cheyney, European ISack- 
f/round of American History^ 10-12. 



McKinley'a Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 4. Period of Discovery and Exploration. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Reasons for Exploration. 

New route to Indies; economic interests; love of 
adventure; new converts to Christianity; 
northwest passage. 

2. Reasons for Colonization. 

Commercial advantage of trading companies ; profits 
in fur-trade ; surplus population in Eu- 
ropean states ; political and religious rivalry 
at liome; national advantage and rivalries; 
ambitious individuals ; glowing accounts of 
new lands. 

3. The Xortlunen. 

a) Proof of their voyages. 

b) Probable landfall'. 

c) Lack of historic significance. 

4. Columbus. 

a) Early life; interest in navigation; sources of his 

plans for westward voyages. 

b) Attempts to obtain assistance. 

e) First voyage; dates; incidents; landfall, imme- 
diate results of liis discovery; what he 
thought he discovered. 

5. The Naming of America. 

a) Americus Vespucius and his voyages. 

b) His name applied to (South) America by Wald- 

seemuller, 1507. 

c) Current beliefs respecting contributions to geog- 

rapliy by Columbus and by Vespucius. 

6. Determination of the American Coast Line. 

a) Cabots. 

b) Columbus' later voyages. 

c) Vespucius. 

d) Balboa. 

e) de Leon. 

f) de Ayllon. 

g) Verrazano. 

7. Determination of World Position of America. 

a) Theories of position of New A^'orld with refer- 

ence to China and East Lidies. 

b) Voyage of Magellan — positive proof of isolation 

of America. 

8. Exploration of Interior — Spaniards, 
f). Exploration of Interior — French. 

10. Exploration of Interior — English. 

Reasons for slight influence of English. 

1 1 . Contributions to American Geography. 

Hakluyt, Purchas, Smith, etc. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 7-23; Ashlev, 2.5-38; Channing, 
19-46; Hart, 31-43; .lames & Sanford, 9-3.;; ,lolinston-Mac- 
Donald, 3-10; iMoI.aughlin, 4-6, 10-27; McMaster, <)-lH, 10-24; 
Montgomery, 1-31; Muzzey, 1-26. 

For Collateral Reading. — Bogart, Economic Historv, 17-33; 
Elson, 1-27, Jl-59; Fisher, Colonial Era, eh. 3; Sparks, Ex- 
pansion, ch. 2-3; Thwaites, Colonies, 20-37. 

For Special .Study. — 

3. Bourne, Spain in America, ch. 1; Chnnning, V. .S., I, 
eh. 1. 

4. Bancroft, U. S., I, 7-13; Bourne, ch. 2-4; Channing, V. S., 
I. ch. 1; Dovle, Eng. Colonies, I, ch. 4; Fiske, Discoverv of 
America, I, 33.5-516; Hlldreth, U. S., I, ch. 1; Thwaites, France 
in .America, ch. 1; Wilson, American People, I, eh. 1; Winsor, 
America, I, ch. 2; IT, ch. 1. 

5. Bourne, ch. 7; Winsor, TI, ch. 2. 

6. Bancroft, V. S., I, 10-18; Bourne, ch. 6; Winsor, IT, ch. 
3-4; III, ch. 1-2; IV, ch. 1. 



7. Bourne, cli. 9; Fiske, II, 2-212; Hiidretli, I'. .S., I, cli. 1; 
Wilson, American I'eoi)Ie, I, ih. 1; Winsor, II, ch. !>. 
H. Bancroft, C. S., I, 22-49; Bourne, ch. 10-11. 

9. Bourne, cli. 10-11; Thwaites, France in .Vmerica, ch. 1. 

10. Bourne, ch. 10-11. 

Source References. — .\merican History Leaflets, 1, 3, 9, 13; 
Caldwell & Persiiiger, Source Hi.storv, 1-17; Hart, Source 
Book, 1-17; Hart, Contemporaries, I, ch. 3-.); Old South Leaf- 
lets, 20, 29. 33-.36, 3;), 71, 89, 90, 102; Original Narratives of 
Early American Flistory, The Xorthmen, Ci>luiiil)us and Cahot. 

Biography. — Lives of Columbus, .Magellan, Drake and of 
other Euglisli seamen. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

THE LANDFALL OF COLUMBUS. 

The original of Columbus's Journal is not to he found 
today; the extracts here printed are simply parts of sum- 
marie:; prepared by others from the Columlms documents. 
The first extract is from a narrative believed to be in the hand- 
writing of Las Casas, a famous Spanish writer upon colonial 
historv. The .second is from the life of Columbus by his son 
I'erdinand, which contains some details not given in the first. 

The two docimients should be compared to discern the 
differences between the original narrative of Columbus and 
the account given by his son. The first is more nearly con- 
tem])orary, while the second is written years afterwards, in 
order to present Christopher Columbus before the world in a 
most favorable light. 

Thursday, 11th of October. 

The Course was W. S. W., and there was more sea 
than had been during the whole of the voyage. They 
saw sandpipers, and a green reed near the sliip. Those 
of the caravel Pinfa saw a cane and a pole, and they 
took up another small pole wliich appeared to have been 
worked with iron ; also another bit of cane, a land-plant, 
and a small board. The crew of the caravel Nina also 
saw signs of land, and a small branch covered with 
berries. Every one breathed afresh and rejoiced at these 
signs. The run until sunset was 27 leagues. 

After sunset the Admiral returned to his original west 
course, and they went along at tlie rate of 1'2 miles an 
hour. Up to two hours after midnight they had gone 90 
miles, equal to 22 14 leagues. As the caravel I'infa was 
a better sailor, and went ahead of the Admiral, she 
found the land, and made the signals ordered by the 
Admiral. The land was first seen by a sailor named 
Rodrigo de Triana. But the Admiral, at ten o'clock, be- 
ing on the castle of the poop, saw a light, though it was 
so uncertain that he could not affirm it was land. He 
called Pero Ciutierrez, a gentleman of the King's bed- 
chamber, and said that there seemed to be a light, and 
tliat lie slionld look at it. He did so, and saw it. The 
Admiral said the same to Rodrigo Sanchez of Segovia, 
wliom the King and Queen had sent with the fleet as in- 
spector, but lie could see nothing, because lie was not in 
a place whence anything could be seen. After the Ad- 
miral had spoken he saw the light once or twice, and it 
was like a wax candle rising and falling. It seemed to 
few to be an indication of land ; but the Admiral made 
certain that l.md was close. AVheii they said the Salve, 
whicli all the sailors were accustomed to sing in their 
waj", tlie Admiral aske-d and admonished the men to 
keep a good look-out on the forecastle, and to watch 
well for land ; and to him who should first cry out that 
he saw land, he would give a silk doublet, besides the 



(Continued on Page 4.) 



CnpyriBht. 1912. McKinlpy rublbhinn Co.. PhilarlHphia. Pa. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. No. U 4. 






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The views on this page represent the types of vessels used by the explorers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 

No. 1. A Dutch engraving (1706) of the landing of the Frenchman, John Ribault, in Florida, in 1562. Note the 
high "castle" in the stern. 

No. 2. A Dutch man-of-war, of 1626. Note the long projecting prow, the high stern and the location of the guns. 
Reproduced by permission of "The Rudder Publishing Co.," New York. 

No. 3. A photograph of the replica of the Half Moon, used in the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, in New York, 1909. A 
good view of the rigging of these early vessels. 

No. 4. A photograph of the replica of the Santa Maria (Columbus' flagship), taken in 1892, as she was entering Hamp- 
ton Roads, Va. A good view of the sail capacity of the early vessels. 



Copyright, 1912. McKinley Publiahiad C^.. Pfailadelpbla. Pa. 



McKlnley'3 Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE - STUDY- Continued. 

other rewards promised by the Sovereigns, which were 
10,000 maravedis to liiin wlio should first see it. At two 
liours after niidniglit the land was sighted at a distance 
of two leagues. Tlicy shortened sail, and lay by under 
the mainsail without the bonnets. 

[Friday, 12th of October] 

The vessels were hove to, waiting for daylight; and on 
Friday they arrived at a small island of the Lucayos, 
called in the language of tiie Indians Guanahani [prob- 
ably M'atling Island in tiie Bahamas]. Presently they 
saw naked people. The Admiral went on shore in the 
armed boat. . . . The Admiral took the royal standard, 
and the captains went with two banners of the green 
cross, which tiie Admiral took in all the ships as a sign, 
with an F ;!nd a Y and a crown over each letter, one on 
one side of the cross and the other on the other. Having 
landed, they saw trees very green, and much water, and 
fruits of diverse kinds. The Admiral called to the two 
captains, and to the others wlio leaped on shore, and 
to Rodrigo Escovedo, secretary of the whole fleet, and 
to Rodrigo Sancliez of Segovia, and said that they should 
bear faithful testimony that he, in presence of all, 
had taken possession of the said island for the King and 
for tlic Queen, his Lords, making the declarations that 
are required, as is now largely set forth in the testi- 
monies which were then made in writing. — Original Nar- 
ratives of Early American History, The Northmen, 
Columbus, and Cabot, ed. by J. E. Olson and E. G. 
Bourne, pp. 108-110. 



. . . But they were now so eager to see land, that they 
had faith in no signs whatsoever; so that though on 
Wednesday the 10th of October, they saw abundance of 
birds pass by both day and night, yet the men did not 
cease to complain, nor the Admiral to blame them for 
their want of courage. . . . 

The Admiral being no longer able to withstand so 
many as opposed him, it pleased God that on Thursday 
the 1 1th of October, afternoon, the men took heart and re- 
joiced, having manifest tokens tliat they were near land. 
. . . By these tokens, and reason itself, tlie Admiral 
being assured he was near land, at night, after prayers, 
he made a speech to all the men in general, jiutting them 
in mind how great a mercy it was that God had brought 
them so long a voyage with such fair weather, and com- 
forting them with tokens which every day were plainer 
and plainer ; therefore he prayed them to be very watch- 
ful that night, since tiiey well knew that in the first 
article of the instructions he gave each ship at the 
Canary Islands, he ordained that when they had sailed 
seven hundred leagues to tlie westward, without discover- 
ing land, they should lie by from midnight till day. 
Therefore, since they had not yet obtained their desires 
in discovering land, they should at least express their 
zeal in being watchful. And forasmuch as he had most 
assured hopes of finding land that night, ever_v one sliould 



wateli ill iiis place; for besides tlie gratuity tlieir liigii- 
nesses had promised of thirty crowns a year for life, to 
him that first saw land, he would give him a velvet 
doublet. After this, about ten at night, as the Admiral 
was ill tile great cabin, lie saw a ligiit ashore, but said 
it was so blind he could not affirm it to be land, though 
he called one Peter Gutieres, and bid him observe whetiier 
he saw the said Hglit, who said he did; but presently 
they called one Roderick Sanchez of Segovia, to look 
that way, but lie could not see it . . . nor did they see 
it afterwards above once or twice, which made them 
judge it might be a candle or torch belonging to some 
fisherman or traveller, who lifted it up and let it fall 
down, or perhaps that they were people going from one 
house to another, because it vanished and suddenly ap- 
peared again ; so that few would guess but that thej- 
were near land. Being now very much upon their guard, 
the}' still held on their course, till about two in the 
morning the caravel Pinta, which being an excellent 
sailor was far a-head, gave the signal of land, which 
was first discovered by a sailor whose name was Roderick 
de Triana, being two leagues from shore. But the thirty 
crowns a year was not granted by their Catholic majes- 
ties [Ferdinand and Isabella] to him, but to the Ad- 
miral, who liad seen the light in the midst of darkness, 
signifying the spiritual light he was then spreading in 
those dark regions. Being now near land, all the ships 
lay by, thinking it a long time till morning, that they 
might see what they had so long desired. . . . 

Day a))pearing, they perceived it was an island, fif- 
teen leagues in length, plain, without hills, and full of 
green trees and delicious waters, with a great lake in 
the middle, inhabited by abundance of people, who ran 
down to the shore astonished and admiring at the sight 
of the ships, believing them to be some living creatures, 
and were impatient to know certainly wliat they were. 
Nor were the Christians less hasty to know them, whose 
curiosity was soon satisfied, for they soon came to an 
anchor; the Admiral went ashore with his boat well 
armed, and the royal standard displayed. . . . Having 
all given thanks to God, kneeling on the shore, and kissed 
the ground with tears of joy, for the great mercy re- 
ceived, the Admiral stood up, and called that island St. 
.Salvador. After that he took possession for their Catho- 
lic jNIajesties, in the usual words, and with the solemiiity 
proper in those cases ; abundance of the natives that were 
come out being jiresent, and consequently the Christians 
admitted him as Admiral and Viceroy, and swore to obey 
him as representing their Highnesses ]>ersons, and with 
such expressions of joy as became their mighty success, 
all of them begging his pardon for all the affronts they 
had done him through fear and irresolution. Abundance 
of the Indians being come down to this rejoicing, and the 
Admiral perceiving they were ])caeeable quiet, and very 
simple people, he gave tliem some red caps, and strings 
of glass beads, which they hung about their necks, and 
other things of small value, which they valued as if they 
had been stone of high price. — LJfe of Columl)us; bi/ his 
Son Ferdinand, Pinkerton's J'oi/aiies and Travels (Lon- 
don, 1812), XII, pp. 32-34. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics tor American History. 



Topic U 5. Early Attempts at Colonization. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Spain. 

a) West Indies — Cub.-i, Porto Rico, Hayti. 

b) Mexico and Peru. 

c) Florida. 

d) Southwest and Pacific Coast. 

2. France. 

a) Voj'ages of Verrazano and Carticr. 

b) Attempts at settlement in Florida (Carolina). 

c) Conditions favoring colonizing ventures about 

UJOO. 

d) Acadian settlements. 

e) Champlain — Quebec, HiOS. Relation with In- 

dians. 

f) Spread into the interior of Valley of Great 

Lakes. 
S. England. 

a) Cabots and Elizabethan seamen. 

b) Attempts of Gilbert and Raleigh. 

c) Reasons for early failure. 

d) Later colonizing companies of Plymouth and 

London. 

e) Proprietary settlements. 

f) Unauthorized settlements by ))rivate individuals 

or groups of settlers. 

4. The Dutch. 

a) Dutch relations to Spain, Portugal and England. 

b) Dutch East India Company. 

c) Hudson's voyage. 

d) Early fur trading on Hudson River. 

Permanently occupied from 1613. 

e) Later West India Company. 

5. Sweden. 

a) Importance of Sweden in Europe in 17th cen- 

tury. 

b) Plans of Gustavus Adolphus for colony. 

c) Resumption under Queen Christina and her 

minister Oxenstern. Influence of discon- 
tented Dutch colonists, 
fi. Summary. 

a) Basis of claim of each nation to land in America. 

b) Reasons for varying success of several states. 

c) Condition of Colonies, 1600; \650. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, lG-^3; Ashley, 33-38; Channing, 
33-46; Hart, 40-43; James & Sanford, ^e-36; Johnston-.Mae- 
Donald, 13-21; McLaughlin, 20-36; McMaster, 19-29; Mont- 
gomery, 20-30, 38-40; Muzzey, 15-22. 

For Collateral Reading.— Fisher, Colonial Era, cli. 3; 
Ihwaites, p. 31-32, 33-44. 

For Topical Study.— 

1. Bancroft, I, 50-59; Bourne, Spain in Arr.erica, oh. 10-12; 
Channing, U. S., ch. 3; Doyle, English Colonies, I, 75-81; 
Fiske, Discovery of America," II, 213-482; Hildreth, U. S., I, 
ch. 3; Parkman, Pioneers of France, ch. 1; Wilson, American 
People, I, ch. 1; Winsor, America, IT, all. 

2. Channing, U. S., I, ch. 4; Doyle, I, 81-100; Hildreth, V. S., 
I, ch. 3; Parkman, Pioneers, ch. 2-10; Thwaite.s, France in 
America, ch. 1; MMIson, I, ch. 1; Winsor, IV, ch. 2-3. 

3. Bancroft, I, 60-83; Channing, U. S., I, ch. 5-6; Dovle. I, 
43-74; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 1-59; Hildreth, V. S., I, ch. 3; 
Tvler, England in America, ch. 1-2; Wilson, I, ch. 1; Winsor, 
III, ch. 4, 6. 

6. Bourne, ch. 13; Fiske, Discovery, II, 463-569. 
Source References. — Caldwell & Persinger, Source Kistorv, 
17-34; Hart, Source Book, 18-29; Old South Leaflets, 17, .37, 



46, 91, 92, 94, 115-121; Original Xarratives of Early American 
History, volumes on Spanish Explorers, Early English and 
French Voyages, and on Champlain; Trail Makers' Series, 
volumes ujion journeys of Caljeca de Vaco, de Soto, Coronado, 
Champlain, and of LaSalle. 

Biography.— Lives of Cortez, Coronado, Pizarrn, Champlain, 
Hudson. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

The first quotation below i, a d<-scrii)tii)n li\ ^iii eye-witness 
of the last days of the life of La Salle. The hazardous situa- 
tion of his force is shown by the number of surrounding 
Indians; the means taken to prevent surprise upon the town; 
the resort to cruelties in order to overawe the Indians; and 
the effort to keep the leader's death secret. 

The second selection is an account of Champlain's first con- 
flict with the Iroquois Indians; a battle of very great im- 
portance in the history of New France and New England. 

DEATH OF FERNANDO DE SOTO. 

. . . The Governor had betaken himself to bed, being 
evil handled with fevers, and was much aggrieved that 
he was not in case [not able] to pass presently tlie river 
[Mississippi] . . . considering the river went now very 
strongly in those parts; for it was near half a league 
broad, and sixteen fathoms deep, and very furious, and 
ran with a great current; and on both sides there were 
many Indians, and his power was not now so great, but 
that he had need to help himself rather by slights 
[strategy] than by force. . . . And seeing how many 
Indians came daih' to the town, and what store of people 
was in that country, fearing they should all conspire to- 
gether and plot some treason against him ... all night 
the horsemen went the round ; and two and two every 
squadron rode about, and visited the scouts that were with- 
out the town in their standings by the passages, and the 
cross-bowmen that kept the canoes in the river. . . . And 
because the Indians should stand in fear of them, he de- 
termined to send a captain . . . that by using them 
cruelly, neither [of the Indian tribes] should presume to 
assail him. . . . Nufies de Touar and his company made 
such speed, that before the Indians of the town could 
fully come out, thej' were upon them : . . . There were 
about five or six tliousand people in the town: and as manv 
people came out of the houses, and fled from one house 
to another, and many Indians came flocking together from 
all parts, there was never a horseman that was not alone 
among many. The captain had commanded that they 
should not spare the life of any male. Their disorder 
was so great, that there was no Indian that shot an arrow 
at any Christian. The shrieks of women and children 
were so great, that they made the ears deaf of those that 
followed them. There were slain a hundred Indians, 
little more or less ; and many were wounded with great 
wounds, whom they suffered to escape to strike a terror 
in the rest that were not there. . . . 

The Governor felt in himself that the hour approached 
wherein he was to leave this present life, and called for 
the king's officers, captains, and principal persons, to 
whom he made a speech. . . . And presently he named 
Lui/s de Moscoso de Alvarado, his captain-general [to be 
his successor]. The next day. being the 21st of May, 
l.')42, departed out of this life, the valorous, virtuous, and 
valiant Captain, Don Fernando de Solo, Governor of 
Cuba, and Adelantado of Florida: whom fortune ad- 
vanced, as it useth to do others, that he might have 



(rontlnued on Page 4.) 



CopytUhl. 1912. HcKlnley Publlshinc Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. 



MCKINLEY'S Desk Outline Maps. No. SSb. NORTH AMERICA. (Coastlines only.) 




Map Work for Topic U 5. 



Show on the map tlie Journeys of the i)rineii)al explorers ami the location of the earlv settlements hv each nati 
Indieate the land held or elaiiiied l)y each, in KiJO. 



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McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE - STUDY —Continued. 

the higher fall. He departed in sucli a place, and 
at such a time, as in his sickness he had but little com- 
fort. . . . Luys dc Moscoso determined to conceal his 
death from the Indians, because Ferdinando de Soto had 
made them believe that the Christians were immor- 
tal; . . . 

As soon as he was dead, Luijs de Moscoso commanded 
to put him secretly in the house, where he remained three 
days; and removing him from thence, commanded him 
to be buried in the night at one of the gales of the town 
witliin the wall. And as the Indians had seen him sick, 
and missed him, so did they suspect what miglit be. And 
jiassing by the place where he was buried, seeing the 
earth moved, tliev looked and spake one to anotiier. 
Luys de Moscoso understanding of it, commanded him 
to be taken up by night, and to cast a great deal of sand 
into the mantles, wherein he was wound up, wherein he 
was carried in a canoe, and tlirown into the midst of the 
river. . . . — Narrative of I.uis Hernandez de Biedma, in 
French, Historical Collections of Louisiana, II, 188-19I. 



CHAMPLAIN AND THE IROQUOIS, 1609. 

Now as we began to approach within two or three 
days' journey of the abode of their [the Algonquins'] 
enemies, we advanced only at night, resting during the 
day. But they did not fail to practise constantly their 
accustomed superstitions, in order to ascertain what was 
to be the result of their undertaking; and they often 
asked me if I had had a dream, and seen their enemies, 
to which I replied in the negative. Yet I did not cease 
to encourage them, and inspire in them hope. When 
night came, we set out on the journey until the next day, 
when we withdrew into the interior of the forest, and 
spent the rest of the day there. About ten or eleven 
o'clock, after taking a little walk about our encampment, 
I retired. While sleeping, I dreamed that I saw our 
enemies, the Iroquois, drowning in a lake near a moun- 
tain, within sight. When I expressed a wish to help 
tliem, our allies, tlie savages, told me we must let them all 
die, and that they were of no importance. When I 
awoke, they did not fail to ask me, as usual, if I had had 
a dream. I told them I had, in fact, had a dream. This, 
upon being related, gave them so mucli confidence that 
they did not doubt any longer that good was to happen 
to them. 

When it was evening, we embarked in our canoes to 
continue our course; and, as we advanced very quietly and 
without making any noise, we met on the 29th of the 
month [July, 1609] the Iroquois, about ten o'clock at 
evening, at the extremity of a cape which extends into 
the lake on the western bank. They had come to fight. 
We both began to utter loud cries, all getting their arms 
in readiness. We withdrew out on the water, and the 
Iroquois went on shore where they drew up all their 
canoes close to each other and began to fell trees with 
poor axes, which they acquire in war sometimes, using 
also others of stone. Thus they barricaded themselves 
very well. 

Our forces also jiassed the entire night, their canoes 
being drawn up close to each other, and fastened to poles, 
so that they might not get separated, and that they 
might be all in readiness to fight, if occasion required. 
We were out upon the water, within arrow range of their 
barricades. When thev were armed and in arrav, they 



despatched two canoes by themselves to the enemy to 
inquire if they wished to figlit, to wjiich the latter re- 
plied that they wanted notiiing else; but they said that, 
at present, there was not much light, and that it would 
be necessary to wait for daylight, so as to be able to 
recognize each other; and that, as soon as the sun rose, 
they would offer us battle. This was agreed to by our 
side. ]\Ieanwhile, the entire night was spent in dancing 
and singing, on both sides, with endless insults and 
other talk. . . . After this singing, dancing, and bandy- 
ing words on both sides to the fill, when day came, my 
eom])anions [rrenehmen] and myself continued under 
cover, for fear that the enemy would see us. We ar- 
ranged our arms in the best manner possible, being, how- 
ever, separated, each in one of the canoes of the savage 
Montagnais. After arming ourselves with light armor, 
we each took an arquebusc, and went on shore. I saw 
the enemy go out of their barricade, nearly two hundred 
in number, stout and rugged in appearance. They came 
at a slow pace towards us, with a dignity and assurance 
which greatly amused me, having three chiefs at their 
head. Our men also advanced in the same order, telling 
me that those who had three large plumes were the 
chiefs, and that they had only these three, and that they 
could be distinguished by these plumes, which were much 
larger than those of their companions, and that I should 
do what I could to kill them. I promised to do all in 
my power, and said that I was very sorry they could 
not understand me, so tliat I might give order and shape 
to their mode of attacking their enemies, and then we 
should, witliout doubt, defeat them all ; but that this 
could not now be obviated, and that I should be very 
glad to show them my courage and good-will when we 
should engage in the fight. 

As soon as we had landed, they began to run for some 
two hundred paces towards their enemies, who stood 
firmlv, not having as yet noticed my companions, who 
went into the woods with some savages. Our men began 
to call me with loud cries ; and, in order to give me a 
passage-way, they opened in two parts, and put me at 
their head, where I marched some twenty paces in ad- 
vance of the rest, until I was within about tliirty paces 
of the enemy, who at once noticed me, and, halting, 
gazed at me, as I did also at them. When I saw them 
making a move to fire at us, I rested my musket against 
my cheek, and aimed directly at one of the three chiefs. 
With the same shot, two fell to the ground ; and one of 
their men was so wounded that he died some time later. 
I had loaded my musket with four balh. When our side 
saw this shot so favorable for tliem, they began to raise 
such loud cries that one could not have heard it thunder. 
Meanwhile, the arrows flew on both sides. The Iro- 
quois were greatly astonished that two men were so 
quickly killed, although they were equipped with armor 
woven from cotton thread, and with wood which was 
proof against their arrows. This caused great alarm 
among them. As I was loading again, one of my com- 
panions fired a shot from the woods, which astonished 
them also to such a degree that seeing their chiefs dead, 
they lost courage, and took to fliglit, abandoning their 
cam]) and fort, and fleeing into the woods, whither I pur- 
sued them, killing still more of them. Our savages also 
killed several of them, and took ten or twelve prisoners. 
The remainder escaped with the wounded. Fifteen or 
sixteen were wounded on our side with arrow-shots ; but 
thev were soon healed. . . . — Grant, J'oi/ages of Samuel 
de'Champlaiii, ir;04-lGlS,p. i6'2-l65. 



Mckinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 6. English Colonies : Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Virginia. 

a) London Company. Charters of I606, 1609, 

l(jl2. Grant of land as finally made; gov- 
ernmental powers under several charters. 

b) Early difficulties : poor character of colonists ; 

plural governing council ; bad climate and 
water ; search for , gold ; attempt to make 
profits for London Company ; bad Indian 
policy ; absence of individual ownership of 
land or of products of labor. 

c) Attainment of economic and political success. 

1 ) Single executive ; strong governors ; codes 

of law. 

2) Land given in severalty to settlers. 

3) Tobacco cultivation — economic prosperity. 

4) Laboring class obtained: white servants; 

Indian and black slaves (Ifil*)). 

d) Representative government established by Com- 

pany, 161.9. 
First representative assembly in America, 
c) Forfeiture of charter and establishment of roval 
government ; form of royal control ; con- 
tinuance of popular elections and assem- 
blies. 

f) Attitude toward Commonwealth government. 

The Navigation Acts. 

g) Governor Berkeley and tlie Restoration, 
li) Cirowth of aristocrac}'. 

i) Bacon's rebellion — causes; results. 

2. Alaryland. 

a) Position of Catholic Englislnnen. 

b) Lord Baltimore's cliarter: grant of land; govern- 

mental powers ; commercial privileges. 

c) First settlement— St. Mary's. 1634. 

d) Establishment of representative government. 

e) Religious toleration. 

f) Civil wars and disorders, 1640-1660. 

g) Revolution of 1688-89; Catholics disfranchised; 

English church established, 
h) Province restored to later Lord Baltimore 
(1714) after his conversion to Protestant- 
ism. 
i) Severe laws against Catholics down to Revolu- 
tion. 

3. The Carolinas. 

a) Early settlements by Virginians, 16.').'?. 

b) Grants to eight proprietors, 1663, etc. 

c) Settlements at north and at south of the grant; 

hence from first divided into two distinct 
economic and political districts. 

d) Early privileges granted to colonists (the "con- 

cessions"). 

e) Failure to establish feudal aristocracy under 

I-ockc's Fundamental Constitutions. 

f) Popular government estiiblished. 

g) Many uprisings against proprietary govern- 

ments. 
h) Surrender of South Carolina to Crown, 1718. 
i) Surrender of North Carolina to Crown. 1728. 
j) Forms of royal government established. 

4. Life in Southern Colonies. 

a) Industry. 

1) Agriculture: tobacco, Indian corn, indigo, 
rice. 



2) Other products: naval stores, pitcli, tur- 
pentine, masts, spars, etc. ; salted 
meats; potash; silk (?). 

b) Labor system. 

White servants ; Indians ; negro labor. 

c) Religion: Church of England established; re- 

pressive attitude toward Catholics, Puri- 
tans, Quakers; government of tlie parish. 

d) Local government: county court the principal 

feature; justices of peace almost liereditary 
tenure. 

REFERENCES. 

Textliooks.— Adams & Trent, 2i-20, 37-42, 57-59, 66-68 ; .-Vsh- 
ley, 40-44, 59-61, 73-76; Channing, 5U-6i, 101-104; Hart, 46-56, 
84-85; James & ijanford, 37-49, 74-79, 85-90; Johnston-Mac- 
Donakl, 51-66; McLaughlin, 38-66; McMaster, 29-36, 54-55; 
Montgomery, 41-58, 89-93, 97-101; Muzzey, 27-35, 52-58. 

For Collateral Reading. — Coman, Industrial History, 22-47; 
Elson, U. S., 60-98; Fisher, Colonial Era, ch. 4-6; Thwaites, 
Colonies, 51-111. 

For Topical Study. — 

1. Andrew.s, Colonial Self-Government, ch. 13-14; Bancroft, 
r. S., I, 84-153, 442-474; Cambridge Modern Histor)', VH, 
2-10; Channing, U. S., I, ch. 7-8; II, ch. 3; Doyle, English 
Colonies, 1, ch. 6-9; Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 1-97; 
Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 59-254; II, 1-130; Hildretli, U. S., I, 
ch. 4, and 210-214, ch. 11, 15; Lodge, English Colonies, ch. 1; 
Tvler, England in .Vnicrica, ch. 3-6; Wilson, American Xation, 
I," p. 34-69, 256-280; V'insor, America, III, ch. 5; IV, ch. 4. 

2. Andrews, ch. 15; Bancroft, I, 154-176, 437-441; Cambridge 
Modern History, VII, 31-35; Channing, U. S., I, ch. 9; Doyle, 
I, ch. 10-11; Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 220-265; Fislte, 
I, 255-318; II, 131-173; Hildreth, I, 204-209, ch. 11, 15; Lodge, 
ch. 3; Tvler, ch. 7-8; Wilson, I, 126-138; Winsor, III, ch. 13, 
IV, ch. 4. 

3. Andrews, ch. 9-10; Bancroft, I, 408-436, Cambridge Mod- 
ern History, VII, 35-39; Channing, V. S., II, ch. 12; Dovle, 

I, ch. 12; Fiske, II, 270-369; Hildreth, II, ch. 16; Lodge, "ch. 
5, 7; Wilson, I, 246-255, 290-294; Winsor, IV, ch. 4. 

4. Bancroft, II, 3-23; Dovle, I, cli. 13; Fislce, Old Virginia, 

II, 174-269; Lodge, ch. 2, 4, 6, 8. 

Source References. — American Historv Leaflets, 27, 36; Cald- 
well & Persinger, Source Historv, p. 21-28, 50-51, 65-72, 75-80, 
86-88; Hart, Source Book, 33-37, 48-51, 65-67, 91-95; Hart, 
Contemporaries, I, ch. 9-13; MacDonald, Source Book, p. 1-19, 
20-22, 31-35, 53-55, 63-66, 76-78; MacDonald, Select Charters, 
1-23, 34-36, 53-59, 104-106, 120-125, 148-168; Old South Leaflets, 
167, 170, 172; Original Narratives of Early American History: 
Narratives of Earlv Virginia, of Earlv Maryland, of Early 
Carolina; Preston, Documents, p. 1-29," 32-36," 62-78. 

Biography. — Lives of Captain John Smith. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

FIRST REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY IN 
AMERICA (1619). 
The records of tlic first Virginia assembly were not known 
to be in existence until discovered in England, by the historian 
George Bancroft, about the middle of tlie nineteenth century. 
They have been republished several times. The student should 
notice the arrangements for seating the delegates (2 from 
each of 11 plantations), the method of procedure, the use of 
committees, and the subject-matter of such of the laws as 
are given below. 

[Friday, July 30, I619.] 
The most convenient place we could finde to sitt in was 
the Quire of the Churche Where Sir George Yeardley, 
the Governour, being sett downe in his accustomed place, 
those of the Counsel of Estate sate nexte him on both 
handes, excepte onely the Secretary then appointed 
Speaker, who sate right before him, John Twine, clerke 
of the General assembly, being placed nexte the Speaker, 
and Thomas Pierse, the Sergeant, standing at the barre, 
to be ready for anv service the Assembly shoulde coni- 



(Continued on Paje 4.) 



I PublUlune Co. , PhiltdrlphU. Pa. 



McKinley's Series of Geographical aud Historical Outline Maps. Xo. 34a Soutliem Atlantic Coast of U. S. 




Explanation . 



Lougitudc W 



Copyright, 1907, The McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ' 

Map Work for Topic U 6. 

Show on map land grants and jdare.s (if scttlniu nts. Sec Ashley, W; Clianning, (iO, (iJ, 70. 80; Fiskc, CG, US; Hart, U, 3(i, 
8j; James and Sanford, 'M, +0; .lohnston-.MarDonald, 5.5, 5(i, 61); ilacCoun, IGOS, IGOi); .McLaufrhlin, 3.j, +1, o6. tii; McMaster. 
38, 32, 33, 3.>, .54, 57; Montgomery, Student's, 33, 49, 108, 118; Mlizzev, 28, 55; Scudder, 43, 45; Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 193; 
Tyler, Enghmd in America, 99, 133, 



5 '-- s<j'r 







McKinley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. 



SOURCE - STUDY— Continued. 

annd liiin. But forasmuche as nicn'.s affaires doe little 
prosper where God's service is negleeted, all the Bur- 
gesses tooke their places in the Quire till a jirayer was 
said by Mr. Bucke, the jMinister, that it would please 
God to guide and sanctifie all our proceedings to his 
owne glory and the good of this Plantation. Prayer 
being ended, to the iiitente that as we had begun at God 
Almighty, so we might proceed with awful and due re- 
specte towards the Lieutenant, our most gratious and 
dread Soveraignc, all the Burgesses were intreatted to 
retyre themselves into the body of the Churche, wch be- 
ing done, before they were full admitted they were called 
in order and by name, and so every man (none stagger- 
ing at it) tooke the oathe of Supremacy, and then entered 
the Assembly. . . . 

. . . the Speaker, who a long time had bene extreame 
sickly, and therefore not able to passe through long 
harangues, delivered in briefe to the whole assembly the 
occasions of their meeting. Which done, he read unto 
them the commission for establishing the Counsell of 
Estate and the General Assembly, wherein their duties 
are described to the life. 

Having thus prepared them, he read unto them the 
greate Charter, or commission of priviledges, orders and 
lawes, sent by Sir George Yeardley out of Englande. 
Which for the more ease of the Committees, having di- 
vided into fower books, he read the former two the same 
forenoon for expeditious sake, a second time over, and so 
they were referred to the perusall of twoe Comitties, 
wch did reciprocally consider of either, and accordingly 
brought in their opinions. But some man may here 
objecte to what ende we should presume to referre that 
to the examination of Comitties wch the Counsell and 
Company in England had already resolved to be perfect, 
and did expecte nothing but our assente thereunto. To 
tliis we answere, that we did it not to the ende to cor- 
recte or controll anything therein contained, but onely 
in case we should finde ought [aught] not perfecting 
squaring wth the state of this Colony or any lawe whch 
did presse or binde too harde, that we might by waye of 
humble petition, seeke to have it redressed, especially 
because this great Charter is to binde us and our heyers 
for ever. . . . These Comitties thus appointed, we 
brake up the first forenoon's assembly. 

After dinner the Governo'' and those that were not of 
the Comitties sate a seconde time, while the said Com- 
mitties were employed in the perusall of those twoe 
bookes. . . . 

Satturday, July 31. 
The nexte daye, therefore, out of the opinions of the 
said Comitties, it was agreed, these Petitions ensuing 
should be framed, to be presented to the Treasurer, 
Counsel & Company in England. . . . 

At the same time, there remaining no farther scruple 
in the minds of the Assembly, touching the said great 
Charter of lawes, orders and priviledges, the Speaker 
putt the same to the question, and so it had both the 
general assent and the applause of the whole assembly, 
who, as they professed themselves in the first place most 
submissivily thankfull to almighty god, therefore so they 
commaunded the Speaker to returne (as nowe he doth) 
tlieir due and humble thankes to the Treasurer, Counsell 
.■md company for so many priviledges and favours as 
well in tlicir owne names as in the names of the whole 
Colony whom they represented, . . . 

^lunday, Aug. 2. 
Bv this present Generall Assembly be it enacted, that 
no injurv or oppression be wrought by tlie Englishe 



against tiie Indians whereby the present peace might be 
disturbed and antient quarrclls might be revived. And 
farther be it ordained tliat the Ciiieohomini are not tq 
be excepted out of this lawe ; untill either that suche 
order come out of Englande, or that they doe provoke 
us by some newe injury: 

Against Idleness, Gaming, durunkenes & excesse in 
apparell the Assembly hath enacted as followeth: 

First, in detestation of Idleness be it enacted, that if 
any men be founde to live as an Idler or renagate, thougii 
a freedman, it shalbe lawfull for that Incorporation or 
Plantation to w"^'' he belongeth to appoint him a M'' to 
serve for wages, till he shewe apparent signes of amend- 
ment. 

Against drunkenness be it also decreed that if any 
private person be found culpable thereof, for the first 
time he is to be reprooved privately by the Minister, 
the second time publiquely, the thirde time to lye in boltes 
12 howers in the house of the Provost Marshall & to 
paye his fee, and if he still continue in that vice, to 
undergo suehe severe punishment as the Governo' and 
the Counsell of Estate shall thinke fitt to be inflicted on 
him. But if any officer offende in this crime, the first 
time he shall receive a reprooff from the Governour, the 
second time he shall openly be reprooved in the churclie 
by the minister, and the third time he shall first be 
comitted and then degraded. Provided it be understood 
that the Governo"" hath alwayes power to restore him 
when he shall, in his discretion thinke fitte. 

Against excesse in apparell that every man be cessed 
[assessed for taxes] in the churche for all publique con- 
tributions, if he be unmarried according to his owne ap- 
parrell, if he be married according to his owne and his 
wives, or either of their apparrell. . . . 

Be it enacted by this present assembly that for laying 
a surer foundation of the conversion of the Indians to 
Christian Religion, cache towne, citty, Borrough, and 
particular plantation do obtaine unto themselves by just 
means a certaine number of the natives' children to be 
educated by them in the true religion and civile course of 
life — of w*^*^ children the most towardly boyes in witt & 
graces of nature to be brought up by them in the first 
elements of litterature, so as to be fitted for the Colledge 
intended for them that from thence they may be sente to 
tliat worke of conversion. 

Wednesday Aug. -tth. 

This daye (by reason of extream heat, both paste and 
likely to ensue, and by tliat meanes of the alteration of 
the healthes of diverse of the general Assembly) the 
Governour, who himselfe also was not well, resolved 
should be the last of this first session ; so in the morning 
the Speaker (as he was required by the Assembly) redd 
over all the lawes and orders that had formerly passed 
the house, to give the same j'ctt one reviewe more, and to 
see whether there were any thing to be amended or that 
might be excepted againste. . . . 

All persons whatsoever upon the Sabaoth daye shall 
frequente divine service and sermons both forenoon and 
afternoon, and all suche as beare arms shall bring their 
pieces, swordes, poulder and shotte. And every one that 
shall transgresse this lawe shall forfaicte three shillinges 
a time to the use of the churche, all lawful and necessary 
impediments excepted. But if a servant in this case 
shall wilfully neglecte his M''^ conimande he shall suffer 
bodily punishmente. . . . — Colonial Records of I'ir- 
r/inid, 9-S'2. 



McKlnley's IHustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 7. English Colonies: New England. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Early English Attempts at Settlement. 

Gosnold; Pophani colony in Maine. 

2. Plymoutli Colony. 

a) Definition of Separatists. 

b) Pilgrims in England and Holland. 

c) Voyage of Mayflower. 

d) The settlement; Mayflower Compact; first win- 

ter; government; religion; fisheries and In- 
dian relations. 

e) Later slow development of colony. 

Representative government established. 
f) Part of Massachusetts, I691. 

3. Massachusetts Bay Colonv. 

a) Definition of Puritans. 

b) Situation in England, 1606-16-10. 

c) Organization of Massachusetts Bay Company'. 

d) Terms of Charter; land grant, government, etc. 

e) Transfer of company to New England. 

f) Great migration. 

g) Restriction of political jiowcr to church mem- 

bers. 

h) Attitude toward dissenters; Antinomians, Bap- 
tists, Presbyterians, Church of England, 
Quakers. 

i) Establishment of representative government. 

j ) Town government. 

k) Relations to England to 1650. 
1) Controversy with England, l66l-l683; forfei- 
ture of charter, 1684. 

4. Connecticut. 

a) River to%vns on Connecticut River — Winsor, 

Hartford, Wethersfield ; first federal gov- 
ernment in America. 

b) Saj'brook Colony. 

c) New Haven Colony — John Davenport; religious 

character of government. 

d) United in 1662 In' royal charter, under a govern- 

ment almost republican. 
,^. Rhode Island. 

a) Roger Williams — his theory of sepa^'ation of 

church and state; reasons for his exile from 
Massacliusetts ; founding of tlie colony at 
Providence. 

b) Anne Hutchinson — colony of Rhode Island. 

c) Early confusions and conflicts of authority. 

d) Relations to Indians. 

e) Charter of 1663 — similar to that of Connecticut. 

6. New Hampshire and Maine. 

a) Early attempts at settlement. 

b) Grants to Mason and Gorges. 

c) Settlement at Dover, 1623. 

d) Under control of Massachusetts; New HamjD- 

shire from l6l'l, Maine from 1652 and 
1658. 

e) New Hampshire separated from Massaclmsetts, 

1679, and made a royal province. 
f) Maine continued part of Massachusetts by pur- 
chase from Gorges heirs. 

7. New England Confederation. 

a) Reasons for forming. 

b) Colonies admitted. 

c) Form of government. 

d) Acts: Indian affairs; church action; Quakers; 

influence of ^Massachusetts, 



Copyright. 1912. McKinley Publishing Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. 



8. Dominion of New England. 

Attempt of English Government to bring number 
of colonies under one government; unpopu- 
larity of Governor Andros ; Revolution of 
1688-89. 

9. New England Life. 

a) Industrj': agriculture; fisheries; fur-trade; for- 

eign and colonial commerce; ship-building 
and naval stores ; manufactures. 

b) Classes of population: few large estates; little 

social difference ; apprentices . 

c) Religion: significance in New England life; 

Puritanism ; forms of church government ; 
blue laws ; persecution of dissenters. 

d) Education: intellectual character of early set- 

tlers ; common school svstem established ; 
Harvard College (1636)! 

e) Codes of law. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 31-36, 43-51, 61-65; Ashley, 
•M-59, 04, 76-82; Channing, 63-82, 90-95, 104-110; Hart, 49-62, 
85-89; James & Sanford, 50-63, 88-90; Johnston-MacDonald, 
30-48; McLaughlin, 67-96; McMaster, 40-53; Montgomerv, 
66-88, 93-96; Wuzzey, 35-52. 

For Collateral Reading. — Conian, Industrial Hi.story, 22-47; 
Elson, 99-119, 120-132; Fisher, Colonial Era, ch. 7-8; Thwaites, 
Colonies, 112-194. 

For Topical Studv.— 

1. Bancroft, U. S., I, 215-223; Channing, U. S., 1, ch. 10; 
Dovle, English Colonies, II, 14-16; Fiske, New England, 75-79; 
Hiidreth, U. S., I, 150-152. 

2. Bancroft, U. S., I, 194-214; Cambridge Modern Historv, 
VII, 12-15; Channing, U. S., I, ch. 11; Dovle, English Colonies, 

II, 39-109; Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 98-187; Fiske, 
New England, 66-87; Hiidreth, I, 152-175; ch. 9-10, 12, 14; 
Lodge, English Colonics, 341-343; Tyler, England in America, 
eh. 9-10; Wilson, American People, I, 74-99; Winsor, America, 

III, ch. 8. 

3. Bancroft, U. S., I, 224-248, 273-288, 367-381, 395-407; 
Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 15-18; Channing, U. S., I, ch. 
12-13; Dovle, English Colonies, II, 110-150, 151-198; Eggleston, 
Beginners" of a Nation, 188-219, 327-349; Fiske, New England, 
88-121; Hiidreth, I, ch. 7, 9-10, 12, 14; Lodge, English Colonies, 
343-372; Tyler, ch. 11-13; Wilson, I, 100-125; Winsor, America, 
in, ch. 9. 

4. Bancroft, V. S., I, 265-272, 356-360; Cambridge Modern 
History, VII, 18-21; Channing, U. S., I, ch. 14; Doyle, English 
Colonies, II, ch. 5, and pp. 254-267; Eggleston, 315-326; Fi.ske, 
New England, 122-139; Hiidreth, I, ch. 9; Lodge, English 
Colonies, ch. 19; Tyler, ch. 14-15; Wilson, I, 138-149, 160-168. 

5. Bancroft, U. S., I, 249-256, 263-265, 362-365; Cambridge 
Modern History, VII, 24; Channing, U. S., I, ch. 14; Dovle, 
English Colonics, II, 151-165, 239-253; Eggleston, 266-314; 
Fiske, New England, 119-120; Hiidreth, I, ch. 9-10, 12, 14; 
Lodge, ch. 20; Tvler, ch. 14; Wilson, I, 149-160. 

6. Bancroft, U'. S., I, 257-262; Hiidreth, I, ch. 9, 10, 12, 14; 
Lodge, ch. 21 ; Tvler, ch. 16. 

7. Bancroft, U. S., I, 289-310; Cambridge Modern Historv, 
VII, 23; Fiske, New England, ch. 4, 5; Tyler, ch. 18; Wilson, 
I, 170-172. 

8. Andrews, Colonial Self-Government, ch. 16-17; Bancroft, 
U. S., I, 574-601; Cambridge Modern Historv, Vll, 26-31; 
Channing. U. S., II, ch. 3, 6, 8; Dovle, English Colonies, III, 
ch. 3-5; Fi.ske, ch. 6; Hiidreth, II, 105-119; Wilson, I, 315-350. 

9. Bancroft, U. S., I, 311-322; II, 47-69; Channing, U. S., I, 
ch. 15, 18; Dovle, English Colonies, HI, ch. 1; Fiske, New 
France and New England, 133-232; Lodge, ch. 22; Tyler, ch. 
19; Winsor, America, V, ch. 2. 

.Source References. — .\merican Historical Leaflets, 7, 25, 29, 
31; Caldwell & Persinger, Source History, 36-49, 55-64, 80-84, 
92-93; Hart, Source Book, 37-41, 45-48, 51-57, 74-85; Hart, 
Contemporaries, I, ch. 14-21 ; MacDonald, Source Book, 19, 
22-27, 36-53, 60-62, 66-72, 84-90; MacDonalJ, Select Charters, 
23-34, 36-42, .59-104, 12.5-133, 205-212; Old South Leaflets, 7, 
8, 49-55, 66, 67, 93, 100, 110, 142, 153-154, 164, 169, 176; Original 
Narratives of Early American History: Bradford's History 
of PljTiiouth, Governor Winthrop's Journal, Johnson's Wonder 
Working Providence; Preston. Documents. 29-32. 36-62. 78-130. 

Biography. — Lives of Winthrop. Standish. Bradford, Will- 
iams, John Cotton, John Da%'enport, Thomas Hooker. 
(Contiaued on Page 4.) 



McKinley's Series of Geographical and Historical Outline Maps. No. 35a New Englatid Colonies. 




73 Longitmlc West from Grecnwioli 



Copyriglil, iyo7, The McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia. Pa. 



Map Work for Topic U 7. 



Mark the land grants and principal settlements. Consult Hubbard's map, on ])age 3 of this topic. See Ashley, 58; Clian- 
ning, 60, 63. 70, 80; Fiske, 88, 106 (good); Hart, 45, 52, 65; James and Sanford, 57; Johnston-MacDonald, 36, 3T, 38, 42; 
MacCoun, 1609, 1620; McLaughlin, 35, 41, 90, 93; McMaster, 43, 51; Montgomery, Student's, 33, 3.5, 49; .M uzzev, 45, 55 ; Scuddcr, 
56, 89; Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 189; Tyler, England in America, 196. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. No. U 7. 



B£ «=.= « = S ■5'=-o 










This quaint map is taken from Hubbard's, "A Narrative of the Troubles With the Indians in New England," published 
at Boston, in 1677. The legend on the map states that it was the first map of New England engraved in America. Note the 
coastline, particularly Cape Cod and Narragansett Bav; the rivers, particularly the Merrimac and the Connecticut; the loca- 
tion of principal settlements and of Indian tribes. Places with figures annexed are those which had been attacked by the 
Indians. From the copy in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 



Copyright. 1912, McKinley Pubiistiing Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics (ur American History. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

The Massachusetts Body of Lihertics, of 1641, contains 
■within its provisions one of the best epitomes we possess of 
the principles and political ideals of tlie New England fathers. 
Much of it is based upon English statutes and charters; part 
is drawn from the Mosaic legislation, and jiart is a result of 
their experiences as non-conformists in England, and as colo- 
nists in America. 

A COPPIE OF THE LIBERTIES OF THE MASSA- 
CHUSETS COLONIE IN NEW ENGLAND 

(16-il). 

The free fruition of such liberties Immunities and 
priveledges as hunianitie, Civilitie, and Christianitie call 
for as due to e^■ery man in his place and proportion; 
without impeachment and Infringement hath ever bene 
and ever will be the tranquillitie and Stabilitie of 
Cliurches and Commonwealtlis. And the deniall or de- 
prival thereof, the disturbance if not the ruine of both. 
A\'e hould it therefore our dutie and safetie whilst we 
are about tlie further establishing of this Government to 
collect and expresse all such freedomes as for present we 
foresee may concerne us, and our posteritie after us. 
And to ratify them with our sollemne consent. 

Wee doe therefore this day religiously and unani- 
mously decree and confirme these following Rites, liber- 
ties, and priveledges concerneing our Churches, and Civill 
State to be respectively imi)artiallie and inviolably en- 
joyed and observed throughout our Jurisdiction for ever. 

1. No mans life shall be taken away, no mans honour 
or good name shall be stayned, no mans person shall be 
arested, restrayned, banished, dismembred, nor any waves 
punished, no man shall be deprived of his wife or chil- 
dren, no mans goods or estaite shall be taken away from 
him, nor any way indammaged under Coulor of law, or 
Countenance of Authoritie, unlesse it be by vertue or 
equitie of some expresse law of the Country' warranting 
the same, established by a generall Court and sufficiently 
published, or in ease of the defect of a law in any par- 
tecular case by the word of god. And in Capitall cases, 
or in cases concerning dismembring or banishment, ac- 
cording to that word to be judged by the Generall Court. 

2. Every person within this Jurisdiction, whether In- 
habitant or forreiner shall enjoy the same justice and 
law, that is generall for the plantation, which we con- 
stitute and execute one towards another, without par- 
tialitie or delay. 

9. No monopolies shall be granted or allowed amongst 
us, but of such new Inventions that are profitable to the 
Countrie, and that for a short time. 

•iS. No man shall be twise sentenced by Civill Justice 
for one and the same Crime, offence, or Trespasse. 

■13. No man shall be beaten with above 10 stripes, nor 
shall any true gentleman, nor any man equall to a gen- 
tleman be punished with whipping, unless his crime be 
very shamefull, and his course of life vitious and profli- 
gate. 

■15. No man shall be forced by Torture to confesse any 
Crime against himselfe nor any other unlesse it be in 
some Capitall case where he is first fullie convicted by 
cleare and suflitient evidence to be guilty, After which 
if the cause be of that nature, That it is very apparent 
there be other conspiratours, or confederates with him. 
Then he may be tortured, yet not with such Tortures as 
be Barbarous and inhumane. 

■l6. For bodilie punishments we allow amongst us none 
that arc inhumane Barbarous or cruell. 

•17. No man shall be put to death without the testi- 
mony of two or three witnesses, or that which is equiva- 
lent there unto. 



Liberties of Woemen. 

79. If any man at his death shall not leave his wife a 
competent portion of his estaite, upon just complaint 
made to the Generall Court she shall be relieved. 

80. Evcrie marrycd woeman shall be free from bodilie 
correction or stripes by her husband, unlesse it be in his 
ownc defence upon her assalt. If there be any just 
cause of correction complaint shall be made to Authoritie 
assembled in some Court, from whicii onely she shall 
receive it. 

Liberties of Children. 

83. If any parents shall wilfullie and unreasonably 
deny any childe timely or convenient mariage, or shall 
exercise any unnaturall severitie towards them, Such chil- 
dren shall have free libertie to complain to Authoritie 
for rcdresse. 

Liberties of Servants. 

85. If any servants shall flee from the Tiranny and 
erueltie of their masters to the howse of any freeman of 
the same Towne, tliey shall be there protected and sus- 
teyned till due order be taken for their relife. Provided 
due notice thereof be speedily given to their maisters 
from whom they fled. And the next Assistant or Con- 
stable where the partie flying is harboured. 

87. If any man smite out the eye or tooth of his man 
servant, or maid servant, or otherwise mayme or much 
disfigure him, unlesse it be by meere casualtie, he shall let 
them goe free from his service. And shall have such 
further recompense as the Court shall allow him. 

Liberties of Forreiners anh Strangers. 
89. If any people of other Nations professing the true 
Christian Religion shall flee to us from the Tiranny or 
oppression of their persecutors, or from famyne, warres, 
or the like necessary and compulsarie cause. They shall 
be entertayned and succoured amongst lis, according to 
that power and prudence god shall give us. 

91. There shall never be any bond slaverie villinage 
or Captivitie amongst us, unles it be lawfull Captives 
taken in just warres, and such strangers as willingly selle 
themselves or are sold to us. And these shall have all 
the liberties and Christian usages which the law of god 
established in Israeli concerning such persons doeth 
morally require. This exempts none from servitude who 
shall be Judged thereto by Authoritie. 

92. No man shall exercise any Tirranny or Crueltie to- 
wards any bruite Creature which are usuallie kept for 
mans use. 

91. Capitall Laws. 

1. 

Dut. 13. 6. 10 If any man after legall conviction 

Dut. 17. 2. 6 shall have or worship any other god, 

Ex. 22. 20 but the lord god, he shall be put to 

death. 

2. 
Ex. 22. 18. If any man or woeman be a witch. 

Lev. 20. 27. (that is hath or consulteth with a 

Dut. 18. 10. familiar spirit), They shall be put 

to death. 
S. 
Lev. 24. 15. l6 If an}' person shall Blaspheme 

the name of god, the father, Soone 
or Holie ghost, with direct, expresse, 
presumptous or high handed blas- 
))hemie, or shall curse god in the 
like manner, he shall be put to death. 

95. A Declaration of the Liberties the Lord Jesi-s 
Hath Given to the Chi'rches. 
3. Every Church hath free libertie of Election and 
ordination of all their officers from time to time, pro- 
vided they be able, pious and orthodox. — Whitmore, The 
Colonial Laws of Massachvseft.'!, etc., 33-57. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 8. English Colonies: The Middle Colonies. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. New Netherland. 

a) Hudson's voyage, ICioy. 

b) Occupation of Manhattan Island continuously 

after 1613. 

c) Dutch West India Company, 1()21. 

d) Patroon concessions. 

e) Early governors: Minuet, Kieft, Stuyvesant. 

f) Relations to New England. 

g) Conquest of New Sweden. 

h) Conquest of New Netherland by English. 

2. New Sweden. 

a) Early proposals for Swedish colony. 

b) First expedition and settlement at Christina 

(now Wilmington, Del.). 

c) Later settlements on both banks of Delaware. 

d) Conquest by Dutch. 

3. New York. 

a) Grant to Duke of York : land grant ; broad gov- 

ernmental powers. 

b) Conquest of Hudson and Delaware valleys ; 

occupation of Long Island. 

c) Duke of York's Book of Laws. 

d) Contest for representative government. 

e) Dominion of New England — Governor Andros. 

f) Royal colony, l683. 

4. New Jersey. 

a) Early Dutch, Swedish, and English settlements. 

b) Grant to Berkeley' and Carteret, l66l. 

c) Favorable terms offered to settlers ; glowing 

descriptions of country. 

d) Division into East and West New Jerse}^ 

e) Quaker control ; popular forms of government, 

especially in West Jersey. 

f) Surrender of governmental rights to the Crown, 

1702. 

5. Pennsylvania. 

a) Rise and character of Quakers : Penn's life. 

b) Penn's charter: land grant; governmental 

powers. 

c) Great migration ; almost immediate success. 

d) Penn's provisions for the government of colony. 

e) Continental European settlers. 

6. Delaware. 

a) Early settlements by Dutch, Swedes, and 

English. 

b) Purchased by Penn from Duke of York. 

c) Government under Penn family: same governor 

as Pennsylvania; distinct legislature after 
1701.. 

7. Life in Middle Colonies. 

a) Industry: Agriculture, diversified; commerce in 

food stuffs ; shipbuilding, naval stores ; fur- 
trade ; manufactures. 

b) Classes of population: differences based largely 

on size of land holdings ; many indentured 
servants (largely redemptioners) ; slaves 
more numerous than in New England; atti- 
tude of Quakers toward slavery; toward 
Indians. 

c) Religion : toleration practiced in all colonies ; no 

religious establishments, except in some 
towns in New York and New Jersey. 

d) Education: no common school system; private 

and denominational schools. 



REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 51-51, 05-66; Ashley, 65-73, 82; 
Channing, 8:2-85, 95-101; Hart, 6T-68, 78-84; James & San- 
ford, 68-74, 79-83; Johnston-MacDonald, 67-76; McLaughlin, 
97-115; McMaster, 55-57; Montgomery, 58-66, 96-97, 101-105; 
Muzzey, 58-67. 

P'or Collateral Reading. — Coman, Indu.strial History, 22-47; 
Elson, U. S., 133-159; Fisher, Colonial Era, ch. 9-11; Thwaites, 
50-51, 195-23;^. 

For Topical Study.— 

1. Andrews, Colonial Self-Government, cli. 5 ; Bancroft, U. S., 
I, 494-500, 504-517; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 22-23; 
Channing, U. S., I, ch. 16-17; Doyle, English Colonies, IV, ch. 
1, 3; Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, 1, 58-^'94; Hildreth, 
U. S., I, ch. 5, 13; Lodge, Short Historv, J85-295; Wilson, 
American Peojile, I, 69-74; Winsor, America, IV, ch. 8. 

2. Bancroft, 1, 501-503; Hildreth, I, 413-434; Lodge, 205- 
208; Winsor, IV, ch. 9. 

3. Andrews, ch. 5-6; Bancroft, I, 518-520, 523-527; Cambridge 
Modern History, VII, 34-45; Channing, V. S., II, ch. 2, 7; 
Doyle, IV, 78-124, ch. 4-6; Fiske, II, 1-98; Hildreth, II, 44-51 i 
Lodge, 294-311; Wilson, I, 226-232; Winsor, America, HI, ch. 
10. 

4. Bancroft, I, 520-523, 546-551 ; Cambridge Modern Historv", 
VH, 46-49; Channing, II, ch. 2; Doyle, IV, 125-129; ch. 7-8; 
Hildreth, [1, 51-61; Lodge, ch. 14; Wilson, I, 238-246, 294-303; 
Winsor, HI, ch. 11. 

5. Andrews, ch. 11-12; Bancroft, I, 528-545, 552-573; Cam- 
bridge Modern History, VII, 50-52; Channing, II, ch. 4, 11; 
Doyle, IV, ch. 9; Fiske, II, 99-167; Hildreth, 11, 61-80; Lodge, 
cli. 12; Wilson, I, 30.3-315; Winsor, HI, ch. 12. 

6. Hildreth, II, 121-122; Lodge, ch. 11. 

7. Bancroft, II, 24-46; Fiske, II, 258-329; Lodge, ch. 13, 15, 
'IT; Winsor, V, ch. 3. 

Source References. — Caldwell & Persinger, Source Historv, 
31-33, 84-86, 88-92, 95-97; Hart, Source Book, 42-44, 58-65, 
67-71, 85-90; Hart, Contemporaries, I, ch. 22-26"; MacDonald, 
Source Book, 26-31, 74-76, 80-84; MacDonald, Select Charters, 
43-.>3, 136-148, 171-204, 217-222, 224-229; Old South Leaflets, 
C9, 95, 96, 150, 168, 171; Original Narratives of Early Ameri- 
can History: Narratives of New Netherland, of Pennsylvania; 
Preston, Documents, 130-146. 

Biography. — Lives of Hudson, Stuyvesant, Governor Andros, 
William Penn. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

DESCRIPTION OF NEW YORK AND NEW 
JERSEY. 

The following extracts are taken from the first printed 
description in the English language, of the country now form- 
ing the States of New York and New Jersey. Daniel Denton, 
the author, was a resident of Jamaica, Long Island; later he 
went to England, and there, in 1670, was published his "Brief 
Description of New York: Formerly called New Netherlands." 

To give some satisfaction to people that shall be de- 
sirous to transport themselves thither (the Countrey 
being capable of entertaining many thousands), how and 
after what manner people live, and how land may be 
procured, &c., I shall answer, that tlie usual way, is for 
a Company of people to joyn togetlier, either enough to 
make a Town, or a lesser number; these go with the con- 
sent of the Governor, and view a Tract of Land, there 
being choice enough, and finding a place convenient for 
a Town, they return to tlie Governor, who upon their 
desire admits them into the Colony, and gives them a 
Grant or Patent for the said Land, for themselves and 
Associates. These persons being thus qualified, settle 
the place, and take in what inhabitants to themselves they 
shall see cause to admit of, till their Town be full ; these 
Associates thus taken in have equal privileges with them- 
selves, and the}' make a division of the Land suitable to 
every man's occasions, no man being debarr'd of such 



(Continued on Page 4.) 



CcpyrlShl. 1912. McKinlcy PuUishir 



. Philadelphia. Pa. 



McKinley's Series of Geographical and Historical Outline Maps. No.38 Middle Atlantic States. 



-Subject- 



Date- 




So Lou^icad' 



Copyright, 1902, The McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 



Map Work for Topic U 8. 



Show land grants and principal settlements. See Ashley, 73; Channing, 116; Fiske, 126, 128, 130, 142; Hart, io, 65; 
James and Sanford, 73, 80; Johnston-MacDonald, 71; MacCoun, 1664; ' McLaughlin, 106; McMaster, 56; Montgomery, Stu- 
dent's, 33, 3.5, 10; Muzzey, 5.>; Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 192. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. No. U 8 




Map of Xew N'etherland, 1656, by Van der Donck. The coast line is quite accurately shown; the rivers and their tributaries 
are well drawn, except in the unexplored interior, where the South (Delaware) Kiver connects with the North (Hudson) 
River. The map will repay a careful study. 



Copyright. 1912. McKinley Publishing Co. . Philadelphia. Pa. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE - STUDY.-Continued. 

quantities as he liatli oecasion for, tlie rest they let lie 
in common till tliey have occasion for a new division, 
never dividing their Pasture-land at all, which lies in 
common to the whole Town. The best Commodities for 
any to carry witii them is Clothing, the Country being 
full of all sorts of Cattel, which the}' may furnish them- 
selves withal at an easie rate, for any sorts of English 
Goods, as likewise Instruments for Husbandry and 
Building, with Nails, Hinges, Glass, and the like; For 
tlie manner how they get a livelihood, it is principally by 
Corn [grain] and Cattle, which will there fetch them 
any Commodities; likewise they sowe store of Flax, which 
they make every one Cloth of for their own wearing, as 
also woollen Cloth, and Linsej'-woolsey, and had they 
more Tradesmen amongst them, they would in a little 
time live without the help of anj' other Country for tiieir 
Clothing: For Tradesmen there is none but live happily 
there, as Carpenters, Blacksmiths, Masons, Tailors, 
Weavers, Shoemakers, Tanners, Brickmakers, and so any 
other Trade; them that have no Trade betake themselves 
to Husbandrj', get Land of their own, and live exceed- 
ingly well. 

Thus have I briefly given you a Relation of New- 
York, with the places thereunto adjoyning; in which, 
if I have err'd, it is principally in not giving it its due 
commendation ; for besides those earthly blessings where 
it is stor'd. Heaven hath not been wanting to open his 
Treasure, in sending down seasonable showers upon the 
Earth, blessing it with a sweet and pleasant Air, and 
a Continuation of such Influences as tend to the 
Health botli of Man and Beast : and the Climate hath 
such an affinity with that of England, that it breeds 
ordinarily no alteration to those which remove thither ; 
that the name of seasoning, which is common to some 
other Countreys hath never there been known ; That I 
maj' say, and say truly, that if there be any terrestrial 
happiness to be had by people of all ranks, especially 
of an inferior rank, it must certainly be here: here any 
one ma}' furnish himself with land, and live rent-free, 
yea, with such a quantity of Land, that he may weary 
himself witli walking over his fields of Corn, and all 
sorts of Grain : and let his stock of Cattel amount to 
some hundreds, he needs not fear their want of pasture 
in the Summer or Fodder in the AVinter, the Woods af- 
fording sufficient supply. For the Summer-season, where 
3'ou have grass as high as a man's knees, nay, as high as 
his waste, interlaced with Pea-vines and other weeds that 
Cattel much delight in, as much as a man can press 
through ; and these woods also every mile or half-mile are 
furnished with fresh ponds, brooks or rivers, where all 
sorts of Cattel, during the heat of the day, do quench 
their thirst and cool themselves ; these brooks and rivers 
being invironed of each side with several sorts of trees 
and Grape vines, the Vines, Arbor-like, interchanging 
places and crossing these rivers, does shade and shelter 
them from the scorching beams of Sols fiery influence ; 
Here those which Fortune hath frown'd upon in Eng- 
land, to deny them an inheritance amongst their 
Brethren, or such as by their utmost labors can scarcely 
procure a living, I say such may procure here inheri- 
tances of lands and possessions, stock themselves with 
all sorts of Cattel, enjoy the benefit of them whilst they 



live, and leave tiiem to tlie benefit of their children wlien 
they die: Here you need not trouble the Shambles for 
meat, nor Bakers and Brewers for Beer and Bread, nor 
run to a Linnen Draper for a supply, every one making 
their own Linnen, and a great part of their woollen cloth 
for their ordinary wearing: And how prodigal, If I may 
so say, hath Nature been to furnish the Countrey with all 
sorts of wilde Beasts and Fowle, which every one hath 
an interest in, and may hunt at his pleasure: where be- 
sides the pleasure in hunting, he may furnish his house 
with excellent fat Venison . . . and the like ; and wearied 
with that, he may go a Fishing, where the Rivers are so 
furnished, that he may supply himself with Fish before 
he can leave off the Recreation : Where you may travel by 
Land upon the same Continent hundreds of miles, and 
passe through Towns and Villages, and never hear the 
least com])laint for want, nor hear any ask you for a 
farthing; there you may lodge in the fields and woods, 
travel from one end of the Countrey to another, with as 
much security as if you were lockt within your own 
Chamber; and if you chance to meet with an Indian- 
Town, they shall give you the best entertainment they 
have, and upon your desire, direct you on your way: 
But that which adds happiness to all the rest, is the 
Healthfulness of the place, where many people in 
twenty years time never know what sickness is ; where 
they look upon it as a great mortality if two or three die 
out of a town in a years time ; where besides the sweet- 
ness of the Air, the Countrey itself sends forth such a 
fragrant smell, that it may be perceived at Sea before 
they can make the Land ; where no evil fog or vapour 
doth no sooner appear but a North-west or Westerly 
winde doth immediately dissolve it, and drive it away: 
What shall I say more? you shall scarce see a house, 
but the South side is begirt with Hives of Bees, which 
increase after an incredible manner : That I must needs 
say, that if there be any terrestrial Canaan, 'tis surely 
here, where the Land floweth with milk and honey. The 
inhabitants are blest with Peace and plenty, blessed in 
their Countrey, blessed in their Fields, blessed in the 
Fruit of their bodies, in the fruit of their grounds, in the 
increase of their Cattel, Horses and Sheep, blessed in 
their Basket, and in their Store; In a word, blessed in 
whatsoever they take in hand, or go about, the Earth 
yielding plentiful increase to all their painful labours. 

Were it not to avoid prolixity, I could say a great 
deal more, and yet say too little, how free are those 
parts of the world from that pride and oppression, with 
their miserable effects, which many, nay almost all parts 
of the world are troubled, with being ignorant of that 
pomp and bravery which aspiring Humours are 
servants to, and striving after almost every where: 
where a Waggon or Cart gives as good content as a 
Coach; and a piece of their home-made Cloth, better 
than the finest Lawns or richest Silks: and though their 
low-roofed houses may seem to shut their doors against 
pride and luxury, yet how do they stand wide open to 
let charitj' in and out, either to assist eaeli other, or re- 
lieve a stranger, and the distance of place from other 
Nations, doth secure them from the envious frowns of 
ill-affected Neighbours, and the troubles which usually 
arise thence. . . . — Daniel Denton. A Brief Description 
of New York (reprint of ISiS), pp. 17-22. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 9. Spanish and French Settlements. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Spanish Settlements. 

a) Explorations by Spaniards. 

b) Colonies established: West Indies, Mexico, 

Peru, Florida, south and western parts of 
United States. 

c) Character of occupation. 

d) Relations to Indians. 

e) Form of government: arbitrary, by officers from 

mother country, not by colonists. 

f) Colonial industry: mining; plantations; limi- 

tations on colonial trade. 

g) Religion: missionary activity. 

h) Extent of Spanish occupation and claims. 

2. French Settlements. 

a) In general: followed the river vallej's into the 

great interior plains ; shut off from English 
bj' Alleghanies ; from the Spaniards by the 
trackless plains of southwest. 

b) Early settlements in Acadia (1603-1605) and 

Canada (1608). 
Importance of work of Champlain. 

c) Controversy with English to 163-1. 

d) Spread through the St. Lawrence vallev, 1631- 

1669. 

e) Entrance into Mississippi Valley, 1669- 

1) Joliet and Marquette. 

2) La Salle: his life and work. 

3) Hennepin, 1680. 

4) Settlements on the Gulf Coast, Biloxi, 

1699-1701; New Orleans, 1717. 

f) Relation to English in Hudson Bay region. 

g) Chain of forts from Canada to Gulf of Mexico, 
h) Life in French colonies. 

1) Industry: fur-trade, fisheries, agriculture. 

2) Feudalism; monopolies; artificial re- 

straints on trade with Europe. 

3) Government: arbitrary; controlled by 

governor, intendant and council ap- 
pointed by king; usually natives of 
France, not colonists; no representa- 
tive government, no local self-govern- 
ment, no meetings of colonists. 

4) Religion: established by law; missionary 

activities. 

3. Comparison of Spanisli and French colonies with the 

English. 

a) Emphasis placed upon military occupation ; forts 

and trading jiosts. 

b) Importance of relation to Indians ; fur-trade ; 

Indians as agricultural workers and work- 
ers in mines. 

c) Population: comparatively small for extent of 

territory occupied. 

d) Many restrictions on trade and industry. 

e) No participation of colonists in government or 

trade. 

f) Large place in society held by clergv; compare 

New England. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 7^-79; Ashlev, 86-94; Chan- 
ning, 36-40, SO, 114-115; Hart, 69-75, 124-12T"; James & San- 
ford, 104-120; Johnston-MacDonald, 83-86; McLaughlin, 129- 
138; McMaster, 60-65, 76-80; Montgomerv, 47, 109-113; Muzzey, 
81-92. 

For Collateral Reading. — Conian, Industrial Historv, 8-21; 
Thwaites, 49-50, 245-257. 



Kor Topical Study. — 

1. Bourne, Spain in America, ch. 14-20; Fiske, Discovery of 
America, II, 483-569; Winsor, America, II, ch. 5-9. 

2. Bancroft, U. S., II, 137-174, 224-237; Cambridge Modern 
History, VII, 70-113; Channing, U. S., II, ch. 5; Fiske, Dis- 
covery, II, 483-569; Fiske, New France and New England, 
1-132; Hildreth, U. S., II, ch. 18, and p. 220-226, 280-284; 
Parknian, Jesuits in North America, Pioneers of France in 
New World, ch. 1-17, LaSalle and the Discovery of the Great 
West, Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV, 
ch. 1-8; Thwaites, France in America, ch. 1-5; Winsor, IV, ch. 
4-7. 

3. Cambridge Modern History, VII, 98-109. 

Source References. — Hart, Source Book, 96-98; Hart, Con- 
temporaries, II, ch. 17; Trail Makers' Series, Journeys of 
de Soto, Coronado, Champlain, LaSalle. 

Biogra])hy. — Lives of Champlain, LaSalle. 

SOURCE-STUDY. 

LA SALLE'S EXPLORATION OF THE MISSIS- 
SIPPI, 1682. 
The following extracts are taken from the account written 
by leather Zenobius Merabri!, a Recollect monk who accom- 
panied La Salle: 

On the 21st of December, I embarked with the sieur 
de Tonty and a party of our people on Lake Dauphin 
(Michigan), to go toward the divine river, called by the 
Indians Checagou, in order to make necessary arrange- 
ments for our voyage. The sieur de la Salle joined us 
there with the rest of his troop on the 4th of January, 
1682, and found that Tont}' had had sleighs made to put 
all on and carry it over the Chicago which was frozen; 
for though the winter in these parts is only two months 
long, it is notwithstanding very severe. 

We had to make a portage to enter the Ilinois river, 
which we found also frozen ; we made it on the 27th of 
the same month, and dragging our canoes, baggage, and 
provisions, about eighty leagues on the river Seignelay 
(Ilinois), which runs into the river Colbert (Missis- 
sippi), we traversed the great Ilinois town without find- 
ing any one there, the Indians having gone to winter 
thirty leagues lower down on Lake Pimiteaui (Peoria), 
where Fort Crevecoeur stands. We found it in a good 
state, and La Salle left his orders there. As from this 
spot navigation is open at all seasons, and free from ice, 
we embarked in our canoes, and on the 6th of February, 
reached the mouth of the river Seignelay, at 38° north. 
The floating ice on the river Colbert, at this place, kept 
us till the 13th of the same month, when we set out, and 
six leagues lower down, found the Ozage (Missouri) 
river, coming from the west. It is full as large as the 
river Colbert into wliich it empties troubling it so, that 
from the mouth of the Ozage the water is hardly drink- 
able. The Indians assure us that this river is formed 
by many others, and that they ascend it for ten or twelve 
days to a mountain where it rises ; that beyond this 
mountain is the sea where they see great ships ; that on 
the river are a great number of large villages, of many 
different nations ; that there are arable and prairie-lands, 
and abundance of cattle and beaver. Although this river 
is very large, the Colbert does not seem augmented by 
it; but it pours in so much mud, that from its mouth the 
water of the great river, whose bed is also slimy, is more 
like clear mud than river water, wthout changing at all 
till it reaches the sea, a distance of more than three 
hundred leagues, although it receives seven large rivers, 
the water of which is very beautiful, and which are al- 
most as large as the Mississippi. 



(Continued on Page 4.) 



Copyriilht. 1912. McKinlcy Publishine Co . Philndctphia. Pn. 



McKinley's Series of GeograpEical and Historical Outline Maps. No.36. The Mississippi Valley. 




Copyright, 1901, The JMcKinley Publisliing Co., Pliiladelpliia, Pa 



Map Work for Topic U 9. 

Show on llic map 1) tlie route of LaSalle; iJ) the primipal I'rcnch posts in the region .sliowii. See Adams and Trent, 73; 
Hart, 70; James and Sanford, 105, 109; Johnston-MacDonald, 85; MacCoun; MeMaster. 6-2; Montgomery, Leading p'acts, 111; 
Montgomery, Student's, 139; Muzzey, 88; Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 190; Thomas, 68. 




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McKinley'a Illustrated Topics tor American History. 



SOURCE - STUDY— Continued. 

On the lHh, six leagues further, we found on the east 
the village of the Taniaroas, who had gone to the chase; 
we left there marks of our jieaeeful eoniing, and signs of 
our route, aeeording to praetice, in such voyages. We 
went slowly, because we were obliged to hunt and fish 
almost dailj', not having been able to bring any pro- 
visions but Indian corn. 

Forty leagues from Tamoroa is the river Oiiabache 
(Ohio), where we stopped. From the mouth of this 
river you must advance forty-two leagues without stop- 
ping, because the banks a^e low and marshy, and full of 
thick foam, rushes and walnut trees. . . . 

On the IHh of the same month, tiie sieur de la Salle 
took poss<'s.sion of this country witii great ceremony. 
He planted a cross, and set up the king's arms, at which 
the Indians showed a great joy. You can talk much to 
Indians by signs, and those with us managed to make 
themselves a little understood in tlieir language. I took 
occasion to explain something of the truth of God, and 
the mysteries of our redemption, of whicli they saw the 
arms. During this time they showed they relished what 
I said, by raising their eyes to heaven, and kneeling as 
if to adore. We also saw them rub their hands over their 
bodies after rubbing them over the cross. In fact, on our 
return from the sea, we found that they had surrounded 
the cross with a palisade. . . . 

The whole country is covered with palm-trees, laurels 
of two kinds, plums, peaches, mulberry, apple, and pear 
trees of every kind. There are also five or six kinds of 
nut-trees, some of which bear nuts of extraordinary size. 
Thej' also gave us several kinds of dried fruit to taste; 
we found them large and good. They have also many 
other kinds of fruit-trees which I never saw in Europe; 
but the season was too early to allow us to see the fruit. 
We observed vines already out of blossom. The mind 
and character of this people appeared on the whole docile 
and manageable, and even capable of reason. I made 
them understand all I wished about our mysteries [re- 
ligion]. They conceived pretty well the necessity of a 
God, the creator and director of all, but attribute this 
divinity to the sun. Religion may be greatly advanced 
among them, as well as among the Akansas, both these 
nations being half civilized. . . . 

The 26th of March resuming our course, we perceived, 
twelve leagues lower down, a periagua or wooden canoe, 
to which the sieur de Tonty gave chase, till approaching 
the shore, we perceived a great number of Indians. The 
sieur de la .Salle, with his usual jirecaution, turned to the 
opposite banks, and then sent the calumet of peace by 
the sieur de Tonty. Some of the chief men crossed the 
river to come to us as good friends. They were fisher- 
men of the Nachie tribe (Natchez), enemies of the 
Taensa. . . . 

At last, after a navigation of about forty leagues, we 
arrived, on tlie sixth of A])ril, at a point where the river 
divides into three channels. The sieur de la Salle di- 
vided his party the next day into three bands, to go and 
explore them. He took the western, the sieur Dautray 
the southern, the sieur Tonty, whom I accompanied, the 
middle one. These three channels are beautiful and 
deep. The water is brackish; after advancing two leagues 
it became perfectly salt, and advancing on, we discov- 
ered the o|)cn sea, so that on the ninth of April, with all 
possible solemnity, we performed the ceremony of plant- 
ing the cross and raising the arms of France. After we 



liad chanted the hymn of the church, "Vexilla Regis," 
and the "Te Deum," the sieur de la Salle, in tile name of 
his majesty, took jiossession of that river, of all rivers 
that enter it, and of all the country watered by them. 
An authentic act was drawn up, signed by all of us»there, 
and amid a volley from all our muskets, a leaden plate in- 
scribed with the arms of France, and the names of those 
who had just made the discovery, was deposited in the 
earth. The sieur de la Salle, who always carried an 
astrolabe, took the latitude of the mouth. Although he 
kept to himself the exact jx)int, we have learned that the 
river falls into the gulf of Mexico, between 27° and 
28° north, and, as is thought, at the point where maps 
lay down the Rio Escondido. This mouth is about thirty 
leagues distant from the Rio Bravo, (Rio Grande), 
sixty from the Rio de Palmas, and ninety or a hundred 
leagues from the river Panuco (Tanipico), where the 
nearest Spanish post on the coast is situated. We reck- 
oned that Es])iritu .Santo Bay (Anpalachee Bay), lay 
northeast of the mouth. From the Tlinois' river, we al- 
ways went south or southwest; the river winds a little, 
preserves to the sea its breadth of about a quarter of a 
league, is everywhere very deep, without banks, or any 
obstacle to navigation, although the contrary has been 
published. This river is reckoned eight hundred leagues 
long; we travelled at least three hundred and fifty from 
the mouth of the river Seignelay. . . . 

When you are twenty or thirty leagues below the 
Maroa [Indians], the banks are full of canes until you 
reach the sea, except in fifteen or twenty places where 
there are very pretty hills, and spacious, convenient, land- 
ing-places. The inundation does not extend far, and 
behind these drowned lands you see the finest country in 
the world. Our hunters, French and Indian, were de- 
lighted with it. For an extent of at least two hundred 
leagues in length, and as much in breadth, as we were 
told, there are vast fields of excellent land, diversified 
here and there with pleasing hills, lofty woods, groves 
through which you miglit ride on horseback, so clear and 
unobstructed are the paths. These little forests also 
line the rivers which intersect the country in various 
places, and which abound in fish. The crocodiles are 
dangerous here, so much so that in some parts no one 
would venture to expose himself, or even put his hand 
out of his canoe. The Indians told us that these ani- 
mals often dragged in their people where they could any- 
where get hold of them. . . . 

You meet prairies everywhere, sometimes of fifteen or 
twenty leagues front, and three or four deep, ready to 
receive the plough. The soil excellent, capable of sup- 
porting great colonies. Beans grow wild, and the stalk 
lasts several years, always bearing fruit; it is thicker 
than an arm, and runs up like ivy to the top of the 
highest trees. The peach-trees are quite like those of 
France, and very good ; they are so loaded with fruit, 
that the Indians have to prop up those they cultivate in 
their clearings. There are whole forests of very fine 
mulberries, of which we ate the fruit from the month of 
May; many ])lum-trees and other fruit trees, some known 
and others unknbwn in Europe ; vines, pomegranates, 
and horse-chestnuts, are common. They raise three or 
four crops of corn a year. 

To conclude, our expedition of discovery was accom- 
plished without having lost any of our men, French or 
Indian, and without anybody's being wounded, for which 
we were indebted to the protection of the Almighty, and 
the great capacity of Monsieur de la Salle. . . . — French, 
Historical Collections nf Louisiana, IV, 1(5,5-18 !■. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 10. Sixty Years of Colonial Life 1689-1750. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Increase in Population. 

a) In New England — natural increase mainly. 

b) In Middle Colonies: natural increase, and immi- 

gration, particularly from Germany, also 
from Ireland and Scotland. " 

c) In Southern Colonies : by natural increase ; by 

colonists from England, France, Switzer- 
land, Germany and Scotland ; importations 
of African negroes. 

2. Pushing back the Frontier. 

a) In New England: into Elaine, New Hampshire, 
and Vermont. 

b-) In Middle Colonies: up the river vallej-s; the 
Mohawk, Chester, Shenandoah, and Susque- 
hanna vallej's ; across the Alleghanies into 
the Ohio region. 

c) In the South : into the uplands distant from 
coast ; and toward the south into Georgia. 

3. Settlement of Georgia. 

a) Reasons for settlement. 

b) Philanthropic character of Oglethorpe and the 

trustees. 

c) Silk culture insisted upon. 

d) Overthrow of Trustees' restrictions; introduc- 

tion of slavery ; land given in fee-simple ; 
local self-government established. 

e) Establishment of royal government, 1755. 

f) Boundaries of province enlarged, by proclama- 

tion, 1763. 

4. English Control of Colonies. 

a) Parliamentary Acts: Navigation Acts: Colonial 

trade only in English or colonial vessels ; 
enumerated articles to be taken first to 
England; all European products to come to 
colonies from England. 

b) Parliamentary Acts: forbade or restricted manu- 

facture of iron and steel, wool and felt 
(hats); forbade printing of English Bible; 
regulated colonial currency and naturali- 
zation ; encouraged by bounties the produc- 
tion of raw materials, as pig iron, hemp, 
naval stores. 

c) Parliamentary Acts: The Molasses act of 1733, 

levying duties on sugar, molasses, etc., from 
foreign West Indies to colonies, not en- 
forced. 

d) Change of colonies from charter and proprietary 

to royal provinces: New Hampshire, New 
York, New .Jersey, Carolinas, Georgia. 

e) English Lords of Trade and Plantations (Board 

of Trade). 

1 ) Obtained information from colonial gover- 

nors. 

2) Recommended to King (Cabinet) persons 

for colonial offices. 

3) Advised King concerning colonial legisla- 

tion. 

4) Heard disputes between colonies or colo- 

nial proprietors. 

f) English repeal of colonial legislation: Possible 

in all colonies except Connecticut, Rhode 
Island, Maryland ; often used against popu- 
lar measures. 

g) Church of England in colonies: under jurisdic^ 

tion of Bishop of London ; influence of So- 
ciety for Propagation of the Gospel in For- 



eign Parts; character of clergymen and 
missionaries sent out ; importance of fact 
that all ministers must go to England for 
ordination ( ,io colonial bishops to perform 
this ccremi ny). 
5. Plans for Colonial L nion. 

a) New England Confederation, l6l3. 

b) The Dominion of New England (attempt to 

unite colonies from New Jersey to Maine). 

c) Efforts made in the colonics during French War 

of 1689-90. 

d) Projects from various sources tor intercolonial 

union: by William Penn, by Board of 
Trade, etc. 

e) Albany Convention plan, 1754. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Aflams & Trent, 67-71; Ashley, 89-93; Channing, 
107-113; Hart, 107-118; James & Sanford, 134-140; Johnston- 
MacDonald, 76-80; McLaughlin, 116-128; McMaster, 100-108; 
Montgomery, 106-108; Muzzey, 66-71. 

For Collateral Heading.— Bogart, Economic History, 34-47; 
Fisher, Colonial Era, ch. 12-20; Sparks, Men Who Made Na- 
tion, ch. 1; Thwaites, 233-244, 258-284. 

For Topical Study. — 

1. Channing, U. S., II, ch. 14; Doyle, English Colonies, V, 
eh. 1; Fi.ske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, H, 3,30-356; Greene, 
Provincial America, ch. 14. 

3. Bancroft, U. S., H, 281-291; Cambridge Modern History, 
VII, 01-64; Doyle, V, ch. 8; Greene, Provincial America, ch. 
15; Hildreth, U. S., II, 362-386; Lodge, English Colonies, cli. 
9-10; Wilson, American People, II, 01-72; Winsor, America, 
V, ch. 6. 

4. Andrew.s, Colonial Self-Government, ch. 1-4; Bancroft, 
III, 238-206; Cambridge Modern HLstory, VII, 65-68; Channing, 
U. S., II, ch. 1, 6, 8-10; Doyle, V, ch. 2; Greene, Provincial 
America, ch. 1-4, ch. 11; Hildreth, II, ch. 21 and p. 284-298. 

5. Bancroft, VL 5-8; Cambridge Modern Historj% VII, 69. 
Source References.- American Hi.storv Leaflets, 14, 16, 19; 

Caldwell & Persinger, Source History, '139-104; Hart, Source 
Book, 71-73; Hart, Contemporaries, ' II, ch. 0; Hill, Liberty 
Documents, ch. 11; MacDonald, Source Book, 55-59, 72-74, 
78-79, 90-105; MacDonald, Select Charters, 106-120, 133-136, 
168-170, 212-217, 235-251, 253-257; Preston, Documents, 146- 
188. 
Biography. — Benjamin Franklin, John Woolman (journal). 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

ENGLISH LEGISLATION RESPECTING THE 
COLONIES. 

The following quotations show the completed colonial policy 
of Great Britain: 1) Colonial trade limited absolutely to 
English or colonial vessels; 2) certain colonial products, 
"enumerated articles," to be transported to England before 
being .shipped to any foreign country; 3) all European prod- 
ucts to come to the colonies from England; 4) imports from 
foreign countries to England must come in English or colonial 
ves.sels, or in vessels of the nation producing the goods; 5) 
bounties or freedom from duties to be granted to certain raw 
materials produced in the colonies (pig iron, hemp, tar, masts, 
etc.); 6) discouragement of colonial manufacture. 

An Act for the Encourarfeing and increasing of Shipping 
and Navigation. 
For the increase of Shiping and incouragement of the 
Navigation of this Nation, wherein under the good provi- 
dence and protection of God the Wealth, Safety and 
Strength of this Kingdome is soe much concerned Bee it 
Enacted by the Kings most Excellent Majesty and by the 
Lords and Comons in this present Parliament assembled 
and the Authoritie therof 'That from and after the First 
daj' of December One thousand six hundred and sixty and 
from thence forward noe Goods or Commodities whatso- 
ever shall be Imported into or Exported out of any 
Lands Islands Plantations or Territories to his Majesty 
belonging or in his possession or which may hereafter 
((Continued on Page 4.) 



Copyright. 19li McKinley Publishing Co. . Philadelphia. Pa. 



McKinley's Series of Geographical and Historica] Ontline Maps. No. 64. North America. 








Qre^tjAii h 60 



Copyright, 1901, The McKinley Publish. iig Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. 



Map Work for Topic U 10. 

Show European possessions in ,\nicrica, in 1750. See Adams and Trent, 81; .\shlev, 90; Epoch Maps; Hart, li20; James 
and Sanford, 113; Labberton, 60; MacCoun, lT5j; JlcLaughlin, 141; Montgomery, Student's, 143; Scudder, 89 (East. U. S. 
only); Thomas, 100; Thwaites, at end. 



McKintey's Illustrated Topics fur American History. 



SOURCE- STUD Y.-Continued. 

belong unto or be in tlu- jjosscssion of His Majesty His 
Heires and Succcssers in Asia Africa or America in any 
other Ship or Ships \ essell or Vessells whatsoever but 
in such Sliips or Vessells as doe truly and without fraude 
belong only to the people of England or Ireland 
Dominion of Wales or Towne of Bcrwicke upon Tweedc 
or are of the built of, and belonging to any of the said 
Lands Islands Plantations or Territories as the Pro- 
prietors and riglit Owners therof and wherof the Mas- 
ter and three fourthes of the Marriners at least are Eng- 
lish under the penalty of the Forfeiture and Losse of all 
the Goods and Commodityes which shall be Imported 
into, or Exported out of, any of the aforesaid places in 
any other Ship or Vessell, as also of the Ship or Vcssell 
with all its Guns Furniture Tackle Ammunition and Ap- 
parel. . . . 

[SHI]. . . . noe Goods or Commodityes whatsoever 
of the growth production or manufacture of Africa Asia 
or America or if any part therof, or which are discribed 
or laid down in the usuall Maps or Cards of those places 
be Imported into England Ireland or Wales Islands of 
Guernsey or Jersey or Towne of Berwicke upon Tweede 
in any other Ship or Ships Vessell or Vessels whatso- 
ever, but in such as doe truely and without fraude belong 
onely to the people of England or Ireland, Dominion of 
Wales or Towne of Berwick upon Tweede or of the 
Lands Islands Plantations or Territories in Asia Africa 
or America to his Majesty belonging as the proprietors 
and right owners therof, and wherof the IMaster and 
three fourthes at least of the Mariners are English under 
tlie penalty of the forfeiture of [goods and vessel]. . . . 

[SIV]. And it is further Enacted . . . that noe 
Goods or Commodityes that are of forraigne growth pro- 
duction or manufacture and which are to be brought into 
England Ireland Wales, the Islands of Guernsey & Jer- 
sey or Towne of Berwicke upon Tweede in English built 
shiping, or other shiping belonging to some of the afore- 
said places, and navigated by English ^Mariners as afore- 
said shall be shiped or brought from any other place 
or Places, Country or Countries, but onely from those of 
their said Growth Production or Manufacture, or from 
those Ports where the said Goods and Commodityes can 
onely or are or usually have beene first shiped for trans- 
portation and from none other Places or Countryes. . . . 

[§XVIII.] . . . from and after the first day of Aprill 
which shall be in the yeare of our Lord One thousand six 
hundred sixty-one noe sugars Tobaccho Cotton Wool In- 
dicoes Ginger Fustick or other dyeing wood of the 
Growth Production or Manufacture of any English Plan- 
tations in America Asia or Africa shall be shiped carryed 
conveyed or transported from any of the said English 
Plantations to any Land Island Territory Dominion Port 
or place whatsoever other than to such English Planta- 
tions as doe belong to His Majesty His Heires and Suc- 
cessors or to the Kingdome of England or Ireland or 
Principality of Wales or Towne of Berwicke upon 
Tweede there to be laid on shore under the penalty of 
the Forfeiture of [goods and vessel]. . . . — 12 Charles 
II, ch. 18 [1660], Statutes of the Realm, V, 2t6-250. 
An Act for the Encouraf/ement of Trade. 

[§IV.] . . . [For maintaining a greater correspond- 
ence and kindness between this Kingdom and the Plan- 
tations] and makeing this Kingdome a Staple not only of 
the Commodities of those Plantations but alsoe of the 
Commodities of other Countryes and Places for the suj)- 
plying of them, and it being the usage of other Nations 
to keepe their Plantations Trade to themselves, [Be it 
enacted that after March 25, 1664] noe Commoditie of 
the Growth Production or Manufacture of Europe shall 



be imported into any Land Island Plantation Colony 
Territory or Place to His Majesty belonging, or which 
shall belong hereafter unto, or be in the Possession of 
His Majesty His Heires and Successors in Asia Africa 
or America (Tangier only excepted) but what shall be 
l)ona fide rad without fraude laden and shipped in Eng- 
land Wa) s and the Towne of Berwicke upon Tweede 
and in J^nglish built .Shipping . . . and whereof the 
Master and three Fourthes of the Marriners at least are 
English, and which shall be carried directly thence to 
tile said Lands Islands Plantations Colonyes Territories 
or Places, and from noe other place or places whatso- 
ever Any Law Statute or Usage to the contrary notwith- 
standing, . . . — 15 Charles II, cha])ter 7 [166.S]; 
Statutes of the Realm, V, tig. 

All Act for encouraging the Importation of Xaval Stores 
from her Majcstif's Plantations in America. 

... Be it therefore enacted . . . That everj' Person 
or Persons that shall [within nine j'ears from Jan. 1, 
1705] import or cause to be imported into this Kingdom, 
directly from any of her Majesty's English Colonies 
or Plantations in America, in any Ship or Ships that 
may lawfully trade to her Majesty's Plantations . . . 
shall have and enjoy as a Reward or Premium for such 
Importation ... as follows, (viz.) 

II. For good and merchantable Tar per tun, contain- 
ing eight Barrels, . . . four Pounds. 

For good and merchantable Pitch per tun, ... to be 
brought in eight Barrels, four Pounds. 

For good and merchantable Rozin or Turpentine per 
tun, ... to be brought in eight Barrels, three Pounds. 

For Hemp, Water rotted, bright and clean, per Tun, 
. . . six Pounds. 

For all Masts, Yards, and Bowsprits, per Tun, allow- 
ing forty-Foot to each Tun, . . . one Pound. . . . — 3 
and 4. Anne, ch. 10 [1704] ; Statutes at Large, IV, 182. 
An Act to prevent the Exportation of Hats out of any of 
his Majesty's Colonies or Plantations in America. 

. . . from and after the twenty-ninth Day of Sep- 
tember in the Year of cur Lord one thousand seven hun- 
dred and thirty-two, no Hats or Felts whatsoever, dyed 
or undyed, finished or unfinislied, shall be sliipt, loaden 
or put on Board any Ship or Vessel in any Place 
or Parts within any of the British Plantations, upon 
any Pretence whatsoever, by any Person or Persons 
whatsoever, and also that no Hats or Felts, either 
dyed or undyed, finished or unfinished, shall be loaden 
upon any Horse, Cart or other Carriage, to the Intent or 
Purpose to be exported, transported, shipped off, car- 
ried or conveyed out of any of the said British Planta- 
tions to any other of the British Plantations, or to 
any other place whatsoever, by any Person or Per- 
sons whatsoever. . . . — 5 George II, ch. 22 [1732]; 
Statutes at Large, VI, 89-90. 

IX. And, that Pig and Bar Iron made in his Majesty's 
Colonies in America may be further manufactured in 
this Kingdom, Be it further enacted . . . [that] no Mill 
or other Engine for Slitting or Rolling of Iron, or any 
Plateing Forge to work with a Tilt Hammer, or any Fur- 
nace for making Steel, shall be erected, or after such erec- 
tion, continued, in any of his Majesty's Colonies in 
America; and if any Person or Persons shall erect, or 
cause to be erected, or after such erection, continue, or 
cause to be continued, in any of the said Colonies, any 
such Mill, Engine, F^orge or P'urnace, every Person or 
Persons so offending shall, for every ?uch Mill, Engine, 
Forge or Furnace, forfeit the Sum of two hundred 
Pounds of lawful Money of Great Britain. . . .^23 
George II. eh. 2P [1750]'; Statutes at Large, VII, 261- 
263. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 11. Intercolonial Wars, 1689-1763. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Situation and extent of American Colonies of Spain, 

France, and England, in l689. 

2. European Conditions, 1689-1750. 

a) Louis XIV's wars with Dutch. 

b) English Revolution of 1688. 

c) War of Spanish Succession. 

d) Commercial rivalry between England and Spain; 

War of Jenkin's Ear. 

e) War of Austrian Succession: Contest of Fred- 

erick the Great and ^laria Theresa. Influ- 
ence on America. 

3. Wars in America, 1689- 17 18. 

a) Causes: European conflicts as above; colonial 

rivalries in the West Indies, on the fishing 
banks, along the i\Iaine Coast, in the In- 
dian country, and on Carolina frontier. 

b) General jNIilitary Policy: 

1) French: border warfare with Indian allies; 

no serious attack on principal En- 
glish towns. 

2) English: combined military and naval at- 

tacks on French maritime provinces. 

3) Spanish: attacks on southern English 

colonies and arousing of Indians. 

c) Names and dates of Wars: 

1) King William's W^ar, 1689-1697. 

2) Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713. 

3) King George's War, 171-1-1748. 

d) Results: 

1) By treaty of Utrecht (171.'!): Cession of 

Acadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson 
Bay country to England ; commercial 
rights in Spanish colonies (assiento 
treaty). 

2) By treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (17-i8): 

Louisbourg, taken after great expense 
on part of colonists, returned to 
France. 

3) Frontier massacres along both northern 

and southern borders. 

4) Development" of colonial military organi- 

zation. 

4. French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War), 

1754-1763. 

a) Situation of French, Spanish and English in 

Europe, and with reference to their colonies. 

b) Significance of the Ohio Valley: should English 

be hemmed in ea.st of the mountains .'' 

c) Colonial causes productive of war. 

d) Comparison of population, location of forts, 

military strength, etc., of French and En- 
glish colonies. 

e) Posts of the French which English determined 

to take. 

f) Albany Congress, and plan of union, 1754. 

g) Early failures of the Englisli, 1754-1756. 

h) Political change in England; William Pitt in 
power; great influence upon tlie world posi- 
tion of England and colonies. 

i) English successes, 1758-1760. 

j) Treaty of Paris, 1763. 

1) Acquisitions by England 

2) Acquisitions by Spain. 

3) Overthrow of colonial empire of France. 



k) Royal proclamation of 1763: forbidding settle- 
ment in newly acquired lands. 
1) Pontiac's conspiracy ; use of British troops to 
quell it. 
m) General results of the war: 

1 ) Removal of the French freed colonists 

from need of English protection. 

2) Gave military experience to colonists. 

3) Royal attitude toward newly acquired lands 

aroused colonial opposition. 

4) Turned English attention to need of 

stronger control of colonies. 

REFERENCES. ,^ 

Textbook.'!.— Adams & Trent, 75-86; .Vshley, 86-101; Chan- 
ning, 112-119; Hart, 125-133; James & Sanforcl, 111-127; Jolin- 
ston-MncDonalil, 83-101; McLaughlin, 129-150; McMaster, 
79-92; Montgomery, 114-124; Muzzey, 91-104. 

For Collateral "Reading.— Elson," U. S., 160-197; Fisher, 
Colonial Era, ch. 12-20; Hart, Formation of the Union, 22-41; 
Sloane, French War and Revolution, ch. 1-9; Sparks, Expan- 
sion, ch. fi; Thwaites, 252-257. 

For Topical Study.— 

1. Bancroft, U. S., U, 312-223; Cambridge Modern History, 
VII, 108-110; Channing, U. S., II, ch. 5; Greene, Provincial 
America, ch. 7; Thwaites, France in America, eh. 4-6. 

3. Bancroft, II, 177-223, 292-318; Cambridge Modern His- 
tory, VII, 114-122; Channing, II, ch. 18; Greene, ch. 8-10; 
Hildreth, U. S., II, ch. 20-21, and pp. 258-268, 330-336, 374- 
382; Thwaites, ch. 6-7; Wilson, American People, II, 1-76; 
Winsor, America, V, ch. 7. 

4. Bancroft, II, 367-559; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 
122-143; Channing, II, eh. 19; Dovle, English Colonies," V, eh. 
9; Hildreth, II, ch. 26-27; Parkraan, A Half Century of Con- 
flict, Count Frontenac and New France Under Louis XI^', 
Montcalm and Wolfe, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Thwaites, ch. 
9-17; Wilson, American People, II, 76-97; Winsor, V, ch. 8. 

Source References. — American Historical Leaflets, 5; Cald- 
well & Persinger, 123-125; Hart, Source Book, 98-107; Hart, 
Contemporaries, II, eh. 19, 20; MacDonald, Select Charters, 
222-223, 229-232, 251-272; Old South Leaflets, 9, 73, 187. 

Biography. — Lives of Count Frontenac, Montcalm, George 
Washington, General Wolfe, Sir William Johnson. 



SOURCE-STUDY 

WASHINGTON'S JOURNEY TO THE FRENCH 
FORTS, 1753-1754. 
The indomitable character of Washington, his accuracy in 
detaiLs, and the difficulties of frontier travel are well shown 
in the following journal of Washington's journey. 

Major Washington's Journal of a Tour over the 
Allegany Mountains. 

I was commissioner and appointed by the Honorable 
Robert Dinwiddle, Esquire, Governor of Virginia, to 
visit and deliver a letter to the commandant of the 
French forces on the Ohio, and set out on the intended 
journey on the same day; the next, I arrived at Fred- 
ericksburg, and engaged Mr. Jacob Vanbraam to be my 
French interpreter, and proceeded with him to Alex- 
andria, where we provided necessaries. From thence we 
went to Winchester and got baggage, horses, &c., and 
from thence we pursued the new road to Will's Creek, 
where we arrived on the 14th of November [1753]. 

Here I engaged Mr. Gist to pilot us out, and also 
liired four others as servitors . . . ; and in company with 
those persons left the inhabitants the next daj'. . . . 

[On Nov. 22, Washington arrived at the present site 
of Pittsburg where he had to wait for a canoe.] 

As I got down before the canoe, I spent some time in 
viewing the rivers, and the land in the Fork, which I 
think extremelv well situated for a fort, as it has the abso- 



(Continued on Page 4.) 



Cnpyrifiht. 1012. McKinley Publishing Co.. PhilHdelphia. Pa. 



McKinley's Series of Ggographical and Historical OntUnt Maps. No. 64. North America. 



31 








Copyright, 1901, The McKinley Publishing Co.. rhiladelphia, Pa 



Map Work for Topic U 11. 



Show on map the princiiMil fort.s; the h\n(l ccssion.s by treaty of 178:{. See .\shley, 100; Channiiifr. Ifl; Ri>oeh Ma|).s; 
Fiske, 175; Hart, 1:21; Hart, Formation, at end; Jame.s and Sanford, 1^;.); Labbcrton, Gl; MaeCoun, ITliS; Mel.aiifililin, '.1-9; 
McMaster, 90; Montgomery, Student's, l.W; Muzzev, \0-2; Shejiherd, Historical .\tlas, 194; Thoma.s, 100. 




fe: 





1 ' * ., 



" a 
















b'^L^"*^ 



^o^.E£i^sia£i.t 



No. 1. View of Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario, asit appeared in 1755. Note tlu- harlm 
houses, etc. From a contemporary paint. , „ .,. j ,. c- i. .tcc 

■- - ■ - _ - - . jyg^ pjg 3 ^ pljiij „f pujt \iagara under the French, 1756, 



; of building, the arrangement of tents. store- 



No. 2. A view of Fort Du Quesne, in 1754. No. 3. A plan of fort Niagara under tiler reiicn i/Do, j,=„;,r ^ 

No. 4 A viewof the battle fought near Lake George, on September 8. 1755. between 2.000 English and KO Mohawks under General Johnson and 2,500 French 

•end Indians under General Dieskau, in which the English were victorious. Note the strong fortified camp of the English and the method of the 1-rench attack. 

From an old engraving. CouyrHhi, I9i2, McKinky PuWishingru,. Phiijdi'iiiiiiii. Pa 



McKlnley's lllustruted Topics for American History. 



SOURCE - STUDY .- Continued. 

lute command of botli rivers. The land at tlie point is 
twenty or twenty-five feet above the common surface of 
the water; and a considerable bottom of flat, well-tim- 
bered land all around it, very convenient for building. 
The rivers are each a quarter of a mile or more across, 
and run here very nearly' at right-angles ; Allegany bear- 
ing northeast; and Monongahela southeast. . . . 

[Nov. 26, Washington met some of the Indian chiefs 
at I.ogstown.] 

26. — We met in council at the long-house about nine 
o'clock, when I spoke to them as follows : 

"Brotiiers, I have called you together in council, by 
order of your brotiier, tiie Ciovernor of Virginia, to ac- 
([uaint you, tliat I am sent with all possible desi)atch, 
to visit and deliver a letter to the French commandant, 
of very great importance to your brothers, the English; 
and I dare say to you, their friends and allies. . . ." 

[The party arrived at Venango on Dec. i, where they 
met Captain Joncaire and some other French officers.] 

They told me, that it was their absolute design to take 

possession of the Ohio, and by G they would do it; 

for that, although they were sensible the English could 
raise two men for their one, yet they knew their motions 
were too slow and dilatory to prevent any undertaking 
of theirs. They pretend to have an undoubted right to 
the river from a discover}' made by one La Salle, sixty 
years ago; and the rise of this expedition is, to prevent 
our settling on the river or waters of it as they heard of 
some families moving out in order thereto. From the 
best intelligence I could get, there have been fifteen hun- 
dred men on this side Ontario Lake. But on the death 
of the general, all were recalled to about six or seven hun- 
dred, who were left to garrison four forts, one hundred 
and fifty or thereabouts in each. 

7th. — . . . We found it extremely difficult to get the 
Indians off today, as every stratagem had been used to 
prevent their going up with me. . . . 

At twelve o'clock, we set out for the fort, and were 
prevented arriving there until the 1 1th by excessive rains, 
snows, and bad travelling through many mires and 
swamps ; these we were obliged to pass to avoid crossing 
the creek, which was impassable, eitlier bj' fording or 
rafting, the water was so high and rapid. . . . [The 
distance travelled was about sixty miles. The next day 
Washington presented his letters to the Commandant, 
who with his officers retired to hold a council of war; 
meanwhile, Washington] could get no certain account of 
the number of men here, but according to the best judg 
mcnt I could form, their are a hundred exclusive of offi- 
cers, of whom there are many. I also gave orders to the 
people who were with me, to take an exact account of 
the canoes, which were hauled up to convey their horses 
down in the spring. This they did, and told fifty of 
birch bark, and a hundred and seventy of pine; besides 
nianv others, which were blocked out, in readiness for 
being made. 

. . . This evening I received an answer to his Honor 
the Governor's letter from the commandant. 

1 .'Jth. — The commandant ordered a plentiful store of 
liquor, and provision to be put on board our canoes, and 
appeared to be extremely complaisant, though he was 
exerting every artifice, which he could invent, to set our 
Indians at variance with us, to prevent their going until 
after our depart\ire ; presents, rewards, and every thing 
which could be suggested by him or his officers, I can- 
not say that ever in my life I suffered so much anxiety, 
as I did in this affair. . . . 



Kitii. — . . . We h.id a tedious and very f.itiguing pas- 
sage down the creek. Several times we had like to have 
been staved against rocks ; and many times were obliged 
all Iiands to get out and remain in the water half an 
hour or more, getting over the shoals. At one place, the 
ice had lodged, and made it impassable b_v water; we 
were, therefore, obliged to carry our canoe across tiie 
neck of land, a quarter of a mile over. . . . 

[Washington reached Venango on Dec. 22.] 

23d. — The horses became less able to travel every 
daj- ; the cold increased very fast; and the roads were 
becoming nmch worse by a deep snow, continualh' freez- 
ing; therefore, as I was uneasy to get back, to make re- 
jwrt of my proceedings to his Honor the governor, I 
determined to prosecute m_v journey, the nearest way 
through the woods, on foot. ... I took my necessary 
papers, pulled off my clothes, and tied myself up in a 
watch-coat. Then, with gun in hand and pack on my 
back, in which were my papers and provisions, I set out 
with Mr. (list, fitted in the same manner, on Wednesday', 
[Dec.] the 26th. The day following, just after we had 
passed a place called Murdering Town (where we in- 
tended to quit the i)ath and steer across the country for 
Shannopin's Town)^ we fell in with a party of French 
Indians, who had lain in wait for us. One of them fired 
at Mr. Gist or me, not fifteen steps off, but fortunately 
missed. We took this fellow into custody, and kept him 
until about nine o'clock at night, then let him go and 
walked all the remaining part of the night without mak- 
ing any stop, that we might get the start so far, as to be 
out of the reach of their pursuit the next day, . . . The 
next day we continued travelling until quite dark and got 
to the river about two miles above Shannopin's. We 
expected to have found the river frozen, but it was not, 
only about fifty yards from each shore. The ice, I 
suppose, had broken up above, for it was driving in vast 
quantities. 

There was no way for getting over but on a raft, which 
we set about, with but one poor hatchet, and finisl>ed just 
after sun-setting. This was a whole day's work ; we 
next got it launched, then went on board of it, and set 
off; but before we were half way over, we were jammed 
in the ice in such a manner, that we expected every mo- 
ment our raft to sink and ourselves to perish. I put 
out my setting-pole to trv' to stop the raft, that the ice 
might pass by, when the rapidity of the stream threw 
it with so much violence against the pole, that it jerked 
me out into ten feet water ; but I fortunately saved my- 
self by catching hold of one of the raft-logs. Notwith- 
standing all our efforts, we could not get to either shore, 
but were obliged, as we were near an island, to quit our 
raft and make to it. 

The cold was so extremely severe, that Mr. Gist had 
all his fingers and some of his toes frozen, and the 
water was shut up so hard, that we found no difficulty 
in getting off the island on the ice in the morning. . . . 

. . . This day, [,Ian. 7], we arrived at Will's Creek 
after as fatiguing journey as it is possible to conceive, 
rendered so by excessive bad weather. From the 1st 
day of December to the 1,1th, there was but one day on 
which it did not rain or snow incessantly. . . . [Wasli- 
ington] arrived in Williamsburg the l6th, when I waited 
upon his Honor the governor, with the letter I had 

brought from the French commandant I hope 

what has been said will be sufficient to make your honor 
satisfied with my conduct; for tliat was my aim in under- 
taking the journey, and chief study throughout the prose- 
cution of it. — J. Sparks, ed.. The IVnliiif/s of Georcje 
WasMnqton, 11, 432-447. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 

Topic U 12. Colonial Life and Institutions. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Classes of Population. 

a) Society more democratic than that of England or 

Europe ; absence of hereditary aristocracy 
or feudal land tenures. 

b) Aristocracy, wlicre existing, was generally based 

on differences of wealth, gained from com- 
merce in New England, from landed estates 
in the South ; sometimes based on official 
position. 

c) Greater portion of the inhabitants of New Eng- 

land and ^Middle Colonies were farmers, 
with a few tradesmen and mechanics. 

d) White servants: apprentices, indentured serv- 

ants, redeniptioners. Up to 1700 outnum- 
bered the negro slaves in all colonies ; later 
declined relatively in the South ; but re- 
mained the real laboring class of the Nortli. 

e) Negro slaves. 

1) Unprofitable in New England, except as 

house-servants. 

2) In Middle Colonies used sparingly as farm -t. 

laborers. Quakers opposed to 

slavery. 

3) In the South. 

(a) In Maryland, Virginia and North 

Carolina, the principal laboring 
class, held relatively in small num- 
bers, working under master's super- 
vision ; patriarchal relationship. 

(b) In South Carolina and (later) Geor- 

gia : large plantations directed by 
overseers. 

4) Laws regulating servants and slaves: 

Master's treatment of his servants and 
slaves ; apprehension of runaways ; 
punishments for crime; equipment at 
the end of period of apprenticeship. 

2. Home and Social Life. 

a) In New England and Middle Colonies. Early 

log-cabins and eave dwellings ; later clap- 
board, stone and brick houses; articles of 
food; modes of dress; means of transpor- 5. 
tation; domestic and agricultural imple- 
ments; social life: the church, town-meet- 
ings, the coffee-house, the public-house and 
taverns, training-days, local social events. 

b) In the South : Early rude dwellings ; later more 

permanent dwellings ; occasional mansions ; 
food; clothing; imports from England; 
means of transportation; social life: the 
church, parish meetings, county court-days, 
sessions of assembly, life in Charleston. 
S. Vocations. 

a) Agriculture: In New England, meagre returns 

except in fertile river valleys; in Middle 
Colonies, widely diversified agriculture; in 
South, dependent upon a single or a few 
great staples, tobacco, indigo, rice. 

b) The Fisheries: great source of income for New 

England ; better grades of fish shi)3ped to 
Catholic countries of Europe ; the poorer 
grades to West Indies for food for slaves 
on sugar plantations. 

c) Lumber and ship-building: Country thickly 

wooded with valuable, timber; large exports 



from New England and Middle Colonies of 
masts, spars, barrel staves and shingles ; 
ship-building begun early in New England; 
developed particularly in New Hampshire, 
^Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Delaware 
valley ; colonial-built ships often sold 
abroad. 

d) Commerce: largely controlled by New England, 

New York and Pennsylvania. L'nder navi- 
gation acts colonial vessels shared in com- 
mercial monopoly of English trade. Trade 
to West Indies very important ; fish ex- 
changed for molasses ; latter made into rum 
in the colonies and sold for domestic con- 
sumption or for barter on African coast for 
negro slaves. Other exports : floiir, rice, 
salted meats. 

e) Manufactures: rudimentary, discouraged by 

England; blast furnaces and iron mills; 
felt hats made from furs; woollen and linen 
manufactures. 
Religion. 

a) Establislied churches: 

1) Congregational church in New Hamp- 

shire, Connecticut, and Massachu- 
setts. 

2) Church of England in Maryland, Vir- 

ginia, North and South Carolina, and 
Georgia. 

b) Voluntary system in Rhode Island, Pennsyl- 

vania, Delaware, and largely in New York 
and New Jersey. 

c) Attitude toward dissenters: at first persecuted in 

New England and the South; sects perse- 
cuted at times : Quakers, Baptists, Puritans, 
Presbyterians, Catholics, Jews. 

e) Growth of more liberal spirit in the 18th cen- 

tury, both in New England and in the 
South. 

f) Great revivals of the 18th century. 

g) Names of men prominent in religious life of 

colonies. 
Education and Intellectual Life. 

a) In New England: the beginnings of public 

school system. 

b) In Middle Colonies: denominational and neigh- 

borhood .schools. 

c) 111 the South: neighborhood schools, private 

tutors, ministers of Church of England, 
many sons sent to England. 

d) Educational methods: hornbook, primer; place 

of Latin, and logic in higher schools ; voca- 
tional training, well provided for in the ap- 
prenticeshi)) system. 

e) Colonial colleges in order of founding: Har- 

vard, William and Mary, Yale, University 
of Pennsylvania (College and Cliarity 
School of Pliiladelphia), Princeton, Colum- 
bia (King's), Brown. Dartmouth, Rutgers 
(Queen's), Hampton-Sydney. Character 
of faculty, of students, of curricula. 

f) Colonial ])rinting-presses. 

g) Colonial newspapers. 
Ii) Colonial literature. 

i) Knowledge of science. 

j ) Prominent men in intellectual life. 



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McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American Hlslory. 



6. Political Organization. 

a) Features common to all the colonies. 

1) Representative assembly elected bj- people. 
■ 2) Local self-government in town or county. 

3) Rights of Englishmen: share in levying 

taxes, jury trial, security of life and 
property. 

4) English common law and many of the 

great statutes of parliament were the 
basis of colonial legal systems. 

5) Court systems and procedure copied after 

those of England. 

6) English citizenship enjoyed by colonists. 

b) Three forms of colonial government: royal, char- 

ter, and proprietary, not a vital difference; 
mainly a difference in method of appoint- 
ing governor, except in Rhode Island and 
Connecticut. 

c) Local government. 

1) In New England: the town with its meet- 

ing of all citizens ; method of trans- 
action of business ; county unim- 
portant. 

2) In Middle Colonies: a division of author- 

ity between townships and counties : 
town meetings rare. 

3) In the South: The county court the prin- 

cipal organ of local government : 
parishes, boroughs and towns rela- 
tively unimportant. 

d) The right to vote: limited universally to those 

holding some property, usually landed prop- 
erty ; in a few colonies open to tliose holding- 
personal property; in 1775 not more than 
four per cent, of population had right to 
vote. 

7. ^lilitia Regulations. 

a) Such laws existed in all colonies except Penn- 

sylvania. 

b) All able-bodied male inhabitants with few ex- 

ceptions required to equip themselves and 
train with tlie militia on certain days — 
training days; soldiers called tlie "train- 
band." 

e) Forms of weapons and accoutrements. 

8. Peculiar Laws and Punishments. 

a) .Sumptuary laws: against extravagance in dress 

and entertainment. 

b) Laws regulating prices of goods, provisions, and 

wages of labor. 

c) Punishments: whipping-post, ducking-stool, tlie 

stocks, tlie pillory, branding, cutting ears 
and nose; eajiital pnnishmt-nt for nianv 
crimes. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, CO-68; Ashlev, 104-124; Chan- 
niiig, 11H-Ii(j; Hart, 9U-I0(i; James & Siinford, 128-141; Jolin- 
ston-MucDoiiald, 7G-T9, 97-101; McLaughlin, 1.51-168; Mc- 
Master, 93-109; Montpoiiiery, 124-1,32; Muzzcy, 67-80. 

For Collateral Reading;. — Bogart, Economic History, 49-96; 
('i)nuiii. Industrial History, 48-88; Elson, U. S., 198-221; Fisher, 
('i)li)ni,il Era, cli. 12-20; Hart, Formation of the Union, 1-21; 
.Sliiane, I'Vench War and Revolution, 10-21; .Sparks, Ex|)ansion, 
<li. 4-.5; Thwaites, CoUnies, ch. ,5, 8, 10, and pp. 278-284. 

For Topical .Study. — In general: the works of Alice Morse 
I'.arle, Edward Ecgleston, and of Sydney George F'islier con- 
tain many vivid descriptions of colonial life. .See also C. M. 
.Vndrcws, Colonial Self-Governinent; Cambridge Modern His- 
torv, Vn, .54-61; Hildreth, H, 417-432; Lodge, Short Historv 
of 'English Colonies, eh. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 1.3, 15, 17, 21 (gooil 
description of life in each of the Colonies about 1750). 



1. Channing, U. S., II, cli. 13, 14; Doyle, English Colonies, 
\', ch. 6-7; Greene, Provincial America, ch. 14. 

2. Doyle, V, ch. 1 ; S. G. Fisher, Men, Women and Manners 
in Colonial Times. 

3. Channing. II, ch. IT; Doyle. V, ch. 3; Egglcston, Transit 
of Civilization, ch. 6; Greene, ch. 16-17; Wright, Industrial 
Evolution, fh. 1-9. 

4. Channing, II, ch. 15; Doyle, V, ch. 4; Eggleston, Transit, 
ch. 4. 

5. Channing, II, ch. IG; Doyle, V, ch. 5; Eggleston, Transit, 
ch. 5; Greene, eh. IS. 

6. Channing, 11, <h. 10; Grerne, ch. 2-5, 1.3. 
8. Earle. 

Source References. — Callendcr, Economic History, ch. 2; 
Caldwell & Persinger, Source History, 99-123; Hart, Source 
Book, 108-136; Hart, Contemporaries," I, ch. 13, 21, 26; II, ch. 
3-5, 7-16; Niles, Principles and Acts of the Revolution. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

COLONIAL PENAL LEGISLATION. 

During the nineteenth century, there was a marked mitigation 
of the earlier severity shown toward criminals. The earlier 
punishments were not remedial, but punitive; severe physical 
pain and mutilation were adopted as means to deterring the 
criminal or others from committing the same offence. Brand- 
ing and mutilation marked the convict for life as a dangerous 
character; society benefited, perhaps, in that the criminal was 
known wherever he went, but the offender could never get rid 
of the stigma of his crime; he could never reform and leave 
his past behind him. The following extracts from colonial legis- 
lation show the character of punishments for several crimes. 
Note that "benefit of clergy" does not mean that the convict 
is excluded from religious consolation to the dying, but that he 
cannot, by pleading that he is a clergyman, escape the severe 
physical punishment of the law. 

Edward Palmer, for his extortion, takeing l' 13' 7*^ for 
the plank & woodwork of Boston stocks, is fined 5', & 
censured to bee set an houre in the stocks. [The fine 
was later remitted to ten shillings]. — Masssachuselts 
Colony Records, I, 260 (June 6, 1639). 

Ffor.^smuch as sundry dissolute persons are too ready 
to run into the transgression of such Laws, unto which 
ffines are annexed, & perhaps are so indigent as that the 
paying of ffines may be very injurious to themselves and 
ffamilies; Be it therefore enacted, c'jr. That every per- 
son so offending not having five pound ratable estate 
. . . Shall be lyable to be whip'd : viz for an offence 
where the fine doth not exceed 10' five stripes where the 
fine does not exceed 20" ten stripes ; Wliere the fine doth 
not exced 5' 20 stripes ; and where the fine doth not ex- 
ceed lO' thirty stripes; or upwards, not exceeding forty 
stripes. — \eK' Hampshire Province Laws, I. 62 (l682). 

WHEREA.S Tobacco is the .Staple of this Province, 
and that thereon depends the Livelihood of man}' of the 
Inhabitants, as well as tlie most considerable Branch of 
Trade ; and that it is as requisite that the Property of 
the People should be as well secured in tlie Fields, or 
open Houses, as in their Dwelling-houses; 

[Be it Enacted,^ That any Person or Persons, who 
shall after the End of this Session of Assembly, wilfully 
Burn any Tobacco belonging to any other Person, 
whether Hanging, or in Bulk, or Packed, or any To- 
bacco-house or Houses, having therein any Tobacco 
Hanging, or in Bulk, or Packed, and be thereof con- 
victed by due course of Law, and every Aider and Abet- 
tor of such Offender, shall suffer Death as a Felon, 
without Benefit of Clergy. . . . — Bacon, Laxcs of Mary- 
land, Chap. V. of 1744 '(.Tune 4). 

It is therefore Ordered by this Court and the Authority 
thereof; That if any person shall commit Burglary, by 
breaking up any Dwelling House, or shall Rob any per- 
son in the Field or High-wayes, such a person so offend- 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics tor American History. No. U 12. 



ing, for the first offence, shall be Branded on the Fore- 
head with the letter (B.) if he shall offend in the same 
kinde the seconde time, he shall be Branded as before, 
and also be severely whipt, and if he shall fall into the 
same offence the third time, he shall be put to death as 
being incorrigible. 

And if any person shall commit such Burglary, or 
Rob in the Fields or House on the Lords day, besides 
the former punishment, he shall for the first offence have 
one of his Ears cut off, and for the second offence in the 
same kinde, he shall lose his other ear in the same man- 
ner, and if he fall into the same offence the third time, 
he shall be put to death as aforesaid. — General Laws of 
Covneciicut, ed. of 1673, p. 81. 

Be it Enacted . . . that Immediately from and after 
the passing of this Act every person or persons taking 
or Stealing any Horse Mare Gelding Colt, Filly or Neat 
Cattle, and all Accessaries as well before as after such 
Offences Committed, and who shall be legally and duly 
Convicted thereof shall for the first Offence be set in the 
Pillorj' a Space not exceeding Four Hours nor less than 
two Hours in some publick place by the provost Mar- 
shall or his IMinisters and Suffer Such Imprisonment as 
the Court shall think proper and before discharged be 
publickly Whipped on his bare Back three several times 
and receive at each time Thirty-nine lashes and also shall 
be branded on the Shoulder with the Letter R and for 
the second Offence upon due Conviction thereof Shall be 
adjudged Guilty of Felony without benefit of Clergy. 
. . .-De Renne, Colonial' Acts of Ga., SU (Sept. 27, 
1773). 

Be it enacted, &c. That if any person being sixteen 
years of age, or upwards, shall wittingly or willingly 
make or publish a Lye, which may tend to the damage or 
hurt of any particular person, or with intent to deceiv 
& abuse the people with false news or reports ; He shall 
be fined for every such offence Ten shillings, or sit in 
the stocks an hour. — New Hampshire Province Laws, I. 
67 (1682). 

Be It En.\cted . . . That anj' Person or Persons who 
shall hereafter be found guilty of counterfeiting any of 
the Gold or Silver Coins of any foreign Kingdom or 
Country, current within this Colony, . . . such Person 
or Persons, shall, for such Offence, being tliereof for the 
first Time convicted ... be whipped, branded with the 
Letter R in the Brawn of the left Thumb, by an Iron 
sufficiently hot to make a lasting Mark, fined, imprisoned, 
pilloried or cropped, or shall have any one or more of 
these Punishments, at the Discretion of the Court. . . . 

[And for the] second Offence, and being thereof so 
convicted as aforesaid, shall be adjudged guilty of 
Felony, without Benefit of Clergy, and suffer Death ac- 
cordingly. . . . — Acts of General Assembli/ of New Jer- 
seq, Allinson's ed. of 1776, pp. 441-442 (March 11, 
1774). 

Thom. Savory, for breaking a house in the time of 
exercise [militia training] , was censured to bee severely 
whiped, & for his theft to bee sould for a slave vntil 
hee have made double restitution. — Massachusetts Col- 
on)/ Records, I. 297 (June 2, 1640). 

. . . And beinge convicted of any offence aforesayd, 
the sayd Indian or Indians beinge not able presently to 
procure and pay and discharge all the damages, costs 
and restitutions by law due, to be done and made ; it shall 
be lawfull for the judges of the court where such tryall 
is, to condemn such offender or offenders to be sould as a 
slave to any forraigne countrj' of the English subjects. 



And out of the ])rice tiiat lie is sould for, the party 
wronged shall be satisfyed for all damages and charges 
allowed in that or such cases, if the sayd price will reach 
it, or soe far as it will reach. And if any thinge re- 
maine, it shall goe to the generall treasury, in considera- 
tion of the charge and trouble of the collony. — Rhode Is- 
land Colony Records, I, 413 (May 17, l6r>()). 

In answer to the peticon of Robert Cox, in behalfe of 
Sebastian, negro, his servant, the Court judgeth it meet 
to grant the peticoners request, the life of the sajd 
Bastian Negro, and orders, that the sajd Bastian be 
seuerely whipt w"' thirty nine stripes, and allwayes to 
weare a roape about his neck, to hang doune two ffoot, 
that it may be scene, whilst he is in this jurisdiction, and 
when euer he is found w"'out his roape, on complaint 
thereof, to be severely whipt w"' twenty stripes. — Massa- 
chusetts Colony Records, V, pp. 117-1 18 (Oct. 1 1, 1676). 

Davy Hickbourne, for his grosse misdemeano"^ & foule 
miscarriage, was censured to bee severely whiped, to 
weare an iron coller till the Co't please, & serve his 
m' 3 weekes longer for lost time & trouble of his m'. — 
Massachusetts Colony Records, I, 378 (June 1, 1641). 

Robte Coles is flSned X', & enioyned to stand w"" a 
white sheete of [paper] on his back, wherein a drunkard 
shalbe written in great Ires [letters], & to stand therew"' 
soe longe as the Court thinks meete, for abuseing him- 
selfe shamefully w"' drinke, intiseing John Shotswell 
wife to incontinency, & oth"^ misdemean"^. — Massachusetts 
Colony Records, I,"l07 (Sept. 3, 1633). 

It is ordered, that Philip Ratliffe shalbe whipped, 
have his eares cutt of, fyned 40', & banished out of y'' 
lymitts of this jurisdiccon, for vttering mallitious & 
scandulous speeches against the goum* & the church of 
Salem, &c. . . . — Massachusetts Colony Records, I, 
88 (June 14, 1631). 

It is ordered, that Josias Plastowe shall (for stealeing 
4 basketts of corne from the Indians) returne them 8 
basketts againe, be ffined V , & he>-eafter to be called by 
the name of Josias, & not j\F, as formly hee vsed to 
be. . . . — Massachusetts Colony Records, I, 92 (Sept. 
27, 1631). 

. . . And if any person or persons, shall the second 
time offend, by stealing any hog, shoat, or pig, he or she 
so offending, and being thereof the second time con- 
victed, shall stand two hours in the pillory, on a court 
day, and have both ears nailed thereto, and at the end 
of the said two hours, have the ears cut loose from the 
nails: which judgment, the county courts in this colony, 
are hereby impowered to give respectively, and to award 
execution thereon accordingly. — Hening, Statutes at 
Larc/e of Virginia, III, pp. 276-277 (Oct.. 170,1). 

Be it Enacted, . . . That whosoever shall commit 
Burglary, by breaking up any Dwelling-House, or Shop 
wherein Goods, Wares and Merchandizes are kept ; Or 
shall Rob any Person in the Field, or High- Way; such 
Person so Offending shall for the I'irst Offence be 
Branded on the Forehead with the Capital Letter B, on 
a hot Iron, and have One of his Ears nailed to a Post, 
and cut off, and also be Whipt on the naked Body, Fif- 
teen Stripes. 

And for the Second Offence, such Person shall be 
Branded, as aforesaid; and have his Other Ear nailed, 
and cut off, as aforesaid ; and be Whipped on the naked 
Body, Twenty Five Stripes. 

And if such Person shall commit the like Offence a 
Third Time, he shall be put to Death, as being Incor- 



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McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



rigible. — .lets and LauKt of Connecticut , 1750 (fourth 
edition), p. 18. 

It is ordered^ that Robte Coles^ for druiikenes by liini 
comitted att Rocksbury, .shalbe disfranchized, weare 
aboute his necke, & see to hange vpon liis outward 
garm', a D, made of redd cloath, & sett vpon wliite ; to 
contynue this for a yeare, & not to leave it of att any 
tyme when hee comes amongst company, vnder the pen- 
.ilty of -x^ for the first offence, & v' tlie second, & after 
to be punished by the Court as they thinke meete ; also, 
Iiee is to weare the D outwards, & is enioyned to appeare 
att the nexte Genall Court, & to contynue there till the 
Court be ended. — Mas.incJui.irtts Colonial Records, I, 
112 (March 4, l634). 

Robert Sliorlhose, for swearing by the bloud of God. 
was sentenced to have his tongue put into a cleft stick, 
& to stand so by the space of haulfc an houre. — Massa- 
chus-etts Colony Records, I, p. 177 (Sept. 6, 1636). 

[Be it Enacted] That if any person shall ])resume wil- 
fully to Blaspheme the Holy Name of God, Father, Son, 
or Holy Ghost, either by Denying, Cursing, or Re- 
proaching the true God, liis Creation or Government of 
tiie World; or by Denying, Cursing, or Reproaching the 
Holy Word of God, that is, the Canonical Scrijjtures, 
contained in the Books of the Old and New Testament, 
Namely . . . [each book named] ; Every one so offend- 
ing shall be punished by Imprisonment, not exceeding 
.Six Months, and until they find Sureties for their good 
Behaviour, by setting in the Pillory, by Whipping, boar- 
ing through the Tongue with a red hot Iron, or setting 
upon the Gallows with a Rope about their Neck. . . . 
Provided that no more than Two of the fore-mentioned 
Punishments, shall be inflicted for one and the same 
fact. . . . — Acts and Laws of New Hampshire, 1726, p. 
121 (May 13, 1718). 

And for the better putting a restraint & securing of- 
fendo''s that shall any way transgress against the lawcs, 
title Saboath, cither in the meeting house by abusiue 
carriage or misbehavious, b_v making any noyse or other- 
wise, or during the daytime, being laid hold on by any of 
the inhabitants, shall by the said person appointed to in- 
spect this law, be forthwith carried forth & put into a 
cage in Boston, which is appointed to be forthwith, by 
the select men to be set up in the market place, and 
in such other townes as y'' County Courts shall appoint, 
there to remain till authority shall examine the person 
offending, & giue order for his punishment, as the mat- 
ter may require, according to the lawes relating to the 
Saboath. — MassacJiusetts Colon i/ Records, V, p. 133 
(May 24, 1677). 

BE it Enacted . . . That, from and after the End of 
this present Session of Assembly, if any Person or Per- 
sons whatsoever within this Province, shall Blaspheme 
God (that is to say) Curse him, or Deny our Saviour 
Jesus Christ to be the Son of God, or shall Deny the 
Hoh' Trinity, the Father, Son. and Holy Ghost, or the 
Godhead of the Three Persons, or the Unity of the God- 
head, or shall utter any Profane Words concerning the 
Holy Trinity, or any the Persons thereof, for his, her, 
or their First Offence shall be bored through his, her, or 
their Tongue, and fined the Sum of Twenty Pounds 
Sterling; [or] shall in lieu of such Fine suffer Six 
.Months Imprisonment of his, her, or their Bodies, with- 
out Bail or Main)irize; . . . and for every Second Of- 
fence, whereof such Offender or Offenders shall be 
legally convicted, he, she, or they shall be stigmatized 
by branding in the Forehead with the Letter [B] and 



be fined by the Court where he, she, or they .shall Ix- 
convicted. Forty Pounds Sterlinc/, . . . [or] suffer 
Twelve Months Imprisonment; . . . and for every 
Third Offence, whereof such Offender or Offenders shall 
be legally convict, he, she, or they so offending shall be 
,id judged Felons, and shall suffer Pains of Death vvith- 
out any Benefit of Clergy. . . . — Acts of Assembly of 
Maryland, ed. of 1723, pp. 111-112 (June 3, 1715). 

It is ordered, Cominon Scoulds shall be punished with 
the Ducking Stoole. — Rhode Island Colony Records, I, 
185 (1647)^ 

IV omen causing scandalous suites to he ducked. 

WHEREAS oftentimes many brabling women often 
slander and scandalize their neighbours for which their 
poore husbands are often brought into chargeable and 
vexatious suites, and cast in greate damages ; Bee it there- 
fore enacted by the authority aforesaid that in actions of 
slander occasioned by the wife as aforesaid after judg- 
ment passed for the damages the women shalbe punished 
by ducking; and if the slander be soe enormous as to 
be adjudged at a greater damage then five hundred 
pounds of tobacco, then the woman to suffer a ducking 
for each five hundred pounds of tobacco adjudged against 
the husband if he refuse to pay the tobacco. — Hcning, 
Statutes at Large of Va., II, pp. 166-167 (Dec, 1662). 

Court Proceedings of New Netherland. 

. . . Fiscal vs. Philip Geraerdy, a soldier, for having 
been absent from the guard without leave ; sentence, to 
ride the Wooden horse during parade, with a pitcher in 
one hand and a drawn sword in the other. 

. . . Peter Wolpherson (van Couwenhouven) vs. 
Michiel Christoff'elsen, Paulus Heyman and Ruybert Jan- 
sen, for cutting his wainscot with their cutlasses ; plead 
guilty ; sentence, Heyman and Jansen to ride the Wooden 
horse for three hours; Christoffelsen, being his second 
offense, is to stand three hours under the gallows, ^yith a 
cutlass in his hand. . . . 

Fiscal vs. Rem Dircksen . . . chief mate of the 
Amandare, for striking and drawing a knife on com- 
missary Van Heusden, aiding in landing negroes sur- 
reptitiously at Barbadoes, &c., sentence, to jump three 
times from the yard-arm, to be whipped by all the crew, 
and immediately afterwards turned out of the ship, with 
loss of three months' wages. Fiscal vs. Hendrick An- 
tonissen, (steward of the ship Amandare, for purloining 
ship's provisions, theft, and smuggling; sentence, to jump 
three times from the yard-arm, to be flogged by all the 
ship's crew, his snniggled sugar to be confiscated, and 
himself to be turned out of the ship. . . . 

.Jonas .lonassen, a soldier, for robbing hen roosts and 
killing a pig: to ride the Wooden horse three days, from 
two o'clock in the afternoon until the conclusion of the 
parade, with a fifty pound weight tied to each foot. . . . 

Rouloff Cornelissen, a soldier, for wounding the cor- 
poral, to ride the M'ooden horse two hours a day for 
three days, with a ten pound weight fastened to each 
foot, to pay the surgeon's bill, and to forfeit six months' 
wages. . . . 

Nicholas Albertsen, for deserting his ship and be- 
trothed bride after publication of the banns ; to have his 
l\ead shaved, then to be flogged and have his ears bored, 
and to work two years with the negroes, . . . 

Ral])h Turner, from Lancashire, a soldier, for fighting 
on the Sabbath : to stand sentry for six hours a day, on 
six consecutive days, with two muskets on his shoul- 
ders, . . . — Calendar of Historical Manuscripts (of 
New York), Part I, pp. 7.0-198 (1642-1658). 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 13. Antecedents of the Revolution. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. General attitude of colonies in 1763: self-satisfied; 

prosperous ; not accustomed to restraint. 

2. Review of rights of Englishmen, as interpreted in the 

colonies. 

a) Right to representation in government and tax- 

levying. 

b) Jury trial, according to legal forms. 

c) Economic and religious liberty. 

3. English and Colonial Theories of the Powers of Par- 

liament. 

a) English: Parliament supreme for every purpose 

throughout the empire. 

b) Colonial: Parliament supreme only in imperial 

concerns ; in other matters only the equal 
of the colonial assemblies : a local legisla- 
ture for Great Britain alone. 

c) Hefice colonists acknowledged that Parliament 

could control navigation and trade through- 
out the colonies and whole empire; but 
could not tax colonies internally any more 
than colonial assemblies could tax England. 

d) Increasing divergence of English and American 

institutions and political theories. 

4. Colonial Policy of Great Britain Reviewed. 

a) Navigation Laws. 

b) Molasses Act of 1733. 

c) Prohibition of manufactures. 

d) Bounties on raw materials. 

e) These laws not strictly enforced ; extensive 

smuggling prevailed ; English officials con- 
nived at this. 

f) Comparison of colonial policy of England with 

that of Spain, France, the Dutch. 

5. Minor Conflicts. 

a) The Parson's Cause in Virginia. 

b) Writs of Assistance in Massachusetts ; Otis' 

argument. 

c) Attempt to establish English bishops in America. 

d) Irritation between colonial governors and assem- 

blies. 

6. New Colonial Policy of England. 

a) Character and public policy of George III. 

b) Colonial Policy of Grenville. 

1 ) Smuggling and illicit trade to be stopped 

with help of naval vessels. 

2) Standing army in America. Alleged and 

real reasons for. 
S) Raising a revenue from colonies for partial 
support of troops. 

7. The Stamp Act, 1765. 

a) Provisions. 

b) How opposed in America. 

1 ) Riotous opposition : refusal to use stamped 

paper; burning of stamped paper; 
mob riots ; intimidation of stamp dis- 
tributors. 

2) Literary opposition: newspaper articles 

and pamphlets. 

3) United opposition: Sons of Liberty (a 

military organization) ; non-importa- 
tion agreements; Stamp Act Con- 
gress; Declaration of Rights. 

c) Repeal of Act. Why ? Franklin's examination ; 

losses of English merchants. 



d.) Passage of Declaratory Act. 

e) Great rejoicing over repeal of Stamp Act. 

8. The Townshend Acts, 1767. 

a) Established commissioners of customs to try 

smuggling cases without a jury. 

b) Legalized writs of assistance. 

c) New- York assembly punished for not making 

proper provision for troops sent there. 

d) Laid duties on certain goods imported into colo- 

nies. 

9. Opposition to Townshend Acts. 

a) Refusal of New York Assembly to grant su])- 

plies. 

b) Failure to collect taxes. 

e) John Dickinson's "Letters of a Farmer." 

d) Massachusetts Circular Letter relating to colo- 

nial riglits. 

e) Non-importation agreements. 

f) Partial repeal of acts (1770); duty retained on 

tea alone. 

g) Colonists change their arguments from no taxa- 

tion, to no legislative control of them by 
Parliament. 

10. Progress toward Rebellion. 

a) Troops in Boston; Boston Massacre, 1770. 

b) Burning of Gaspee, 1772. 

c) Organization of Committee of Correspondence. 

d) Attempts to send tea to colonies; reception in 

Philadelphia, New York, Charleston, etc.; 
Boston Tea Party. 

11. The Intolerable Acts, 177'1, 

a) Boston Port Bill. 
h) Massachusetts Act. 

c) Quartering Act. 

d) Transportation Act. 

e) Quebec Act. 

12. First Continental Congress, Sept.-Oct., 1774, at 

Philadelphia. 

a ) Membership and organization. 

b) Its work: Massachusetts supported in its oppo- 

sition to late acts ; its declaration of rights ; 
"The Association" (non-importation and 
non-exportation agreement) ; state papers 
addressed to King, parliament, people of 
colonies, etc. ; provisions for another con- 
gress. 
l.S. Rebellion. 

a) Colonial conventions undertake duties of the 

assemblies. 

b) New England Restraining Act, March, 177.'5. 

c) Battles of Lexington and Concord, April 19, 

1775. 

d) Proclamation of Rebellion, August 23, 1775. 

e) Trade and intercourse with colonies forbidden, 

Dec. 22, 1775. 
] l. Steps in Patriot Organization. 

a) Albany Congress and earlier plans of union. 

b) Intercolonial spirit at close of French and In- 

dian War. 

c) Stamp Act Congress. 

d) Sons of Liberty. 

e) Non-importation agreements. 

f) Self-appointed and locally appointed commit- 

tees to enforce the agreements. 

g) Committees of correspondence in Massachusetts. 



Cupyrifiht. 1912. McKinley Publishinfi Oi, , Philadelphia. Pa. 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



h) Intercolonial committees of correspondence pro- 
posed by Virginia. 

i) First Continental Congress. 

j) Provincial congresses and conventions taking 
place of assemblies and governors. 

k) Collection of military supplies; training of 
militia ; appointment of certain proportion 
in turns to act as "Minute Men." 

1) Second Continental Congress, 
m) Provincial conventions develope into state gov- 
ernments. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks,— Adams & Trent, 87-106; Ashlev, 127-153; Chan- 
ning, 131-lGG; Hart, 135-14T; James & Sanford, 142-161; John- 
ston-MacDonald. 102-119; McLaughlin, 169-189; McMaster, 
101-123; Montgomery, 131-141; Muzzey, 107-126. 

For Collateral Heading. — Coman, Industrial History, 89-105; 
Elson, U. S., 222-242; Hart, Formation of Union, 42-68; 
Sloane, French War and Revolution, eh. 10-15. 

For Topical Study.— 

I. Cambridge Modern History, VII, 144-148; Howard, Pre- 
liminaries of Revolution, ch. 1; Lecky, American Revolution, 
1-52; Wilson, American People, II, 98-124. 

3. Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 175-208; Fiske, Ameri- 
can Revolution, I, 34-38; Lecky, 154-165; Wilson, II, 142-153; 
Winsor, America, VI, 1-15. 

4. Fiske, I, 1-10; Howard, ch. 2-3. 

5. Fiske, I, 12-19; Howard, ch. 4, 5, 12. 

6. Bancroft, U. S., Ill, 30-40; Fiske, I, 15-17; Hildreth, 
U. S., II, 514-524; Howard, ch. 6-7; Lecky, 52-67; Wilson, 
II, 124-132; Winsor, VI, 15-27. 

7. Bancroft, III, 50-121, 134-164, 198-214; Cambridge Modern 
Historv, VII, 148-152; Fiske, I, 17-28; Hildreth, II, 524-536; 
Howard, ch. 8-9; Leckv, 68-104; Wilson, II, 131-142; Winsor, 
VI, 27-35. 

8. Bancroft, III, 238-256; Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 
153-159; Fiske. I, 28-38; Hildreth, II, 537-540; Howard, ch. 
9; Leckv, 97-117; Wilson, II, 153-158; Winsor, VI, 38-42. 

9. Bancroft, III, 263-302, 341-351; Fiske, I, 46-74; Hildreth, 
II, 540-554; Howard, ch. 11; Leckv, 117-126; Wilson, II, 158- 
164; Winsor, XI, 43-46. 

10. Bancroft, III, 368-381, 404-458; Cambridge Modern His- 
torv, VII, 159-161; Fiske, I, 66-93; Hildreth, II, 554-570; HI, 
25-32; Howard, ch. 14-15; Leckv, 127-154; Wilson, II, 164-187; 
Winsor. VI. 46-62. 

II. Bancroft, III, 470-482; Fiske, I, 93-99; Hildreth, III, 
32-43; Howard, ch. 15; Leckv, 154-179; Wilson, II, 187-192. 

12. Bancroft, IV. 3-77; C"imibridge Modern Historv, VII, 
161; Fiske, I, 100-110; Hildreth, III. 42-46; Howard.'ch. 16; 
Leckv, 180-185; Wilson, II, 192-204. 

13." Bancroft, IV, 153-166, 213-246, 291-308, 332-331; Cam- 
bridge Modern Historv, VII, 161-166; Fiske, I, 111-126; Hil- 
dreth, III, 46-76; Howard, ch. 17-18; Leckv, 185-199; Wilson. 
II, 205-227. 

14. Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, ch. 7, 8, 9, especially 
footnotes. 

Source References. — .\merican History Leaflets, 11, 21, 
33; Callender, Economic History, ch. 3; Caldwell & Persinger, 
165-198; Hart, Source Book, 137-143; Hart, Contemporaries. 
II, ch. 21-25; Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. 12; Johnston, 
American Orations, I, .3-38; MacDonald, Source Book, 105- 
194; MacDonald, Select Charters, 258-396; Old South Leaflet.s, 
68. 156, 173, 199, 200; Preston, Documents, 188-210. 

Biography. — Lives of Samuel Adams, James Otis, Patrick 
Henry, John Dickinson, William Pitt, George III. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

THE FIR.ST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 

The following selections are taken from the proceedings of 
the First Continental Congress, and they include the principal 
positive actions taken 1)V that body, with the exception of 
the many state jjapers issued by the Congress, which are too 
voluminous for insertion here. 

Saturday, September 18, l??*. 

Besolved vnnv. That this assembly deeply feels the 
suffering of their countrymen in tlie Massachusetts-Bay, 
under tlie operation of the late unjust, cruel, and oppres- 



sive acts of the British Parliameiit— that thef most thor- 
oughly approve the wisdom and fortitude, with which 
opposition to these wicked ministerial measures has 
hitherto been conducted, and they earnestly recommend 
to their brethren, a perseverance in the same firm and 
temperate conduct as expressed in the resolutions deter- 
mind upon, at a (late) meeting of the delegates for the 
county of Suffolk, on Tuesday, the 6th instant, trusting 
that the effect (s) of the united efforts of North America 
in their behalf, will carry such conviction to the British 
nation, of the unwise, unjust, and ruinous policy of the 
present administration, as quickly to introduce better 
men and wiser measures. 

Resolved unan. That contributions from all the colo- 
nies for supplying the necessities, and alleviating the dis- 
tresses of our brethren at Boston, ought to be continued, 
in such manner, and so long as their occasions may re- 
quire. — Journals of the Continental Congress, 177 J/, (ed. 
]f)04), Vol. I, pp. 39-40. 

Tluirsday, September 22d, 1771. 

Resolved unanimously, That the Congress request the 
Merchants and others in the several colonies, not to send 
to Great Britain, any orders for goods, and to direct the 
execution of all orders already sent, to be delayed or 
suspended, until the sense of the Congress, on the means 
to be taken for the preservation of the liberties of 
America, is made public. — Ibid., Vol. I, p, 41. 

Tuesday, Sept' 27, 1774, A M 

Resolved unanimously. That from and after the first 
daj' of December next, there be no importation into 
British America from Great Britain or Ireland, of any 
goods, wares or merchandizes whatsoever, or from any 
other place, of any such goods, wares or merchandizes, as 
.shall have been exported from Great-Britain or Ireland ; 
and that no such goods, wares or mercliandizes imported 
after the said first day of December next, be used or 
purchased. — Ibid., Vol. I, p. 43. 

Friday, Sept 30 

Resolved, That from and after the 10th day of Sepf, 
1775, the exportation of all merchandize and every com- 
modity whatsoever to Great Britain, Ireland and the 
West Indies, ought to cease, unless the grievances of 
America are redressed before that time. — Ibid., Vol. I, 
pp. 51-52. 

Saturday, October 8, 1774. 

Resoh'ed, That this Congress approve of the opposi- 
tion by the Inhabitants of the Massachusetts-bay, to the 
execution of the late acts of Parliament; and if the 
same shall be attempted to be carryed into execution bv 
force, in such case, all America ought to support them 
in their opposition. — Ibid., Vol. I, p. 58. 

Monday, October 10, 1774. 

Resolved unanimously. That it is the opinion of this 
body, th.at the removal of the people of Boston into the 
country, would be not only extremely difficult in the 
execution, but so important in its consequences, as to re- 
quire the utmost deliberation before it is adopted ; but, 
in case the provincial meeting of that Colony should 
judge it absolutely necessary, it is the opinion of the 
Congress, that all America ought to contribute towards 
recompensing them for tlie injury they may thereby sus- 
tain ; and it will be recommended accordingly, 

CContinvied on Page 4.) 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. No. U 13. 



Tl,; TlMi;S a. 

«^>rl•a^ful. 

£>»fmal 

Doleful 

•Doloious, JuJ 

T)oLLAR -LESS 



Copyright 1912. McKinlcy Publishing Co.. Phiiadeiplitj. Pa. 



. of tl>« STAMP 




Tburf.U. tJ/^i^ 3,, 17&5 , T H K ■ NUMB 1195 

PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL; 

AND 

WEEKLY Advertiser. 

EXPIRING. In Hopes of a Refurrection 'o Life agani- 



□AM foi rj to be obliged 
to acqaairtt itty ReaJ 
eM.thatafl TheST>Mp- 
Act. iafear'a to be ob 
\igatory u;(jon \>s after 

rcu'l ,he FablTPin- of this Paper uiiaWe to 



bfST theBiwtJien, has thouglit it expedient 
TO STOP a "while, morder toaelibcTatc, whc- 
tVier (myMcthotls ""S'l tefoiindto elude- the 
CKains forged for us. and efcape the infup. 
portible Slavery , wliicli it is liopcd, from 
th& lafl ReprefcTitatioiis now niaJe agatnft 
tlial A^t. may be effected. Mcatt while. 
I mart earneftly Rtcjuffl every Individual 



f my Subfcnbers. ina»\-y of whom have 
ircM long behind Hand, that (hey would 
iniinediatel3r IJifdiarge their rcfpedtivc At 
rers , that I may be able, not only to 
ftpport tnyfcif Jiinug tlic Interval. Ijtit 
he better prepared to proceed again vntK 
this Piper, wieivevcr aii opening for that 
Purpole appears, which 1 hope will b« 
Teorx. WILLIAM BRADFORD- 




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All forts of. GAllbElvJ'SEEDS. ' 

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Elizabeth^Greenleaf, 

b<? Sold at her Shop at ihf End of Ocion-Strett, 
again* the BLUE.ftALL, 

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At her Shop opuolite tt;e Rev' Dr. SpwallaMeeOo 
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The upper engraving on this page is the title page of the Pennsylvania Journal antl Weekly .Vdvertiser for October 31. 

iTfii thp flav before the Stanin Act went into effect. . . t i. i r n i • i ^ 

1,65, the da5 ''«'*'"<^.^t"[^^^^ \^^^ ^^^ p„jt„„ G^^^tte for March \i, ITTO, and gives an interesting account of the bunal of 



The lower one 
the persons killed in the Boston Massacre 



Both extracts give a good idea of the new.spapers of the eighteenth centt.ry and of the meagre means of >1 "strat^n 
t ^S^ ^imost^othing was used except the n^dest of .-c^d cut. and a pl^ of black rules. The 



dispi 
coffin figures in the lower view were 



drawn bv Paul Revere, and his bill for the same is still extant. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE - STUD Y.-Continued. 

Resolved, That the Congress recommend to the in- 
habitants of the colony of Massachusetts-bay, to submit 
to a suspension of the administration of Justice, where 
it cannot be procured in a legal & peaceable manner, 
under the rules of their jiresent charter, and the laws of 
the colony founded thereon. 

Resolved unanimously. That every person and persons 
whatsoever, who shall take, except, or act under any 
commission or authority, in any wise derived from the 
act passed in the last session of parliament, changing the 
form of government, and violating the charter of the 
province of Massachusetts-bay, ought to be held in de- 
testation and abhorrence by all good men, and considered 
as the wicked tools of tliat despotism, which is preparing 
to destroy those rights, which God, nature, and compact, 
have given to America. — Ibid., Vol. I, pp. .59-60. 

Tuesday, October 11, 1774. 

Resolved unanimously. That they be advised still to 
conduct themselves peaceably towards his excellency 
General Gage, and his majesty's troops now stationed in 
the town of Boston, as far as can possibly be con- 
sistent with their immediate safety, and the security of 
the town ; avoiding & discountenancing every violation 
of his Majesty's property, or any insult to his troops, 
and that they peaceably and firmly persevere in the line 
they are now conducting themselves, on the defensive. — 
Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 61-62. 

Friday, October 1-i, 1771. 

The good people of the several Colonies of New-hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhode-island and Providence 
plantations, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Penn- 
svlvania, Newcastle, Kent and Sussex on Delaware, 
^laryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Caro- 
lina, justly alarmed at these arbitrary proceedings of 
parliament and administration, have severally elected, 
constituted, and appointed deputies to meet and sit in 
general congress, in the city of Philadelphia, in order 
to obtain such establishment, as that their religion, laws, 
and liberties may not be subverted: 

Whereupon the deputies so appointed being now as- 
sembled, in a full and free representation of these Colo- 
nies, taking into their most serious consideration, the best 
means of attaining the ends aforesaid, do, in the first 
place, as Englishmen, their ancestors in like cases have 
usually done, for asserting and vindicating their rights 
and liberties, declare. 

That the inhabitants of the English Colonies in North 
America, by the immutable laws of nature, the principles 
of the English constitution, and the several charters or 
compacts, have the following Rights: 

Resolved, N. C. D. *1. That they are entitled to life, 
liberty, & property, and they have never ceded to any 
sovereign power whatever, a right to dispose of either 
without their consent. 

Resolved, N. C. D. 2. That our ancestors, who first 
settled these colonies, were at tlie time of their emigra- 
tion from the mother country, entitled to all the rights, 
liberties, and immunities of free and natural-born sub- 
jects, within the realm of England. 

Resolved, N. C. D. 3. That by such emigration they 
by no means forfeited, surrendered, or lost any of those 
rights, but that they were, and their descendants now 
are, entitled to the exercise and enjoyment of all such 



of them, as their local and other circumstances enable 
them to exercise and enjoy. 

Resolved, 4. That the foundation of English liberty, 
and of all free government, is a rigiit in the people to 
participate in their legislative council: and as the Eng- 
lish colonists are not represented, and from their local 
and other circumstances, cannot properly be represented 
in the British parliament, they are entitled to a free 
and exclusive power of legislation in their several pro- 
vincial legislatures, where their right of representation 
can alone be preserved, in all cases of taxation and in- 
ternal polity, subject only to the negative of their sov- 
ereign, in such manner as has been heretofore used and 
accustomed. But, from the necessity of the case, and a 
regard to the mutual interest of both countries, we cheer- 
fully consent to the operation of such acts of the Britisli 
parliament, as are bona fide, restrained to the regulation 
of our external commerce, for the purpose of securing 
the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the 
mother country, and the commercial benefits of its respec- 
tive members ; excluding every idea of taxation, internal 
or external, for raising a revenue on the subjects in 
America without their consent. 

Resolved, N. C. D. 5. That the respective colonies 
are entitled to the common law of England, and more 
especially to tlie great and inestimable privilege of being 
tried by their peers of the vicinage, according to the 
course of that law. 

Resolved, 6. That they are entitled to the benefit of 
such of the English statutes as existed at the time of 
their colonization ; and which they have, by experience, 
respectively found to be applicable to their several local 
and other circumstances. 

Resolved, N. C. D. 7. That these, his majesty's colo- 
nies, are likewise entitled to all the immunities and 
privileges granted & confirmed to tliem by royal char- 
ters, or secured by their several codes of provineial laws. 

Resolved, N. C. D. 8. That they have a right peace- 
ably to assemble, consider of their grievances, and peti- 
tion the King; and that all prosecutions, prohibitory 
proclamations, and commitments for the same are illegal. 

Resolved, N. C. D. J). That the keeping a Standing 
army in these colonies, in times of peace, without the 
consent of the legislature of that colony, in which such 
army is kept, is against law. 

Resolved, N. C. D. 10. It is indispensably necessary 
to good government, and rendered essential by the Eng- 
lish constitution, that the constituent branches of the 
legislature be independent of each other; that, therefore, 
the exercise of legislative power in several colonies, by 
a council appointed, during pleasure, by the crown, is 
unconstitutional, dangerous, and destructive to the free- 
dom of American legislation. — Ibid., I, pp. 66-70. 

Saturday, October 22, 1774. 

Resolved, as the Opinion of this Congress, that it will 
be necessary, that another Congress should be held on 
the tenth day of May next, unless the redress of griev- 
ances, which we have desired, be obtained before that 
time. And we recommend, that the same be held at the 
city of Philadelphia, and that all the Colonies, in Nortli- 
America, chuse deputies, as soon as possible, to attend 
such Congress. — Ibid., Vol. I, p. 102. 



•N. C. D., iilibreviiition for nemo conlmdiceiis. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for A 



Topic U 14. Revolutionary Period — Military Events. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Campaign in the North. 

a) Around Boston. Why here? 

1 ) Lexington and Concord. 

2) Bunker Hill. 

S) Army around Boston declared a continen- 
tal army by the Second Continental 
Congress. 

4) Washington takes command. 

5) Difficulties of fall and winter, 1775-6. 

6) Occupation of Dorchester Heights ; British 

compelled to leave Boston. 

b) In Canada ; Purpose. 

1) Ticondcroga and Crown Point, May 10, 

1775. 

2) Montgomery and Arnold against Quebec 

and ^Montreal; failure; retreat; spring 
of 1776. 

c) Hudson Valley; Burgoyne's Campaign. 

1) Failure of St. Leger and Howe to co- 

operate. 

2) Burgovne hemmed in. 

3) Surrender, Oct., 1777. 

2. In the Middle States; English object; secure New 

York Harbor, Philadelphia, the capital, and use 
the lukewarm population of tliis region. 

a) Taking of New York inevitable owing to British 

fleet. 

b) Retreat of Washington up the Hudson and 

across New Jersey. 

c) Dark hours of December, 1776. 

d) Brilliant victories of Washington at Trenton and 

Princeton. 

e) Taking of Philadelphia ; Influence on Burgoyne ; 

Battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777; 
Entrance into Pliiladelphia ; Battle of Ger- 
mantown. 

f) Evacuation of Philadelphia. 

Cause — French alliance and fear of arrival 

of French fleet. 
Battle of Monmouth — treachery of General 

Lee. 

g) From this time to the close of war, no military 

events of importance in the middle States ; 
W^ashington's lines extended in semi-circle 
around New York. 

3. In the South. 

a) Savannah and Charleston taken. 

b) Defeat of Gates at Camden. 

c) British conquest of South Carolina and Georgia. 

d) American victories in the Soutli. 

e) Greene's retreat; military significance. 

f) Cornwallis in Virginia. 

g) Co-operation of French troops and fleet possible, 
li) Washington's remarkable transfer of his army 

to the South, 
i) Cornwallis' surrender, October, 1781. 

4. War in the West. 

a) Spread of population across the mountawis, 

1769-1775, in spite of Proclamation of 
1763. 

b) English expedition into land northwest of Ohio. 



c) George Rogers Clark with Kentuckians and Vir- 

ginians drives out English. 

d) Wins Northwest for Union. 

5. War on the Seas. 

a) Early efforts at ship-building. 

b) John Paul Jones; his assistance in French 

ports ; his victories. 

c) Privateers attack English commerce. 

6. Causes of American Successes. 

a) Poor generalship of English. '' 

b) Ability of Washington. 

c) French assistance. 

d) Difficult}^ of land communication. 

e) Failure of loyalists actively to support the Brit- 

ish. 

f) Employment of Hessians. 

g) Distance of England from base of supplies. 
h) European coalition against England. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 107-175; Ashley, 154-182; 
Channing, 170-i;00; Hart, 165-187; James & Sanford, 162-181; 
Johnston-MacDonald, 120-165; McLaughlin. 190-214; Mc- 
Master, 126-U9; Montgomerv, 142-170; Muzzey, 127-14^. 

For Collateral Reading.— Elson, U. S., 243-318; Hart, For- 
mation of Union, 82-89; Sloane, French War and Revolution, 
179-373. 

For Topical Study. — For military campaigns, see Carrington, 
Battles of the Revolution, and Lossing, Field Book of the 
Revolution. 

1. Bancroft, U. S., IV, 152-166, 213-2-16, 291-308, 322-331; 
Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 165-173; Fiske, American 
Revolution, I, 120-171; Hildreth, III, 67-76, ch. 33, pp. 121- 
129; Lecky, American Revolution, 201-234; Van Tyne, Ameri- 
can Revolution, ch. 2, 10; Wilson, American People, II, 223- 
219; Winsor, America, VI, ch. 3. 

2. Bancroft, IV, 24-48, 65-110, 145-198, 209-221, 261-278; 
Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 209-217; Fiske, I, 198-343; 
II, 50-81; Hildreth, HI, ch". 34, 36, 37 and pp. 164-171; Leckv, 
248-283, 31.3-329, 358-375; Van Tyne, ch. 6-9; Wilson, II, 249- 
293; Winsor, VI, ch. 4, 5. 

3. Bancroft, IV, 366-403, 476-524; Cambridge Modern His- 
tory, VII, 219-231; Fiske, II, 164-205, 244-290; Hildreth, III, 
ch."42, 43 and pp. 274-295, 304-317, 325-329; Leckv, 383-391, 
437-456; Van Tvne, ch. 17; Wilson, II, 308-330; Winsor, VI, 
ch. 6. 

4. Bancroft, IV, 309-316; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 
221-222; Fiske, II, 82-109; Hildreth, HI, 352-353; Van T^-ne, 
ch. 15; Wilson, II, 293-303; Winsor, VI, ch. 8, 9. 

5. Fiske, II, 116-162; PauUin, The Na%y of the American 
Revolution; Wilson, II, 303-306; Winsor, VI, ch. 7. 

6. S. G. Fisher, Struggle for American Independence, I, ch. 
45, 46; II, ch. 59, 63, 68, 87; Hildreth, III, 331-335. 

Source References.— -Caldwell & Persinger, 204-208, 219-224; 
Hart, Source Book, 143-160; Hart, Contemporaries, II, ch. 28. 
29, 31, 34; Old South Leaflets, 47, 86, 152; Niles, Principles 
and Acts of the Revolution. 

Biography. — Lives of Washington, Greene, Putnam, Lafay- 
ette, Paul Jones. 



SOURCE-STUDY. 

It is difficult to select adequate source material upon the 
Revolution, with the narrow space limitations of the series. 
'ITie letter below shows the difficulties which faced Congress 
and Washington, after the enthusiasm of the early years of 
the war had worn off. 

From the Committee of Co-operation of tlie Conti- 
nental Congress, to Governor Livingston. 

Camp Tappan, August 1.0, 1780. 
Sir, — When America stood alone against one of the 
most powerful nations of the earth, the spirit of liberty 

(Continued on Page 4.) 



Copyright. 1912. McKinley Publishing Co . Philadelphia. Pa. 




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A PlCTlTlllR^ailE. "VlTl^W ot'Vhe titaicof ix IK it^A-T E»lU:.rAIX for- Yf J 




viiu.^vur.uni.1 \ 







Xn. 1. 

No 



at the Battle of Bunker Hill, from an early engraving. 
A contemporary (1778) engraving, from the original in the Historical Society of Pennsyl 



following "Expl 

I. The Commerce of Great Britain, represented in the figure of a Milch Cow. 
II. The American Congress sawing off her horns, which are her natural strength and defenct 
just a going. 
111. The jolly, plump Dutchman milking the poor tame Cow with great glee. 
IV. and V. The French and Spaniards, each catching at their respective shares of the produi 

full, laughing to one another at their success. 
VI. The good ship Kagle laid up, and moved at some distance from Philadelphia, without sail 
port-holes, all the rest of the fleet invisible, nohodv knows where. 
VII. The two brothers (Howes) napping it; one against the "other, in the City of Philadelphia: 
VIII. The British Lion lying on the ground fast asleep, so that a pug-dog tramples upon him as c 
hear nothing, and feel nothing. 
IX. A Free Englishman in mourning, standing by him, wringing his hands, casting up his eyes 

rouse the Lion to correct all these invaders of his Royal Prerogative and his subjects' property, 
Conyright, 1912. McKinley Publlshlnt Ca. Plilladelpliiii. Pa. 



Beneath the drawing is the 
the one being already gone, the other 



and running away with bowls briraminff 

r guns, and showing nothing but naked 

t of sight of fleet and army. 

I lifeless log, he seems to see nothing, 

despondency and despair, but unable to 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE - STUD Y.-Continued. 

seemed to animate her sons to the noblest exertions, and 
each man cheerfully contributed his aid in support of 
her dearest rights. When the hand of tyranny seemed 
to bear its greatest weight on the devoted country, their 
virtue and perseverance appeared most conspicuous and 
rose superior to every difficulty. If then such patriotism 
manifested itself throughout all ranks and orders of men 
among us, shall it be said at this day, this early day of 
our enfranchisement and independence, that America has 
grown tired of being free. 

Let us, sir, but for a moment take a retrospective 
view of our then situation and compare it with the pres- 
ent, and draw such deductions from the premises, as 
every reasonable man or set of men ought to do. In the 
earlj' stage of this glorious revolution we stood alone; 
we had neither army, military stores, money, or in short 
any of those means which were requisite to authorize 
assistance. The undertaking was physically against us, 
but Americans abhorred the very idea of slavery; there- 
fore, reposing the righteousness of their cause in the 
hands of the Supreme Disposer of all human events, they 
boldly ventured to defy the vengeance cf a tyrant, and 
either preserve their freedom inviolate to themselves and 
Ijosterity, or perish in the attempt. This was the situa- 
tion and temper of the people of this country, in the 
beginning of this controversj'. At this day America is 
in strict alliance with one of the first nations of the 
earth, for magnanimity, power and wealth, and whose 
affairs are conducted by the ablest statesmen, with a 
Prince at their head who hath justly acquired the title of 
the protector of the rights of mankind. A respectable 
fleet and army of our ally are already arrived among 
us, and a considerable reinforcement is hourly expected, 
which when arrived will give us a decided superiority in 
these seas ; the whole to co-operate with the force of this 
country, against the common enemy. Another powerful 
nation, (Spain) though not immediately allied with us, 
yet, in fighting her own, she is daily fighting the battles 
of America, from whence almost every advantage is de- 
rived to us that could be produced in a state of alliance. 
An army we have now in the field, part of whom are 
veterans, equal to any the oldest established can boast. 
Our militia from a five years war, are become inured to 
arms. You have at the head of your army a general, 
whose abilities as a soldier, and worth as a citizen, stands 
confessed even by the enemy of his country. Our officers 
of all ranks are fully equal to the duties of their respec- 
tive stations. Military stores are within our reach; our 
money, though not so reputable as that of other nations, 
with proper attention, we have reason to expect, will 
shortly emerge from its present embarrassed state, and 
become as useful as ever. 

Now, sir, from a comparative view of our circum- 
stances at the beginning and at this day, how much more 
pleasing and important must the latter appear than the 
former, to every dispassionate man. Then shall we 
leave to future generations to say, — shall we at present 
commit ourselves to the world to exclaim, that when 
Providence had benignly put into our hands the most 
essential means of obtaining by one decisive blow the 
inestimable prize we have been contending for, it was 
lost — disgracefully lost — for want of proper exertions on 
our part? That avarice, luxury and dissipation had so 
enervated the boasted sons of American freedom, that, 
rather than forego their present ease and wanton pleas- 



ures, they would tamely, cowardly submit to the loss of 
their country and their liberty, and become those abject 
slaves which their generous nature but a few, very few 
years before would have revolted at the bare idea of .^ 

These reflections arise, sir, from the extraordinary 
backwardness of some states, and great deficiencies of 
others, in sending the men into the field that were re- 
quired of them near three months ago, and ought to have 
joined the army fifty daj's past, and an apprehension 
that from this torpitude America has forgot she is con- 
tending for libertj' and independence, and that the good 
intentions of our generous ally will be totally frustrated 
by our unpardonable remissness. Our former letters to 
the states have been full on this very important subject, 
and we are concerned to be driven to thfe necessity of 
reiteration ; but our duty to our country, our respect for 
the reputation of the commander-in-chief of our army, 
impel us to it, for a knowledge of the force that has been 
required of the states for the campaign, and which was 
allowed to be adequate to an important enterprise, will 
induce a belief in our countrymen and in the world, that 
it has been furnished ; and they must stand amazed to see 
our army inactive and things not in that train for opera- 
tion, which ought in such a case to be expected, espe- 
pecially at this advanced season of ithe year. Again, the 
force of our ally now with us, and the shortly expected 
arrival of its second division, must clearly evince the 
utility of our army being put in a condition to undertake 
an enterprize which if successful, must give a deadly 
wound to our unrelenting and ambitious foe. But what 
apology can be made, if when the commander-in-chief 
of our army should be called on by the commander of 
the forces of our generous ally, and informed he is ready 
to undertake with him whatever measure he shall think 
proper to point out, he shall be reduced to the cruel 
necessity of acknowledging his inability to engage in any 
enterprize that can possibly redound to the honor or 
reputation of the arms of either nation. Sir, the reflec- 
tion is too humiliating to be dwelt on without the ex- 
tremest pain ; nay, horror ! 

You must pardon us, worthy sir, for the freedom with 
which we have now declared our sentiments on this truly 
interesting subject. We flatter ourselves great allow- 
ances will be made for our situation, when we daily have 
before our eyes specimens of that want of energy in 
conducting our affairs, which must shortly so far embar- 
rass us as to render all future exertions inadequate to 
the attainment of those great purposes at which we aim. 
America wants not resources ; we have men (independent 
of those necessary for domestic purposes) more than 
sufficient to compose an army capable of answering our 
most sanguine expectations ; and our country teems with 
provisions of every kind necessary to support them. It 
requires nothing more than a proper degree of energy 
to bring them forth to make us a happy people. This, 
we trust, sir, the state over wliich you preside, will show 
no reluctance in contributing her aid to, by taking such 
decisive measures as will without loss of time, bring into 
the field the remainder of your quota of men, that have 
been required for the campaign. The articles of pro- 
visions, forage and teams are no less important than men, 
but as the committee had the honor of addressing you 
but a few days ago, on the subject of provisions, and the 
other articles being so nearly allied to that, we will not 
intrude it on you at this time. — Sfleciions frovi the 
Correspondence of ihe Executive of yeic Jcrseji, 1770- 
1786', pp. 218-2,53. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 15. Revolutionary Period — Political Events. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Second Continental Congress. 

a) Membership and places of meeting. 

b) Its work: executive, legislative and judicial. 

1) Managed the vear: 

(a) Adopted army around Boston; 

passed ordinances for its gov- 
ernment. 

(b) Raised money to carry on war: 

loans, foreign and domestic ; 
continental currency ; conti- 
nental lottery. 

(c) Raised troops and supplies by call- 

ing on states. 

2) Declared Independence. 

a) Progress toward. 

b) Resolution of R. H. Lee. 

c) The Declaration of Independence, 

analysis of. 
S) Organized governmental departments: 

a) Board of War. 

b) Committee of Foreign Affairs ; naval 

committee. 

c) Financier and finances. 

d) Judicial ftommittees. 

4) Framed a Constitution (the Articles of 
Confederation) presented to States 
October, 1777; adopted by last state 
March, 1781. Why the long delay? 

2. Continental Finances. 

a) Paper money — excessive amount; depreciation. 

b) Loans at home, and abroad from France, Hol- 

land and Spain. 

c) Continental lottery. 

d) Seizure of supplies as needed. 

e) States called upon for contributions (quotas). 

f) No power to tax individuals. 
S. Foreign Affairs. 

a) Mission of Franklin to France. 

b) Secret assistance by French. 

c) The French Treaty of Alliance and Commerce, 

1778; value to the United States; reasons 
for French support. 

d) Relations to Spain and the Dutch. 

e) Design of Spain to secure western country. 

4. The Loyalists. 

a) Their numbers and influence. 

b) How treated by patriots. 

c) Of little military advantage to British. 

5. Treaty of Peace, 1783. 

a) Negotiations for. 

b) Attempts to limit western boundaries. 

c) Provisions of treaty. 

1) Recognition of independence. 

2) Boundaries. 

3) Fisheries. 

4) Miscellaneous. 

5) No commercial provisions. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 118-136, 146-149, 164-169, 175- 
179; Ashlev, 157-166, 174-176, 183-190; Channing, 170-184, 188- 
195, 200-211; Hart, 149-164, 183-187; James & Sanford, 173-176, 
179-184; Johnston-MacDonald, 130-124, 130, 144, 148-149, 165- 
167; McLaughlin, 195-198, 205, 211-214; McMaster, 131-134, 149- 
159; Montgomery, 143-168; Muzzey, 137-135, 150-161. 



For Collateral Reading. — Coman, Industrial Historv, 105- 
133; Dewev, Financial History, 34-48; Elson, U. S., 343-244, 
250-354, 375-279, 311-317; Hart, Formation of Union, 69-101; 
Sloane, French War and Revolution, 195-198, 308-220, 337- 
237, 300-308, 373-376, and ch. 29; Sparks, Men Who Made the 
Nation, ch. 3, 4. 

For Topical Study. — 

1. Bancroft, U. S., IV, 190-193, 300-313, 337-243, 313-316, 
333-346, 413-452; V, 199-308; Fiske, American Revolution, I, 
173-197; II, 35-49; Friedenwald, Declaration of Independence; 
Hildreth, III, 76-89, 130-139, 171-185; Lecky, American Revolu- 
tion, 334-348; McLaughlin, Confederation and Constitution, ch. 
3-4; Van Tvne, American Revolution, ch. 3-5; Winsor, America, 
VI, ch. 3; Vll, ch. 1. « 

3. Bancroft, V, 439-460; Fiske, I, 198-343; Hildreth, III, 
264-365, 371-375, 300-304, 358-364; Leckv, 383-294, 379-383; 
Van Tvne, ch. 11, 12, 13, 16. 

3. Bancroft, IV, 359-373, V, 344-258; Fiske, II, 1-12; Hil- 
dreth, III, 177-181, 367-370; Lecky, 296-310; Van Tyne, ch. 
12, 17; Winsor, VII, ch. 1. 

4. Lecky, 479-485; Van Tyne, ch. 14; Van Tyne, Loyalists 
in American Revolution. , 

5. Bancroft, V, 111-135, 404-433; Fiske, Critical Period, ch. 
1; Hildreth, III, 411-430; Lecky, 464-479; McLaughlin, ch. 3; 
Wilson, American People, III, 1-18; Winsor, VII, ch. 3. 

Source References. — American History Leaflets, 11, 30; 
Callender, Economic History, ch. 4; Caldwell & Persinger, 
198-201, 208-219, 334-333; Hart, Source Book, 143-lBO; Hart, 
Contemporaries, II, ch. 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35; Hill, Liberty 
Documents, ch. 12-14; MacDonald, Source Book, 195-209; Mac- 
Donald, Documents, 1-21; Niles, Principles and Acts of the 
Revolution; Old South Leaflets, 2, 3, 15, 97, 98; Preston, Docu- 
ments, 210-340. 

Biography. — Lives of Jefferson, John xVdams, Robert Morris, 
Franklin. 

SOURCE-STUDY. 

TREATIES OF 1778 AND 1783. 
The first selections below are taken from the treaty of 
Alliance with France, February 6, 1778, and they include those 
portions of the treaty which later led to difficulties between 
the two countries. The second series are from the treaty of 
peace with England, September 3, 1783; it was not possible 
to print here the entire treaty. 

Article II. 

The essential and direct end of the present defensive 
alliance is to maintain effectually the liberty, sovereignty, 
and independence absolute and unlimited, of the said 
United States, as well in matters of government as of 
commerce. 

Article VIII. 

Neither of the two parties shall conclude either truce 
or peace with Great Britain without the formal consent 
of the other first obtained ; and they mutually engage not 
to lay down their arms until the independence of the 
United States shall have been formally or tacitly assured 
by the treaty or treaties that shall terminate the war. 
Article XI. 

The two parties guarantee mutually from the present 
time and forever against all other powers, to wit: The 
United States to His Most Christian Majesty, the pres- 
ent possessions of the Crown of France in America, as 
well as those wliich it may acquire by the future treaty 
of peace: And His Most Christian Majesty guarantees 
on his part to the United States their liberty, sovereignty 
and independence, absolute and unlimited, as well in 
matters of government as commerce, and also their pos- 
sessions, and the additions or conquests that their con- 
federation may obtain during the war, from any of the 
dominions now, or heretofore possessed by Great Britain 
in North America, conformable to the 5th and 6th arti- 
cles above written, the whole as their possessions shall be 
fixed and assured to the said States, at the moment of 



(Continued on Page 4.) 



CoDyriillit. 1912. McKSsley Publishing Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. 



McKinley-s Series of Geographical and Historical Outline Maps. N0.33, Eas tern United States. 




Copyright, 1900, The McKii.ley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Map Work for Topic U 15. 

m" Montgomerv, Studenfs, 218; Mu^^ey, US; Scudder, 177, 182; Shepherd, 195; Thomas, 160. 

So. I. S'dtlrrorthJtveral States: Adams and Trer.. Y^^.^f^y.r^^:^' o^: m'^^-.^ 
tion, at end; James and Snnford, 187; Johnston-MacDonald, 166; Labberton 62; McLaughln .Mc Master, 
ery, Leading Facts, 170, 172; Montgomery, Student's, 226; Muzzey, 1.52; Shepherd, 196; Thomas, 108. 



76 ; James and 
, Leading Facts, 



; Hart. Forma- 
, 1.56; Montgom- 



VIcKinley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. No. U 15. 



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L 



This is a facsimile of the engrossed copy of the Declaration of Independence. After the adoption of Lee's motion on 
July 2d, and of the text of the declaration on July 4, 1TT6, Congress ordered that the declaration be engrossed. The en- 
grossed copy was not ready until August 2d, and it was then signed by those jiresent. We know, however, that some who 
voted for independence on July 2d and 4th, never signed the engrossed copy, and some who signed on August ^d, or even 
later, were not present when tlie votes were taken. See Friedenwald, The Declaration of Independence. 



Copyrichl. 1012. McKinlfy PiiHishlni! Co.. Philadflnhln. Pa. 



McKlnlcy's Illustrated Topics lor American History. 



SOURCE - STUD Y.-Continued. 

the cessation of tlicir present war with Enghmd. . . . 
{Treaties, Conventions, etc., ed. 1010, pp. 1.80-482.) 

The Treaty of Peace, September S, 1783. 

In the name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity. 

It having jileascd the Divine Providence to dispose the 
hearts of the most serene and most potent Prince George 
the Third, by the Grace of God King of Great Britain, 
France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Duke of 
Urunswick and Luneberg, Arch-Treasurer and Prince 
Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, &ca., and of the 
United States of America, to forget all past misunder- 
standings and differences that have unhappily inter- 
rupted the good correspondence and friendship which 
they mutually wish to restore ; and to establish such a 
beneficial and satisfaetorj- intercourse between the two 
countries, upon the ground of reciprocal advantages and 
mutual convenience, as may promote and secure to both 
perpetual peace and harmony: . . . His Britannic Ma- 
jesty and the United States of America, in order to carry 
into full effect the provisional articles above mentioned, 
according to the tenor thereof, have constituted and ap- 
])ointed, that is to say, His Britannic Majesty on his 
part, David Hartley, esqr., . . . and the said United 
States on their part, John Adams [Benjamin Franklin 
and John Jay] ; who, after having reciprocally communi- 
cated their respective full powers, have agreed upon and 
confirmed the following articles: 
Article I. 

His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the said United 
States, ... to be free, sovereign and independent 
States ; that he treats with them as such, and for himself, 
his heirs and successors, relinquishes all claims to the 
Government, propriety and territorial rights of the same, 
and every part thereof. 

Article II. 

And that all disputes which might arise in future, on 
the subject of the boundaries of tiie said United States 
may be prevented, it is hereby agreed and declared, that 
the following are, and shall be their boundaries, viz.: 
From the northwest angle of Nova Scotia, viz. that angle 
which is formed by a line drawn due north from the 
source of Saint Croix River to the Highlands; along the 
said Highlands which divide those rivers that empty 
themselves into the river St. Lawrence, from those which 
fall into the Atlantic Ocean, to the northwesternmost 
head of Connecticut River ; thence down along the middle 
of that river, to the fortj'-fifth degree of north latitude; 
from thence, by a line due west on said latitude, until 
it strikes the river Iroquois or Cataraquy [St. Lawrence] ; 
thence along the middle of said river into Lake Ontario, 
through the middle of said lake until it strikes the com- 
munication by water between that lake and Lake Erie; 
thence along the middle of said communication into Lake 
Erie, through the middle of said lake until it arrives at 
the water communication between that lake and Lake 
Huron ; thence along the middle of said water com- 
munication into the Lake Huron ; thence through the 
middle of said lake to the water communication between 
that lake and Lake Superior ; thence through Lake 
.'Superior northward of the Isles Royal and Phelipeaux, 
to the Long I>ake ; thence through the middle of said 
Long Lake, and the water communication between it and 
Ihe Lake of the Woods, to the said Lake of the Woods; 
thence through the said lake to the most northwestern 
point thereof, and from thence on a due west course to 
the river Mississippi ; thence by a line to be drawn along 
the middle of the said river Mississippi until it shall 



intersect the northernmost part of the thirty-first degree 
of north latitude. South, by a line to be drawn due 
east from the determination of the line last mentioned, in 
the latitude of thirty-one degrees north of the Equator, 
to the middle of the river Apalachicola or Catahouche; 
thence along the middle thereof to its junction with the 
Flint River; tlicnce straight to tiie head of St. Mary's 
River; and thence down along the middle of St. Mary's 
River to the Atlantic Ocean. East, by a line to be drawn 
along the middle of the river St. Croix, from its mouth 
in the Bay of Fundy to its source, and from its source 
directly north to the aforesaid Highlands, whicli divide 
the rivers that fall into the Atlantic Ocean from those 
which fall into the river St. Lawrence. . . . 
Article III. 

It is agreed that the people of the United States shall 
continue to enjoy unmolested the right to take fish of 
evcrj' kind on the Grand Bank, and on all the other 
banks of Newfoundland ; also in the Gulph of Saint Law- 
rence, and at all other places in the sea where the in- 
habitants of both countries used at any time heretofore to 
fish. ... 

Article IV. 

It is agreed that creditors on either side shall meet 
with no lawful impediment to the recovery of the full 
value in sterling money, of all bona fide debts heretofore 
contracted. 

Article V. 

It is agreed that the Congress shall earnestly recom- 
mend it to the legislatures of the respective States, to 
provide for the restitution of all estates, rights, and 
properties which have been confiscated, belonging to real 
British subjects, and also of the estates, rights, and prop- 
erties of persons resident in districts in the possession 
of His Majesty's arms, and who have not borne arms 
against the said United States. . . . 
Article VI. 

That there shall be no future confiscations madt, nor 
any prosecutions commene'd against any person or per- 
sons for, or by reason of the part which he or they may 
have taken in the present war. ... 
Article VII. 

There shall be a firm and perpetual peace between 
His Britannic Majesty and the said states, and be- 
tween the subjects of the one and the citizens of the 
other, wherefore all hostilities, both by sea and land, 
shall from henceforth cease: All prisoners on both sides 
shall be set at liberty, and His Britannic Majesty shall, 
with all convenient speed, and without causing any de- 
struction, or carrying away any negroes or other prop- 
erty of the American inhabitants, withdraw all his arm- 
ies, garrisons, and fleets from the said United States, 
and from every port, place, and harbour within the same ; 
leaving in all fortifications the American artillery that 
may be therein. . . . 

Article VIII. 

The navigation of the river Mississippi, from its 
source to the ocean, shall forever remain free .and open 
to the subjects of Great Britain, and the citizens of the 
United States. . . . 

Done at Paris, this third day of September, in the 
year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
three. 

D. Hartley, [l.s.] 
John Adams, [l.s.] 
B. Franklin, [l.s.] 
John .Iay. [l.s.] 

— Treaties, Conventions, etc., I. pp. .'58fi-.5.QO. 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 16. Confederation and Constitution, 1783-1789. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

The Critical Period— 1781-1789. 
1. Review of Government under Second Continental 
Congress. 

•i. The Articles of Confederation. 

a) Review formation and adoption. 

b) Analysis of principal provisions. 

c) Defects of the articles: 

1 ) In organization of congress : equal repre- 

sentation of states ; limitation of term 
of service of members. 

2) In powers of congress: no taxing power; 

no power to coerce individuals or 
states ; no power over commerce ; 
could not enforce treaty engagements; 
no control over money and contracts. 

3) No separation of executive, legislative, 

judicial duties; all vested in congress. 

4) Difficulty of amendment. 

d) Value of articles: 

1 ) Best that could be obtained. 

2) Kept alive sentiment of union. 

3) Secured and organized western lands for 

union. 

4) By very defects pointed way to satisfac- 

tory government. 

5) Principle of inter-citizenship. 

6) Principle of division of powers. 

3. The State Governments. 

a) Developed from provincial congresses and con- 

ventions in several colonies, 1774-1776. 

b) Constitutions passed and adopted by these 

bodies. 

c) Character of these state constitutions: 

1 ) Confidence in legislature. 

2) Distrust of governors. 

3) Court systems continued from colonial 

days. 

4) In the main continued the legal systems of 

the colonies and even of England ; 
changing mainly the method of a])- 
pointing governors. 

5) Jealousy of the federal government. 

4. Forces tending to dissolve the Union. 

a) Jealousy of the states of the Federal govern- 

ment. 

b) Jealous}' of the states of one another. 

c) Conflicts over boundaries: Pennsylvania and 

Connecticut in the Wyoming Valley ; New 
York, New Hampshire and Massachusetts 
in Vermont; Pennsylvania and Virginia in 
the Ohio region ; Virginia and North Caro- 
lina boundary line. 

d) Growing impotence of Congress. 

1 ) Troubles with army over pay. 

2) Failure to enforce treaties. 

3) Failure to obtain revenue. 

4) Decline in ability of members sent to Con- 

gress. 

e) Internal disorders; Shay's rebellion. 



f) States' policy in financial and commercial 

affairs. 

g) Influence of foreign nations. 

5. Forces tending to strengthen the Union. 

a) Far-siglited leaders — Washington, Madison, 

Hamilton. 

b) Holders of national debt. 

c) Common part in late war. 

d) Common interests. 

(). Forces tending to strengthen tiie Union — the Western 
Lands. 

a) Conquest of the Northwest under G. R. Ciark. 

b) Action of Maryland in demanding land cessions 

before agreeing to Articles of Confedera- 
tion. 

c) Completion of land cessions by New York, Y\r- 

ginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut. 

d) Later cessions by North Carolina, Soutli Caro- 

lina, and Georgia. 

e) Method of survey of western lands: townships 

six miles square, Ordinance, 178.5. 

f) Northwest Ordinance, July 13, 1787. 

1) Earlier proposals: Jefferson's ordinance 

of 1784; other suggestions, 1786- 
1787. 

2) Origin of Ordinance of 1787. 

3) Provisions of ordinance: Slavery for- 

bidden ; religious and civil liberty ; 
common school support ; form of tem- 
porary government; admission of new 
states. 

7. Finances of the Confederation. 

a) Source of revenue; by requisitions upon states — 

only partially paid ; by renewed loans 
abroad. 

b) Failure of revenue — could not pay running ex- 

penses ; even defaulted on interest on debt. 

c) No power to control state issue of paper money. 

8. Foreign Relations. 

a) Commercial treaties; already one with France; 

new ones with Prussia. 
Failure to obtain one from England; diffi- 
culty with Spain over the Mississippi River. 

b) Relations with England. 

Failure to enforce terms of treatj' of 1783. 
England's refusal to relinquish western forts. 

9. Antecedents of the Convention of 1787. 

a) Futile attempts to amend articles to give Con- 
gress power to lay custom duties and con- 
trol trade. 

h) Proposals for a convention to amend articles as 
early as 1780. 

c) Conference at Mt. Vernon, 178,'5. 

d) Annapolis convention, 1786, called a general 

convention to meet next year. 

10. The Federal Convention, May 25-September 17, 

1787. 

a) Character of members; their powers. 

b) Extant records of the convention. 

c) Early contest over amendment or new constitu- 

tion. 



Copyrighl. 1912, McKlnley Publishine Co. . Philadelphia. Pa. 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History, 



d) Plans .submitted for new eonstitution. 

e) Coraproniises. 

1 ) Upon representation of small and large 

states. 

2) Upon representation of negroes. 

3) Upon control over commerce. 

4) Many other compromises. 

f) ('oni])letion of the work. 

g) Constitution submitted to vote of jieople in sev- 

eral states. 

11. Ratification of Constitution, 1787-1790. 

a) Arguments for and against. 

b) Principal friends and opponents. 

c) Contest in important states — Massachusetts, 

Virginia, New York. 

d) The Federalist papers. 

12. The Constitution. 

a) Supremacy of Constitution and laws. 

b) Character of union — federal; division of powers 

between states and nation. 

c) Organization of departments of national govern- 

ment — rendered largely independent of 
each other. 

d) Acted on individuals not on states. 

e) Grant of large powers to Congress; taxes, com- 

merce, currency, public lands, army and 
navy, etc. 

f) Method of amendment. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 179-190; Ashler, 189-209; Chan- 
ning, 3\5-i>52; Hart, 189-i?19; James & Saiiford, ISa-^U; John- 
ston-MacDonald, 171-185; McLaughlin, 215-332; McMaster, 
158-173; Montgomery, 170-176; Muzzey, 159-183. 

For Collateral Reading. — Bogart, Economic History, 100- 
103; Conian, Industrial History, 12;3-131; Dewey, Financial 
History, 49-74; Elson, U. S., 318-340; Hart, Formation of 
Cnion, 102-135; Sparks, Jlen Who Made Nation, ch. 5; Walker, 
Making of the Nation, ch. 1-4. 

For Topical Study. — 

1. Bancroft, U. H., VI, 5-23; Cambridge Modern History, 
VII, 305-314; McLaughlin; Confederation and Constitution, 
ch. 3; Schouler, U. S., I, 1-23; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 1. 

2. Fiske, Critical Period, ch. 3; Hildreth, V. S., Ill, 395- 
410; Johnston, American Political History, I, 57-69; McLaugh- 
lin, ch. 3; Schouler, I, 15-23; Sparks, u! S., I, ch. 4; Wilson, 
American People, III, 18-37. 

3. Bancroft, V. 111-125, 404-422; Fiske, ch. 2; Hildreth, III, 
374-395; Van Tvne, American Revolution, ch. 9. 

4. Bancroft, VI, 59-86, 167-176; Fiske, ch. 4; Hildreth, III, 
421-444, ch. 46; McLaughlin, ch. 4-6, 9-10; McMaster, V. S., 
I, ch. 2-3; Schouler, I, 20-25; Wilson, III, 5.3-60. 

5. Bancroft, VI, 136-166; McMaster, I, ch. 2-3; Schouler, 1, 
25-31. 

6. Bancroft, VI, 114-118, 125-135; Fiske, ch. 5; Hildreth, 
III, 527-530; Johnston, American Political History, I, 83-105; 
McLaughlin, ch. 7-8; McMaster, I, ch. 2-3, pp. 504-524; Sparks, 
Fixpansion, ch. 7-11; Sparks, V. S., I, ch. 2-3; Wilson, III, 
38-53. 

7. Bancroft, VI, 24-35; McLaughlin, ch. 4-5, 9; McMaster, I, 
139-144. 

8. Bancroft, VI, 36-58; McLaughlin, ch. 6; McMaster, I, 
221-245, 371-381, 406-416. 

9. Bancroft, VI, 177-203; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 
23.5-244; Fiske, 212-229; McLaughlin, ch. 11-13; McMaster, 1, 
276-280, 390-.391; Schouler, I, 2.5-38; Wilson, HI, 61-64. 

10. Bancroft, VI, 207-367; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 
246-304; Fiske, ch. 6; Hildreth, III, ch. 47; Johnston, American 
Political History, I. 70-82; McLaughlin, ch. 13-16; McMaster, 
I, 417-423, 436-1.53; Schouler, I, 39-53; Sparks, V. S., I, ch. 
5-6; Wilson, III, 64-76; Winsor, America, VII, ch. 3. 

11. Bancroft, VI. 371-437, 452-462; Fiske, ch. 7; Hildreth, 
ITT, 533-546; McLaughlin, ch. 17-18; McMaster, I, 454-501; 
Schouler, I, 53-79; Wilson, TII, 76-98. 

12. Bancroft, VT. 441-451; Winsor, VII, ch. 4. 



Source References. — Americin History Leaflets, 8, 22, 28, 
32; Callender, Economic History, cli. 5; Cakhvell & Persinger, 
233-284; Hart, Source Book, 161-180; Hart, Contemporaries, 
III, ch. 2-12; Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. 15-17; Johnston, 
American Orations, I, 39-74; M.icDonald, Source Book, 209- 
232; MacDonald, Documents, 21-46; Old .South Leaflet.s, 1, 12, 
13, 16, 41, 42, 43, 70, 99, 197; Preston, Documents, 240-277. 

Biography. — Lives of Madison, Hamilton, James Wilson, 
Manasseh Cutler, Daniel Boone. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE, JULY 1.3, 1787. 

An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the 
United States, north-west of the river Ohio. 

Be it ordained by the United States in Congress as- 
sembled, That the said territory, for the purposes of 
tempor.-iry government, be one district; subject, however, 
to be divided into two districts, as future circumstances 
may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient. 

Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid. That the 
estates, both of resident and non-resident proprietors in 
the said territory, dying intestate, shall descend to, and 
be distributed among their children and the descendants 
of a deceased child in equal parts. . . . 

Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That there 
shall be appointed, from time to time, by Congress, a 
governor, whose commission shall continue in force for 
the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by Con- 
gress, he shall reside in the district, and liave a freehold 
estate therein, in one thousand acres of land, while in the 
exercise of his office. 

There shall be appointed, from time to time, by Con- 
gress, a secretary, whose commission shall continue in 
force for four years, unless sooner revoked ; he shall re- 
side in the district, and have a freehold estate therein, in 
."jOO acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. . . . 
Tliere shall also be appointed a court to consist of three 
judges, any two of whom to form a court, who shall have 
a common law jurisdiction, and reside in the district, and 
have each therein a freehold estate in 500 acres of land, 
while in the exercise of their offices; and their commis- 
sions shall continue in force during good behavior. 

The governor and judges, or a m.ajority of them, shall 
adopt and publish in tlie district, such laws of the original 
states, criminal and civil, as may be necessary, and best 
suited to the circumstances of the district, and report 
them to Congress, from time to time ; which laws shall be 
in force in the district until the organization of the gen- 
eral assembly therein, unless disapproved of by Con- 
gress ; but afterwards the legislature shall have authority 
to alter them as they shall think fit. 

The governor, for the time being, shall be commander 
in chief of the militia, appoint and commission all officers 
in the same, below the rank of general officers ; all general 
officers shall be appointed and commissioned by Con- 
gress. 

Previous to the organization of the general assembly, 
the governor shall appoint such magistrates and other 
civil officers, in each county or township, as he shall find 
necessary for the preservation of the peace and good 
order in the same. After the general assembly shall be 
organized, the powers and duties of the magistrates and 
(Continued on PaSe 4.) 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. No U 16. 



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On the upper part of the page is an interesting document given Iiy the Continental Congress to Captain John Green, of 
the ship, "Empress of China," the first vessel flying the American flag to visit China. 

The lower reproductions show examples of 'Continental and State currency at the opening of the Revolution. 

Copyright. 1912. McKinley Publishing Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics tor American History. 



SOURCE -STUDY.-Continued. 

other civil officers shall be regulated and defined by the 
said assemblj'. . . . 

. . . [the governor] shall proeeed^ ... to lay out the 
parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have 
been extinguished, into counties and townships, subject, 
however, to such alterations as may thereafter be made 
by the legislature. 

So soon as there shall be 5000 free male inhabitants 
of full age, in the district, upon giving proof thereof to 
the governor, thej' shall receive authority, with time and 
place, to elect representatives from their counties or 
townstiips, to represent them in the general assem- 
bly. . . . 

The general assembly, or legislature, shall consist of 
the governor, legislative council, and a house of repre- 
sentatives. The legislative council shall consist of five 
members, to continue in office five years, unless sooner 
removed by Congress. . . . And the governor, legislative 
council and house of representatives, shall have authority 
to make laws, in all cases, for the good government of 
the district, not repugnant to the principles and articles 
in this ordinance established and declared. And all bills 
having passed by a majority in the house, and by a ma- 
jority in the council, shall be referred to the governor for 
liis assent; but no bill or legislative act whatever, sliall 
be of any force without his assent. The governor sliall 
have power to convene, prorogue and dissolve the general 
assembly, wlien, in his opinion, it shall be expedient. 

. . . As soon as a legislature shall be formed in the 
district, the council and house assembled, in one room, 
shall have authority, b}' joint ballot, to elect a delegate 
to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress, with a 
right of debating, but not of voting during this tempo- 
rary government. 

And for extending the fundamental principles of civil 
and religious liberty, which form the basis whereon 
these republics, their laws and constitutions are erected ; 
to fix and establish those princi))les as the basis of all 
la'ws, constitutions and governments, which forever here- 
after shall be formed in the said territory: to provide 
also for the establishment of states, and permanent gov- 
ernment therein, and for their admission to a share in the 
federal councils on an equal footing with the original 
states, at as early periods as may be consistent with the 
general interest: 

It is hereby ordained and declared, by the authority 
aforesaid, That the following articles shall be considered 
as articles of compact between the original states and 
the people and states in the said territory, and forever 
remain unalterable, unless by common consent, to wit: 

Art. 1st. No person, demeaning himself in a peace- 
able and orderly manner, shall ever be molested on ac- 
count of his mode of worship or religious sentiments, in 
the said territories. 

Art. 2d. The inhabitants of the said territory, shall 
always be entitled to the benefits of the writ of habeas 
corpus, and of the trial by jury; of a proportionate rep- 
resentation of the people in the legislature, and of judi- 
cial proceedings according to the course of common law. 
All persons shall be bailable, unless for capital ofYences, 
where the proof shall be evident, or the presumption 
great. All fines shall be moderate; and no cruel or un- 
usual punishments shall be inflicted. No man shall be 
deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment 



of his peers, or the law of the land, and should the public 
exigencies make it necessary, for the common preserva- 
tion, to take any person's property, or to demand his 
particular services, full compensation shall be made for 
the same. And in the just preservation of rights and 
property, it is understood and declared, that no law ought 
ever to be made, or have force in the said territory, that 
shall, in any manner whatever, interfere with, or affect 
private contracts or engagements, bona fde, and without 
fraud previously formed. 

Art. 3d. Religion, morality and knowledge being 
necessary to good government and the happiness of man- 
kind, schools and the means of education shall forever be 
encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be ob- 
served towards the Indians ; their lands and property 
shall never be taken from them without their consent; 
and in their property, rights and liberty they never shall 
be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars 
authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and 
humanity, shall, from time to time, be made, for prevent- 
ing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace 
and friendship with them. 

Art. 4th. The said territory, and the states which 
may be formed therein, shall forever remain a part of 
this confederacy of the United States of America, subject 
to the articles of confederation, and to such alterations 
therein as shall be constitutionally made ; and to all the 
acts and ordinances of the United States in Congress 
assembled, conformable thereto. The inhabitants and 
settlers in the said territory, shall be subject to pay a 
part of the federal debts, contracted or to be contracted, 
and a proportional part of the expenses of government, 
to be apportioned on them by Congress, according to the 
same common rule and measure, by which apportionments 
thereof shall be made on the other states ; and the taxes 
for paying their proportion, shall be laid ajid levied by 
the authority and direction of the legislatures of the 
district or districts, or new states, as in the original 
states, within the time agreed upon by the United States 
in Congress assembled. The legislatures of those dis- 
tricts or new states, shall never interfere with the pri- 
mary disposal of the soil by the United States in Con- 
gress assembled, nor with any regulations Congress may 
find necessary for securing the title in such soil to the 
bona fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands 
the proi)erty of the United States ; and in no case shall 
non-resident proprietors be taxed higher than residents. 
The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and 
Saint Lawrence, and the carrying places between the 
same, shall be common high-ways, and forever free, as 
well to the inhabitants of the said territory', as to the 
citizens of the United States, and those of any other 
states that may be admitted into the confederacy, without 
any tax, impost or duty therefor. 

Art. 5th. There shall be formed in the said terri- 
tory, not less than three, nor more than five states. . . . 

Art. 6th. There shall be neither slavery nor involun- 
tary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the 
punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been 
duU' convicted: provided always, that any person escap- 
ing into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully 
claimed in any one of the original states, such fugitive 
may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person 
claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid. . . . — 
Journals of Congress, (ed. of 1801), XII, 58-63. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 17. Setting the New Government in Operation, 1789-1801. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

The Federalist Supremacy — 1789- 1 SOI. 

1. Reorganization of National Government. 

a) Transfer from old to new government. 

1) Action of old congress — named time and 

place for inauguration of new govern- 
ment. 

2) Action of the states — provided for election 

of senators, representatives and elec- 
tors of president. 

3) Meeting of presidential electors. Wash- 

ington unanimously chosen president ; 
J. Adams vice-president. 

b) Inauguration of New Government. 

1 ) Delay in assembling at New York. 

2) Counting of electoral votes; inauguration 

of Washington. 

3) Contest over titles and ceremonies. 

c) Organization of Executive Departments. 

1 ) Preceding departments existing under 

Articles. 

2) New acts for establishment of departments 

of foreign affairs (state), treasury, 
■war, and attorney-general. 

3) Argument over question of removal. 

4) Persons appointed to the departments; 

Jeiferson, Hamilton, Knox, E. Ran- 
dolph. 

5) United States Currency and Mint. 

6) Post-Office. 

d) Organization of Judicial Department. 

1 ) Provisions of Constitution. 

2) .Supreme Court, circuit courts, district 

courts. 

3) Provisions for procedure and methods of 

appeal, etc. 

e) Amendments to the Constitution, 1790. 

1 ) Demand for a bill of rights. 

2) Amendments proposed; ten ado])ted. 

f ) Seat of government, Philadelphia- Washington. 

g) Beginnings of the cabinet. 

2. Financial Measures. 

a) Importance of the subject. 

b) Character and ability of Hamilton. 

c) The tariff act, 1789." 

1) All agreed this should be the first business 

of congress, secure revenue. 

2) Sectional differences shown here as in all 

later tariff measures ; east against 
west; slave states against free 
states ; maritime and manufacturing 
interests against agricultural sections. 

3) Character of the act as passed — only 

slightly protective. 

d) Refunding the country's debts. 

1 ) What is meant by refunding ? 

2) Character and amount of the national debt. 

(a) Foreign debt and arrears of interest 

on it. 

(b) Domestic debt: loan office certifi- 

cates (bonds to-day), certifi- 
cates of indebtedness issued by 
paymasters and other conti- 
nental officials; arrears of in- 



terest on all of these ; conti- 
nental paper currency ; debts 
incurred by states in the cause 
of independence. 

3) Various proposals for refunding. 

4) Measures finally adopted: 

(a) Foreign debt and interest to be 

fully ))rovided for. 

(b) Domestic debt (continental) paid 

in full but not all to bear full 
rate of interest at once. 

(c) Arrears of interest to bear lower 

rate of interest. 

(d) Continental currency at 100 to one. 

(e) State debts to be assumed by the 

United States government. 

e) The excise tax, 1791. 

1 ) Reasons for. 

2) Subjects of taxation. 

f) The National Bank. 

1 ) Hamilton's report upon. 

2) Advantages of a bank. 

3) Opposition to in Congress. 

4) Terms of charter of 1791. 

g) Effects of financial measures. 

1) Strengthened public credit at home and 

abroad. 

2) Led to speculation in funds. 

3) Made bondholders firm su])porters of 

national government. 

4) Laid foundations of political parties. 

.S. Organization of Political Parties. 

a) Definition of political parties. 

b) Review of: 

1 ) Factions in Colonial Period. 

2) Whigs and Tories in Revolution. 

3) Friends and opponents of strong central 

government, 1781-1789; Federalists; 
anti-federalists. 

c) Early uniformity in congress, 1789. 

d) Beginnings of personal differences, Jefferson and 

Madison vs. Hamilton. 

e) Rival parties: 

1) Federalists (nicknamed Anglican, niono- 

crats, treasury party, etc.). Favored 
national government, loose interpre- 
tation of constitution, national bank, 
mercantile and commercial interests. 
Favored treaty with England. 

2) Republican (nicknamed Democrats, antis, 

etc.). Favored limited national gov- 
ernment and strong state governments, 
strict interpretation of the constitu- 
tion; favored agricultural interests 
and alliance with France. 

f) .Steps in party organization. 

1 ) Early informal meetings, letter writing, 

etc. 

2) Use of town and county resolutions an<l 

petitions. 

3) Rise of partisan newspapers. 

4) Resolutions of state legislatures. 

5) Nomination systems for selection of party 

candidates, at first informal, later 
town or county or state conventions, 
then congressional caucuses. 



Copyrlsht. 1012. HcKlnley Publlihlnfi Co. . Pbltadelphla. Pa. 



McKinley':i Illustrated Topics tor American History. 



4. Affairs in the West 

a) Whiskey rebellion. 

b) Indian Wars. 

c) English in Northwest: Spaniards in Southwest. 

d) Discontent in Kentucky and Tennessee over 

navigation of the Mississippi River. 

5. Foreign Affairs. 

a) European Conditions, 1789-1800. 

b) Washington's ncutralitj' proclamation, 1793. 

c) Relations with England : 

1 ) Causes of controversy — western posts, im- 

pressment, no commercial privileges, 
seizing United States vessels, bound- 
ary disputes. 

2) Jay treaty, 1791-.^. Provisions; objec- 

tions to ; argument in Congress. Re- 
sult — war avoided. 

d) Relations with France. Terms of treaty of alli- 

ance of 1778; Genet's mission; Monroe in 
France ; treatment of our commissioners ; 
X, Y, Z, affair; naval war, 1798-1800; 
treaty of 1800. 

e) Relations with Spain: Holding of forts in the 

Mississippi Valley and restrictions on Mis- 
sissippi trade; treaty of 1795 — right of de- 
posit at New Orleans. 

6. Presidential Campaigns and Elections. 

a) 1792 — Washington and Adams re-dected. 
h) Attacks on Washington. 

c) Washington's refusal to serve third time; fare- 

well address. 

d) Washington as a statesman. 

e) 1796 — Adams president; Jefferson vice-presi- 

dent. 

7. Downfall of Federalists, 1797-1801. 

a) Quarrels in party — Hamilton vs. Adams. 

b) New measures called forth by French War: 

1 ) Enlarged army and navy ; navy yards. 

2) Navy department established, 1798. 

3) Unpopular taxes on lands, slaves, car- 

riages, etc. 

c) Alien Acts. 

1) Alien Enemies Act (still on statute book). 

2) Alien Friends Act (expired 1800). 

d) Sedition Act — punishment of conspiracy and 

seditious writing or speaking. 

e) Naturalization Act: fourteen years' residence. 

f) Unpopular enlargement of court system. 

g) Virginia and Kentucky resolutions against 

these measures. 

1) Authorship — Jefferson and Madison. 

2) Political theories — nullification. 

8. Campaign and Election of 1800-1801. 

a) Attacks on personal character of Adams and 

Jefferson. 

b) Tie vote of electors for Jefferson and Burr. 

c) Ballot in House of Representatives. 

d) Danger of civil war. 

e) Hamilton's influence in election of Jefferson. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent. li)(i-i>10; Ashley, 331-217; 
Channing, 257-2!)2; Hart, 235-239; James & SanfoVd, 215-210; 
Johnston-MacDonald, 189-209; McLaughlin, 2.33-259; McMas- 
ter, 197-215; Montgomery, 177-190; Muzzey, 184-205. 

For CoUateral Heading.— Coman, Industrial llistorv, 132- 
15G; Dewey, Financial History. 75-117; Elson, U. .S., 3tl-37i; 
Hart, Formation of Union, J3fi-175; Sparks, Men Who Made 
the Nation, ch. 6; Stanwood, History of Presidency, ch. 2-5; 
Walker, Making of the Nation, ch. 5-8. 

For Topical Stndv.— 

1. Bassett, Federalist System, ch. 1 ; Hildrcth, U. S., IV, 



■J5-(H, Ull-129, 220-224, .301-32G; Johnston, American Political 
History, I, 106-130; McMaster, U. S., I, 525-561; Schouler, 
U. S., I, 79-143; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 7; Wilson, American 
People, HI, 98-108. 

3. Bassett, ch. 2; Ilildreth, IV, 65-101, 154-218, 253-267, 275- 
277; McMaster, I, 545-551, 568-585; II, 25-41; Schouler, I, 
143-156, 173-177; Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, I, ch. 3-4; 
Wilson, III, 108-112; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 8-9; Woodburn, 
Political Parties, ch. 2. 

3. Bassett, ch. 3; Hildreth, IV, 290-301, 331-410; V, 35-45; 
Johnston, I, 203-2.34; McMaster, II, 49-53, 204-212; Schouler, 
.03-60, 180-203, 368-384; Sjiarks, U. S., I, ch. 11; Wilson, III, 
112-129. 

4. Bassett, ch. 4, S, 7; Hildreth, IV, 281-287, 4.43-446, 498- 
530; McMaster, I, 59J-604; II, 32-35, 41-48, 141-159, 189-203; 
Schouler, I, 162-173, ;^. 8-213, 290-301, 376-378; Sparks, U. S., 
I, ch. 10; von Hoist, U. S., I, 80-88, 93-112. 

5. Bassett, ch. 4-6, 8, 15-16; Cambridge Modern History, 
VII, 317-322; Foster, Century of American Dii)Iomacy, ch. 5; 
Hildrcth, IV, 132-137, 411-442, 486-492, 539-615, 645-682, V, 
46-96, ch. 11; Johnston, I, 131-180; McMaster, I, 89-141, 188, 
212-280, ch. 10; Schouler, I, 259-289, 304-340, 358-368, 385-403, 
469; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 11; von Hol.st, I, 112-137; Wilson, 
III, 129-152. 

6. Hildreth, IV, 381-382, 685-691, V, 25-35; McMaster, II, 
85-88, 289-307. 

7. Bassett, ch. 14-19; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 322; 
Hildreth, V, ch. 12, 13, and pp. 319-321; Johnston, I, 181-202; 
McMaster, II, 374-495; Powell, Nullification and Secession, ch, 
2; Schouler, I, 397-446; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 12-13; Von Hoist, 
I, 138-168; Warfield, Kentucky Resolutions; Wilson, III, 152- 
158. 

8. Bassett, cb. 19; Hildreth, V, ch. 15; McMaster, II, 497- 
537; Schouler, I, 472-510; Sparks, U. S., I, cb. 14; Von Hoist, 
I, 168-176; Wilson, III, 158-172. 

Source References. — American History I,eaflets, 15; Cal- 
lender, Economic Historv, cb. 6; Caldwell and Persinger, 285- 
.307; Hart, Source Book", 181-196; Hart, Contemporaries, III, 
cb. 13-15; Hill, Liberty Document.s, ch. 17; Johnston, Ameri- 
can Orations, I, 75-146; MacDonald, Source Book, 233-278; 
MacDonald, Documents, 46-160; Maclav, Journal; Old South 
Leaflets, 4, 10, 74, 103; Preston, Documents, 277-299. 

Biography. — Lives of Washington, Jefferson, Hamilton, John 
Adams, Madison, Monroe. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

The extracts following show the provisions of the Federalist 
measures which led to wide-spread opposition to the party. 
This opposition found expression in tlie resolutions of the 
Virginia and Kentucky legislatures; the former written by 
Madison, the latter by Jefferson. 

Alien Act, June 25, 1798. 

Section 1. Be it enacted . . . That it shall be law- 
ful for the President of the United States at any time 
during the continuance of this act, to order all such aliens 
as he shall judge dangerous to the peace and safety of 
the United States, or shall have reasonable grounds to 
suspect are concerned in any treasonable or secret 
machinations against the government thereof, to depart 
out of the territory of the United States. . . . And in 
case any alien, so ordered to depart, shall be found at 
large within the United States after the time limited in 
such order for his departure, and not having obtained a 
license from the President to reside therein, or having 
obtained such license shall not have conformed thereto, 
every such alien shall, on conviction thereof, be im- 
prisoned for a term not exceeding three years, and shall 
never after be admitted to become a citizen of the United 
States. ... 

Sec. 2. And he it further enacted. That it shall be 
lawful for the President of the United States, whenever 
he may deem it necessary for the public safety, to order 
to be removed out of the territory thereof, any alien who 
may or shall be in prison in pursuance of this act; and 
to cause to be arrested and sent out of the United States 
such of those aliens as shall have been ordered to depart 
therefrom and shall not have obtained a license as afore- 
said, in all cases where, in the opinion of the President, 

(Continued on Page 4.) 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE - STUDY.-Continued. 

the public safety requires a speedy removal. And if any 
alien so removed or sent out of tlie United States by 
the President shall voluntarily return thereto, unless by 
permission of the President of the United States, such 
alien on conviction thereof, sliall be imprisoned so long 
as, in the opinion of the President, the public safety 
may require. . . .- — United States Statutes at Large, I, 
570-571. 

SEDITION ACT, JULY 14, 1798. 

Section 1. Be it enacted . . . That if any persons 
shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent 
to oppose any measure or measures of the government of 
the United States, which are or shall be directed by 
proper authority, or to impede the operation of any law 
of the United States, or to intimidate or prevent any 
person holding a place or office in or under the govern- 
ment of the United States, from undertaking, perform- 
ing or executing his trust or duty; ... he or they shall 
be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on convic- 
tion, before any court of the United States having juris- 
diction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding 
five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term 
not less than six months nor exceeding five years. . . . 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That if any per- 
son shall write, print, utter or publish, . . . any false, 
scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the 
government of the United States, or either house of the 
Congress of the United States, or the President of the 
United States, with intent to defame the said government, 
or either house of the said Congress, or the said Presi- 
dent, or to bring them, or either of them, into contempt 
or disrepute; or to excite against them, or either or any 
of them, the hatred of the good people of the United 
States, or to stir up sedition within the United States, or 
to excite any unlawful combinations therein, for opposing 
or resisting any law of the United States, or any act of 
the President of the United States, done in pursuance of 
any such law, or of the powers in him vested by the con- 
stitution of the United States, or to resist, oppose, or 
defeat any such law, or act, or to aid, encourage or abet 
anj' hostile designs of any foreign nation against the 
United States, their people or government, then such 
person, being thereof convicted before any court of the 
United States having jurisdiction thereof, shall be pun- 
ished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and 
by imprisonment not exceeding two years. . . . — United 
States Statutes at Large, I, 596-597. 

Kentucky Resolutions, November 16, 1798. 
1. Resolved, that the several states composing the 
United States of America, are not united on the principle 
of unlimited submission to their general government; but 
that, by compact, under the style and title of a Constitu- 
tion for the United States, and of amendments thereto, 
they constituted a general government for special pur- 
poses, delegated to that government certain definite pow- 
ers, reserving, each state to itself, the residuary mass of 
right to their own self-government; and that whenso- 
ever the general government assumes undelegated powers, 
its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force: That 
to this compact each state acceded as a state, and is an 
integral party, its co-states forming, as to itself, the other 
part}': that this government, created by this compact, was 
not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of 
the powers delegated to itself, since that would have made 
its discretion, and not the Constitution, the measure of 
its powers; but that as in all other cases of compact 
among parties having no common judge, each party has 



ail equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions 
as of the mode and measure of redress. 

2. Resolved, that tlie Constitution of the United States 
having delegated to Congress a power to punish treason, 
counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the 
United States, piracies and felonies committed on the 
high seas, and offences against the laws of nations, and 
no other crimes whatever; . . . therefore, also, the same 
act of Congress passed on the 14th day of July, 1798, 
... as also the act passed by them on the 27th day 
of June, 1798, . . . are altogether void and of no 
force. . . . 

9. Resolved, lastly, . . . that, therefore, this common- 
wealth is determined, as it doubts not its co-states are, 
tamely to submit to undelegated and consequently 
unlimited powers in no man, or body .of men on earth ; 
that if the acts before specified should stand, these con- 
clusions would flow from them — that the general gov- 
ernment may place any act they think proper on the 
list of crimes and jiunish it themselves, whether enumer- 
ated or not enumerated by the Constitution as cognizable 
by them: that they may transfer its cognizance to the 
President, or any other person, who may himself be 
the accuser, counsel, judge, and jury, whose suspicions 
may be the evidence, his order the sentence, his officer 
the executioner, and his breast the sole record of the 
transaction : that a very numerous and valuable descrip- 
tion of the inhabitants of these states being by this pre- 
cedent, reduced, as outlaws, to the absolute dominion of 
one man, and the barrier of the Constitution thus swept 
away from us all, no rampart now remains against the 
passions and the powers of a majoritj' of Congress, to 
protect from a like exportation or other more grievous 
punishment the minority of tlie same body, the legisla- 
tures, judges, governors, and counselors of the states, nor 
their other peaceable inhabitants, who may venture to re- 
claim the constitutional riglits and liberties of the states 
and people, or wlio for otlier causes, good or bad, maj' be 
obnoxious to the views, or marked by the suspicions, of 
the President, or be tliought dangerous to his or their 
elections, or otlier interests, jniblic or personal ; that the 
friendless alien has indeed been selected as the safest 
subject of a first experiment; but the citizen will soon 
follow, or rather has already followed ; for, already has a 
sedition act marked him as its prey: That these and suc- 
cessive acts of tlie same character, unless arrested on the 
threshold, may tend to drive these states into revolution 
and blood, and will furnish new calumnies against re- 
publican governments, and new pretexts for those who 
wish it to be believed, that man cannot be governed but 
by a rod of iron: that it would be a dangerous delusion 
were a confidence in the men of our choice to silence our 
fears for the safety of our rights ; that confidence is 
ever^'where the parent of despotism : free government is 
founded in jealousy and not in confidence; . . . 

In questions of power then let no more be heard of 
confidence in man, but bind him down from mischief by 
the claims of the Constitution. That this Commonwealth 
does therefore call on its co-states for an expression of 
their sentiments on tlie acts concerning aliens, and for 
the punishment of certain crimes herein before specified, 
plainly declaring whether these acts are or are not au- 
thorized by the Federal Compact. And it doubts not 
that . . . the co-states, recurring to their natural right 
not made federal, will concur in declaring these [acts] 
void and of no force, and will each unite with this com- 
monwealth in requesting their repeal at the next session 
of Congress.- — Elliot, Debates . . . on the Federal Con- 
stitution, IV, 540-544. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 18. Jeffersonian Democracy, 1801-1812. 

Except the Louisiana Purchase (Topic U 19.) 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Public experience and character of Jefferson. 
~. His political theories as given in inaugural address — 
"wise and frugal government." 

3. Policy of retrenchment and reduction of taxes and of 

debt. 

a) Policy a success because of period of peace and 

prosperity. 

b) Retrenchment — army and navy reduced ; navy 

j'ards sold; vessels tied up; foreign minis- 
ters recalled ; expensive court system abol- 
ished ; many officials discharged. 

c) Unpopular direct taxes and excises repealed. 

d) Debt rapidly reduced owing to reduced expenses 

and to large income from tariflf. 

4. Civil Service and Judiciary. 

a) Office holders reduced in numbers; and many Re- 

publicans put in. 

b) Recent judiciary acts repealed. 

c) Attacks on judges; impeachments of Judges 

Pickering and Chase. 

5. Democratic Spirit. 

a) Repeal of Naturalization Act. 

b) Informal methods in relations to Congress and 

foreign governments ; written messages. 

c) Life in Washington, 1801-1805; Contrast with 

official life in Philadelphia. 

6. Barbary Wars — causes ; results. 

7. Struggle for Rights of Neutrals. 

a) Internecine character of European struggle. 

b) Position of American commerce: down to 1806 

very prosperous, carrying goods to bellige- 
rents and their colonies. 

8. Commercial Warfare of France and England. 

a) Continental system of Napoleon. 

b) Berlin decree. 

c) English orders in Council. 

d) Milan decree. 

J). Relations with France. 

a) Attempt to force the United States into war with 

England. 

b) Seizure of American vessels under false pre- 

tences. 
10. Relations with England. 

a) Maritime rights. 

1) Impressment of sailors. 

Note: question of expatriation. 

2) Search of American vessels. 

Note : warranted by international law ? 

5) Enemy's goods can be seized in neutral 

vessels. 
Note: United States contended "free 
ships make free goods." 
■4) Rule of 1756. Note "continuous" and 
"broken voyage." 

3) Admiralty decisions confiscating American 

vessels. 

6) Paper blockades. 

b) Other causes of dispute. 

1) Expiration of commercial provisions of 

Jay treaty and impossibility of get- 
ting satisfactory new treaty (1806). 

2) Violations of American hospitality by En- 

glish naval vessels. 

3) Chesaneakc and Leopard, 1807. 

4) Indiscretions of English ministers to the 

United States: Erskine, Jackson. 



5) Henry letters, showing desire to aliiii.ite 

New England. 

6) Tampering with Indians. 

7) Refusal to repeal orders in council. 

8) President and Little Belt. 

11. American Retaliatory Measures. 

a) Non-importation act, 1806. 

b) Embargo, 1807. 

c) Non-intercourse act, 1809. 

d) Macon Bills, 1810. 

e) Failure of tliese measures to win respect eitlier 

from England or France. 

f) Great injur}' to American commerce. 

g) Fostered dissatisfaction in New England. 

12. Change in Political Control. 

a) Congressional election of 1810. Large gains of 

Young Republicans, favoring war with 
England. 

b) Henry Clay leader in session of Congress open- 

ing in December, 1811. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks. — Adam.s & Trent, -211-2-27; Ashley, 217-266; Chan- 
ning, 295-331; Hart, 261-280; James & Sanford, 241-258; John- 
ston-MacDonaki, 210-221; McLaughlin, 260-280; McMaster, 216- 
231; Montgomery, 191-200; Muzzey, 205-218. 

For Collateral Reading. Bogart, Economic History, 104-109; 
Dewey, Financial History, 118-128; Elson, V. S.", 376-41.'$; 
Hart, Formation of Union, 176-205; Sparks, Men Who Made 
the Nation, ch. 7; Stanwood, History of Presidency, ch. 6, 7; 
Walker, Making of the Nation, ch. 9-11. 

For Topical Study.— 

1. Channing, Jeffersonian System, ch. 1 ; John.ston, Ameri- 
can Political History, I, 237-252; Sparks, U. S., I, 263-269. 

2. Adams, U. S., I, ch. 7; Channing, ch. I; Hildreth, V, 
419-421; McMa.ster, U. S., II, 533-535; Schouler, II, 1-16; 
Von Hoist, U. S., I, 177-182; Wilson, American People, III, 
173-177. 

3. Adams, I, ch. 8, 9, 10; HI, ch. 1; Channing, ch. 2; 
Schouler, II, 22-34; Sparks, U. S., I, 270-371; Wilson, III, 
176-180. 

4. Adams, I, ch. 11, 12; II, ch. 7, 10; Channing, ch. 9; Hil- 
dreth, V, 426-448, 509-515; Johnston, I, 270-287; McMaster, 
II, 583-587, 607-611; Schouler, II, 6-12, 25-27; Sparks, U. S., 

I, 271-276. 

5. Hildreth, V, 451-465; Schouler, II, 90-97. 

6. Adam.s, I, 243-246; II, 425-437; Channing, ch. 3; Hildreth, 
V, 448, 482-484; McMaster, 588-602; 111, 162-199; Schouler, 

II, 75-78, 104-106. 

7. Adams, IV, ch. 5; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 323- 
331; Channing, ch. 13; Hildreth, V, 573-580; Johnston, I, 288- 
304; McMaster, III, 219-275; Schouler, II, 108-123. 

8. Wilson, III, 188-193. 

9. Adams, III, ch. 17-18; V, ch. 2, 7, 11, 16, 18; Channing. 
ch. 15; Hildreth, V, 646-650; VI, 31-35; Schouler, II, 335-345. 

10. Adams, III, ch. 16; IV, ch. 1-4; V, ch. 3-6; VI, ch. 2; 
Channing, ch. 15; Hildreth, V, 534-539, 563-565, 674-685, VI, 
165-176, 183-192, 214-222; Schouler, II, 310-332. 

11. Adams, IV, ch. 7, 11, 14-19; Cambridge Modern History, 
VII, 331-334; Channing, ch. 16-19; Hildreth, VI, 36-79, 84-138, 
180; McMaster, HI, ch. 19-20; Schouler, 11, 178-220; Sparks, 
V. S., I, 301-310; Von Hoist, I, 200-226; Wilson, HI, 192- 
199. 

12. Adams, VI, ch. 6-7; Babcock, Rise of American Na- 
tionality, ch. 1, 3-5; Channing, ch. 20; Hildreth, VI, 197-202, 
959, 291-295; McMaster, III, 412-432; Schouler, 11, 353-374; 
Wilson, HI, 200-214. 

13. Channing, ch. 20; Hildreth, VI, 295-298; McMaster, III, 
430-458; Schouler, II, 374-392. 

Source References. — Callender, Economic History, ch. 6; 
Caldwell and Persinger, Source History, 307-326; Hart, Source 
Book, 197-211; Hart, Contemporaries, III, ch. 16-19; Johnston, 
American Orations, I, 147-179, 205-218; MacDonald, Source 
Book, 282-288; MacDonald, Documents, 171-191; Old South 
Leaflets, 104. 

Biography. — Lives of Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Albert 
Gallatin, Henry Clay. 



Copyritht. 1912, HcKinley PubilshiiK Co . Philadelphia. Pa. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE-STUDY. 



JEFFERSON'S 



D(?MESTIC 
POLICY. 



AND FOREIGN 



The first inaugural address of Jefferson is an excellent 
epitome of his political jjrinciples. Expressed in the some- 
what formal English of the eighteenth century statesman, it 
yet embodies his theories of democracy and the relation of the 
government to the citizen. 

The first annual message goes into detail as to the means 
to simplify government, to reduce expenses and consequently 
taxation, and to return to the states tlieir principal share in 
the government of the country. 

The embargo and non-intercourse acts illustrate the Jeffer- 
sonian policy toward the warring European states, a policy 
which injured our own country and its trade more than it did 
the European combatants. 

Jefferson's In.^ugural Address, March 4, 1801. 

During the contest of opinion through which we have 
passed the animation of discussions and of exertions has 
sometimes worn an aspect which might impose on 
strangers unused to think freely and to speak and to 
write what they think; but this being now decided by 
the voice of the nation, announced according to the rules 
of the Constitution, all will, of course, arrange them- 
selves under the will of the law, and unite in common 
efforts for the common good. All, too, will bear in mind 
this sacred principle, that though the will of the ma- 
jority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be right- 
ful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their 
equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to vio- 
late would be oppression. Let us, then, fellow-citizens, 
unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to 
social intercourse that harmony and affection without 
which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. 
And let us reflect that, having banished from our land 
that religious intolerance under which mankind so long 
bled and suffered, we have yet gained little if we coun- 
tenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and 
capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. During 
the throes and convulsions of the ancient world, during 
the agonizing spasms of infuriated man, seeking through 
blood and slaughter his long-lost liberty, it was not won- 
derful that the agitation of the billows should reach 
even this distant and peaceful shore ; that tliis should be 
more felt and feared by some and less by others, and 
should divide opinions as to measures of safety. But 
every difference of opinion is not a difference of princi- 
ple. We have called by different names brethren of the 
same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all 
Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish 
to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, 
let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety 
with which error of opinion may be tolerated where 
reason is left free to combate it. I know, indeed, that 
some honest men fear that a republican government can- 
not be strong, that this Government is not strong enough ; 
but would the honest patriot, in the full tide of success- 
ful experiment, abandon a government which has so far 
kept us free and firm on the theoretic and visionary fear 
that this Government, the world's best hope, may by 
possibility want energy to preserve itself? I trust not. 
I believe this, on the contrary, the strongest Government 
on earth. I believe it the only one where every man, at 
the call of the law, would fly to the standard of the law, 
and would meet invasions of the public order as his own 
personal concern. Sometimes it is said that man can not 
be trusted with the government of himself. Can he, then, 
be trusted with the government of others ? Or have we 
found angels in the forms of kings to govern him? Let 
history answer this question. 

Let us, then, with courage and confidence pursue our 
own Federal and Republican principles, our attachment 



to union and representative government. Kindly sepa- 
rated by nature and a wide ocean from the exterminat- 
ing havoc of one quarter of the globe ; too high-minded 
to endure the degradations of the others ; possessing a 
chosen country, with room enough for our descendants 
to the thousandth and thousandth generation ; entertain- 
ing a due sense of our equal right to the use of our own 
faculties, to the acquisitions of our own industrj', to honor 
and confidence from our fellow-citizens, resulting not 
from birth, but from our actions and their sense of them ; 
enlightened by a benign religion, professed, indeed, 
and practiced in various forms, yet all of them inculcat- 
ing honesty, truth, temperance, gratitude, and the love 
of man ; acknowledging and adoring an overruling Provi- 
dence, which by all its dispensations proves that it de- 
lights in the happiness of man here and his greater happi- 
ness hereafter — with all these blessings, what more is 
necessary to make us a happy and prosperous people? 
Still one thing more, fellow-citizens — a wise and frugal 
Government, which shall restrain men from injuring one 
another, shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their 
own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall 
not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned. 
This is the sum of good government, and this is necessary 
to close the circle of our felicities. . . . — Richardson, 
Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897 , Vol. 
I, pp. 322-323. 

Jefferson's First Annual Message, December 8, 1801. 

. . . weighing all probabilities of expense as well as of 
income, there is reasonable ground of confidence that we 
maj' now safely dispense with all the internal taxes, com- 
prehending excise, stamps, auctions, licenses, carriages, 
and refined sugars, to which the postage on newspapers 
may be added to facilitate the progress of information, 
and that the remaining sources of revenue will be suffi- 
cient to provide for the support of Government, to pay 
the interest of the public debts, and to discharge the 
principals within shorter periods than the laws or the 
general expectation had contemplated. War, indeed, and 
untoward events may change this prospect of things and 
call for expenses which the imposts could not meet; but 
sound principles will not justify our taxing the industry 
of our fellow-citizens to accumulate treasure for wars 
to happen we know not when, and which might not, per- 
haps, happen but from the temptations offered by that 
treasure. 

These views, however, of reducing our burthens are 
formed on the expectation that a sensible and at the same 
time salutary reduction may take place in our habitual 
expenditures. For this purpose those of the civil Gov- 
ernment, the Army, and Navy will need revisal. 

When we consider that this Government is charged 
with the external and mutual relations only of these 
States; that the States themselves have principle care 
of our persons, our property, and our reputation, con- 
stituting the great field of human concerns, we may well 
doubt whether our organization is not too complicated, 
too expensive; ... I will cause to be laid before you 
an essay toward a statement of those who, under public 
employment of various kinds, draw money from the 
Treasury or from our citizens. Time has not permitted 
a perfect enumeration, the ramifications of oflSce being 
too multiplied and remote to be completely traced in a 
first trial. . . . 

But the great mass of public offices is established by 
law, and thereby by law alone can be abolished. Should 
the Legislature think it expedient to pass this roll in 
review and try all its parts by the test of public utility, 
they may be assured of every aid and light which Execu- 

(Continued on Page 4.) 







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McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE - STUD Y— Continued. 

tive information can yield. Considering the general 
tendenc_v to multijjly offices and dependencies and to in- 
crease expense to the ultimate term of burthen which 
the citizen can bear, it behooves us to avail ourselves of 
every occasion which presents itself for taking off the 
surcharge, that it never may be seen here that after 
leaving to labor the smallest portion of its earnings on 
which it can subsist. Government shall itself consume the 
whole residue of what it was constituted to guard. — 
Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 
1789-1897, Vol. I, pp. 327-329. 

Embargo Act, December 22, 1807. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives of the United States of America in Congress as- 
sembled, That an embargo be, and hereby is laid on all 
ships and vessels in the ports and places within the limits 
or jurisdiction of the United States, cleared or not 
cleared, bound to any foreign port or place; and that no 
clearance be furnished to any ship or vessel bound to 
such foreign port or place, except vessels under the 
immediate direction of the President of the United 
States: and that the President be authorized to give such 
instructions to the officers of the revenue, and of the navy 
and revenue cutters of the United States, as shall .ppear 
best adapted for carrying the same into full effect: Pro- 
vided, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to 
prevent the departure of any foreign ship or vessel, 
either in ballast, or with the goods, wares and merchan- 
dise on board of such foreign ship or vessel, when noti- 
fied of this act. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That during the 
continuance of this act, no registered, or sea letter ves- 
sel, having on board goods, wares and merchandise, shall 
be allowed to depart from one port of the United States to 
any other within the same, unless the master, owner, con- 
signee or factor of such vessel shall first give bond, with 
one or more sureties to the collector of the district from 
which she is bound to depart, in a sum of double the value 
of the vessel and cargo, that the said goods, wares, or 
merchandise shall be relanded in some port of the United 
States, dangers of the seas excepted, which bond, and 
also a certificate from the collector where the same may 
be relanded, shall by the collector respectively be trans- 
mitted to the Secretary of the Treasury. All armed ves- 
sels possessing public commissions from any foreign 
power, are not to be considered as liable to the embargo 
laid by this act. — Statutes at Large of U. S., II, 451- 
•152. 

Non-Intercourse Act, March 1, 1809. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Represen- 
tatives of the United States of America in Congress as- 
sembled. That from and after the passing of this act, 
the entrance of the harbors and waters of the United 
States and of the territories thereof, be, and the same 
is hereby interdicted to all public ships and vessels be- 
longing to Great Britain or France, excepting vessels 
only which may be forced in bj* distress, or which are 
charged with despatches or business from the govern- 
ment to which they belong, and also packets having no 
cargo nor merchandise on board. And if any public ship 
or vessel as aforesaid, not being included in the excep- 
tion above mentioned, shall enter any harbor or waters 
within the jurisdiction of the United States, or of the 
territories thereof, it shall be lawful for the President 
of the United States, or such other person as he shall 
have empowered for that purpose, to employ such part 
of the land and naval forces, or of the militia of the 
United States, or the territories thereof, as he shall deem 
necessary, to compel such ship or vessel to depart. 
Sec. 3. And be it further enacted. That from and 



after the twentieth day of May next, the entrance of 
the harbors and waters of the United States and the 
territories thereof be, and the same is hereby interdicted 
to all ships or vessels sailing under the flag of Great 
Britain or France, or owned in whole or in part by any 
citizen or subject of either; vessels hired, chartered or 
employed by the government of either country, for the 
sole purpose of carrying letters or despatches, and also 
vessels forced in by distress or by the dangers of the 
sea, only excepted. And if any ship or vessel sailing 
under the flag of Great Britain or I'rance, or owned in 
whole or in part by any citizen or subject of either, 
and not excepted as aforesaid, shall after the said twen- 
tieth day of Maj' next, arrive either with or without a 
cargo, within the limits of the United States, or of the 
territories thereof, such ship or vessel together with the 
cargo, if any, which may be found on board, shall be 
forfeited. . . . 

Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That from and 
after the twentieth day of May next, it shall not be law- 
ful to import into the United States or the territories 
thereof, any goods, wares or merchandise whatever, from 
any port or place situated in Great Britain or Ireland, 
or in any of the colonies or dependencies of Great Brit- 
ain, nor from any port or place situated in France, or 
in any of her colonies or dependencies, nor from any 
port or place in the actual possession of either Great 
Britain or France. Nor shall it be lawful to import into 
the United States, or the territories thereof, from any 
foreign port or place whatever, any goods, wares or mer- 
chandise whatever, being of the growth, produce or 
manufacture of France, or of any of her colonies or de- 
pendencies, or being of the growth, produce or manu- 
facture of Great Britain or Ireland, or of any of the 
colonies or dependencies of Great Britain, or being of 
the growth, produce or manufacture of any place or 
country in the actual possession of either France or Great 
Britain: . . . 

Sec. 6". And be it further enacted, That if any article 
or articles, the importation of which is prohibited by this 
act, shall, after the twentieth of May, be put on board 
of any ship or vessel, boat, raft or carriage, with inten- 
tion to import the same into the United States, or the 
territories thereof, contrarj' to the true intent and mean- 
ing of this act, and with the knowledge of the owner or 
master of such ship or vessel, boat, raft or carriage, such 
ship or vessel, boat, raft or carriage shall be forfeited, 
and the owner and master thereof shall moreover each 
forfeit and pay treble the value of such articles. 

Sec. 11. A7id be it further enacted, That the Presi- 
dent of the United States be, and he hereby is authorized, 
in case either France or Great Britain shall so revoke or 
modify her edicts, as that they shall cease to violate the 
neutral commerce of the United States, to declare the 
same by proclamation; after which the trade of the 
United States, suspended by this act, and by the act 
laying an embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports 
and harbors of the United States, and the several acts 
supplementary thereto, may be renewed with the nation 
so doing. . . . 

Sec 12. And be it further enacted. That so much of 
the act laying an embargo on all ships and vessels in the 
ports and harbors of the United States, and of the sev- 
eral acts supplementary thereto, as forbids the departure 
of vessels owned by citizens of tlie United States, and the 
exportation of domestic and foreign merchandise to any 
foreign port or place, be and the same is hereby repealed, 
after the fifteenth day of March, one thousand eight hun- 
dred and nine, except so far as they relate to Great Brit- 
ain or France, or their colonies or dependencies, or places 
in the actual possession of either. . . . — Statutes at 
Large of U. S., II, 528-53.^. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 19. Louisiana Purchase and the West, 1789-1812. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

Review : 

a) Settlement of Kentucky and Tennessee. 

b) Cession of western lands to tlie United States. 

c) Ordinance of 1787. 

d) Attitude toward slavery northwest and soutii- 

west of the Oiiio. 
Migration to the Northwest, 1788-1802. 
Transportation (sec also To])ic No. 2(i). 

a) Lines of travel to the west. 

b) Modes of traiisj)ortation: foot, wagon, boats of 

the day. 

c) Beginnings of the steamboat. 

d) Early settlements; influence of New England; 

revolutionary soldiers; Virginia settlers; 
Georgia and Carolina settlers in the south- 
west. 
Settlement of Indian claims. Defeat of St. Clair; 
Wayne's victorj- ; treaty of Greenville, 17!);"); re- 
lations of Georgia to the Indians. 
New States admitted. (Vermont, 1791); Kentucky, 

1792; Tcnnes.see, 179(5; Ohio, 1802. 
Colonial History of Louisiana: Under French; under 

Spaniards. 
Restlessness in the West: Irritation at Spaniards; 

Blount's Conspiracy; Burr's Conspiracy. 
Purchase of Louisiana. 

a) Transfer by Spain to France. 

b) Jefferson's alarm and attempts to purchase part 

of Gulf Coast. 

c) Reasons for Napoleon's willingness to sell. 

d) Terms of treaty of 1803: 

1 ) Financial consideration. 

2) Boundaries: indefinite. 

.')) Rights guaranteed to inhabitants of ceded 
territory. 

e) Discussion in Congress over: 

1 ) Appropriation. 

2) Constitutional right to purchase lands. 

3) Moral right to erect new states in west and 

thus outweigh the east (New Eng- 
land). 
Exploration of the New Territory. 

a) Ignorance of territory. 

b) Journey of Lewis and Clarke. 

c) Journey of Pike. 
The Oregon Country. 

a) Captain Gray and the Columbia. 

b) Lewis and Clarke. 

c) Hudson Bay Conlpan^^ 

d) John Jacob Astor — Astoria. 

e) Incidents in War of 1812. 
Controversy over West Florida. 
Indian Boundary pushed back. 

a) Harrison and Tippecanoe. 
New States: Louisiana, 1812; Indiana, 1816. 
Forms of Territorial Government. Following lines 
laid down in the Ordinance of 1787 (see source ex- 
tract in Topic No. 16). 
Life in the West, 1788-181;). 
a) The backwoodsman: 

1) His character and part played in history 

of the United States. 

2) His camp or cabin. 

3) Clearing the land. 



4) His means of earning a living: liunting, 
fishing, primitive agriculture. 

b) (irowth of communities; Early western towns — ■ 

Marietta, Cincinnati, Pittsburg. 

c) Growth of institutions : 

1) The public school — provision made by the 

United States for. 

2) Local government — copied after the states 

from which the settlers came ; New 
England and Middle States influence 
in the nortiiwest; southern influence 
in southwest. 

3) Territorial government by action of con- 

gress ; popular features. 

4) Religion and churclies, 
.'>) Social customs. 

d) Contact with outside world: 

1 ) Across the Alleghanies. 

2) Down the Mississippi. 

1 6. Influence of the Frontier in American Life. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks. — Adams & Trent, :316-i?18; Ashley, ;J19-2:21, 252- 
257; Channing, 219-22T, 315-318; Hart, 191-19{), :.'.'7, 265-270; 
.lames & Sanford, 185-190, 244-2+9; Johnston-.MacDoiiald, 173- 
176, 201, 214-216; McLaughlin, 3l9-iJ2, 261-264, 269-271, 278; 
McMaster, 159-162, 190-194, 218-221, 241-246; .Monteomerv, 
172, 183, 193-198; Muzzey, 161, 165, 207-211. 

For Collateral Reading.— Bogart, Economic Historv, 109-114. 
170-175; Conian, Industrial Historv, 123-131, 156-174; Elson, 
U. S., 383-388; Hart, Formation of Union, 185-191; Walker, 
Making of the Nation, 177-18C. 

For Topical Study. — 

2. McMaster, U. S., Ill, 112-142. 

3. McMaster, I, 434-435, III. 486-495; Selioiiler, V. S., II, 
295-298, 306-308. 

4. McMaster, III, 118-120. 

6. Adams, U. S., I, ch. 13-17; Channing, Jeffersonian Sys- 
tem, ch. 4; Schouler, 11, 40-46; Thwaites. France in .\raerica, 
ch. 18. 

7. Adams. Ill, ch. 10-14, 19; Hildreth, U. S., V, 594-626; 
McMaster, HI, 49-88; Sparks, Expansion, ch. IS; Sparks, U. S., 

I, 283-288. 

8. Adams, H, ch. 1-6; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 
324-326; Channing, ch. 5; Hart, Foundations of .American 
Foreign Policy, ch. 6; Hildreth, V, 468-470, 478-499; Johnston, 
American Political Historv, I, 253-269; McMaster, II, 620- 
631, III, 1-30; Roosevelt, Winning of West, IV. ch. 6; Schouler, 

II, 46-59; Sparks, Expansion, ch. 17; Spark.s, U. S., I, 283- 
299; Von Hoist, I, 183-199; Wilson, American People, III, 
180-188. 

9. Channing, ch. 7; McMaster, II, 631-6.34, III, 142-145. 

10. McMaster, II, 634-635. 

11. .\dams, III, ch. 5-6; Bahcock, Rise of American Na- 
tionality, ch. 2; Channing, ch. 10; McMaster, III, 31-41, 209- 
215; Powell, Nullification and Secession, ch. 3, 5; Schouler, II, 
345-349; Sparks, Expansion, ch. 18. 

12. Adams, IV, ch. 4-5; Bahcock, ch. 2; McMaster, III, 
528-540; Schouler, II, 81-86. 

13. Bahcock, cli. 2. 

14. Channing, ch. 6; Sparks, Ex|>ansion, cli. 19; Willoughhy. 
Territories and Dependencies. 

15. Bruce, Daniel Boone, McMaster, III, 469-48C; Schouler, 
II, 270-280; Sparks, Expansion, ch. 12-13. 

Source References. — Callender, Economic Historv, ch. 12; 
Caldwell and Persinger, 310-316; Hart, Source Book, 200-202; 
Hart, Contemporaries, III, ch. 5, 17; Johnston, American Ora- 
tions, I, 180-204; MacDonald, Source Book, 279-282; Mac- 
Donald Documents, 160-171; Old South Leaflets, 40, 44, 105, 
128, 131, 163, 174; Trail .Makers' Series, Expedition of I.ewis 
and Clarke. 

Biography. — Lives of Jefferson, Lewis and Clarke, .Varon 
Burr, Andrew Jackson, William Henrv Harrison. 



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McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE-STUDY. 

The first extract bt-low is from a letter of President Jeffer- 
son, to Robert K. Livingston, on April IH, ISOU; it shows 
Jefferson's alarm over the French acquisition of Louisiana. 
The second selection comprises extracts from the treaty of 
cession, of April 30, 1803. The money consideration does not 
appear in this treaty, but is arranged for in a separate con- 
vention. 

The cession of Louisiana and the Floridas by Spain 
to France works most sorelj' on the U. S. On this sub- 
ject the Secretary of State has written to you fully. 
Yet I cannot forbear recurring to it personally, so deep 
is the impression it makes in my mind. It completely 
reverses all the political relations of the U. S. and will 
form a new epoch in our political course. Of all nations 
of any consideration France is the one which hitherto 
has offered the fewest points on which we could have 
anj' conflict of right, and the most points of a com- 
munion of interests. From these causes we have ever 
looked to her as our natural friend, as one with which 
we never could have an occasion of difference. Her 
growth therefore we viewed as our own, her misfortunes 
ours. There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor 
of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New 
Orleans, through which the produce of three-eighths of 
our territory must pass to market, and from its fertility 
it will ere long yield more than half of our whole pro- 
duce and contain more than half our inhabitants. France 
placing herself in that door assumes to us the attitude 
of defiance. Spain might have retained it quietly for 
years. . . . Not so can it ever be in the hands of 
France. The impetuositj' of her temper, the energy and 
restlessness of her character, placed in a point of eternal 
friction with us, and our character, which though quiet, 
and loving peace and the pursuit of wealth, is high- 
minded, despising wealth in competition with insult or 
injury, enterprising and energetic as any nation on earth, 
these circumstances render it impossible that France and 
the U. S. can continue long friends when they meet in 
so irritable a position. They as well as we must be 
blind if thej' do not see this; and we must be very im- 
provident if we do not begin to make arrangements on 
that hypothesis. The day that France takes possession 
of N. Orleans fixes the sentence which is to restrain her 
forever within her low water mark. It seals the union 
of two nations who in conjunction can maintain exclu- 
sive possession of the ocean. From that moment we must 
marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation. We must 
turn all our attentions to a maritime force, for which 
our resources place us on very high grounds ; and having 
formed and cemented together a power which may render 
reinforcement of her settlements here impossible to 
France, make the first cannon, which shall be fired in Eu- 
rope the signal for tearing up any settlement she may 
have made, and for holding the two continents of America 
in sequestration for the common pur])oses of the united 
British and American nations. This is not a state of 
things we seek or desire. It is one which this measure, 
if adopted by France, forces on us, as necessarily as any 
other cause, by the laws of nature, brings on its necessary 
effect. — The Jf'orks of Thomas Jefferson (ed. by P. L. 
Ford), Vol. IX, pp. S6-i-366. 

Article I 
. . . And whereas in pursuance of the Treaty [of 
France with Spain] and particularly of the third article 
the French Republic has an incontestible title to the do- 
main and to the possession of the said Territory — The 
First Consul of the French Republic desiring to give to 



the United States a strong proof of his friendship doth 
hereby cede to the said United States in the name of the 
French Republic forever and in full sovereignty the said 
territory with all its rights and appurtenances as fully 
and in the same manner as they have been acquired by 
the French Republic in virtue of the above mentioned 
Treaty concluded with his Catholic Majesty. 

Art: 11 
In the cession made by the preceding article are in- 
cluded the adjacent islands belonging to Louisiana all 
public lots and squares, vacant lands and all public 
buildings, fortifications, barracks and other edifices which 
are not private property. The Archives, papers and 
documents relative to the domain and sovereignty of 
Louisiana and its dependencies will be left in the posses- 
sion of the Commissaries of the United States, and copies 
will be afterwards given in due form to the Magistrates 
and Municipal officers of such of the said papers and 
documents as may be necessary to them. 

Art: III 
The inhabitants of the ceded territorj' shall be incor- 
porated in the LTnion of the United States and admitted 
as soon as possible according to the principles of the 
Federal Constitution to the enjoyment of all the rights, 
advantages and immunities of citizens of the United 
States ; and in the mean time shall be maintained and 
protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property 
and the Religion which they profess. 

Art: IV 

There shall be sent by the Government of France a 
Commissary to Louisiana to the end that he do every act 
necessary as well to receive from the Officers of his 
Catholic Majesty the said country and its dependencies 
in the name of the French Republic if it lias not been 
already done as to transmit it in the name of the French 
Republic to the Commissary or agent of the United 
States. . . , 

Art: VI 

The United States promise to execute such treaties and 
articles as may have been agreed between Spain and the 
tribes and nations of Indians until by mutual consent 
of the United States and the said tribes or nations other 
suitable articles shall have been agreed upon — 

Art: VII 
As it is reciprocally advantageous to the commerce 
of France and the L'liited States to encourage the commu- 
nication of both nations for a limited time in the country 
ceded by the present treaty until general arrangements 
relative to the commerce of both nations may be agreed 
on ; it has been agreed between the contracting parties 
that the French ships coming directly from France or 
any of her colonies loaded only with the produce and 
manufactures of France or her said Colonies ; and the 
ships of Spain coming directly from Spain or any of 
her colonies loaded only with the produce or manufac- 
tures of Spain or her Colonies shall be admitted during 
the space of twelve years in the Port of New-Orleans 
and in all other legal ports-of-entry within the ceded 
territory in the same manner as the ships of the United 
States coming directly from France or Spain or any of 
their Colonies without being subject to any other or 
greater duty on merchandize or other or greater tonnage 
than that paid by the citizens of the L'nited States. — . . . 
— Treaties, Conventions, etc. (ed. 1910), I, 469-t70. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics tor American History 



Topic U 20. The War of 1812 and Its Results 



J 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC 

1. Review of Causes. 

2. American Unpreparcdncss for War. 

a) Finance — income from customs falling off; diffi- 

culty in raising direct taxes ; national bank 
not rechartered in 1811. 

b) Navy — suffered to decline; very few men-of-war. 

c) Army — small, inexperienced ; State militia prin- 

cipal dependence, but uncertain. 

d) Politics — New England strongly opposed to war. 

3. Hasty preparations, 1812. A number of measures 

passed in spring of 1812 in the hope of getting 
ready for approaching conflict. 

4. Declaration of War, June 18, 1812. 

5. Comparison of Great Britain and the United States. 

a) Location with reference to one anotlier. 

b) Comparison of armies and navies. 

c) Vulnerable points. 

6. Military and Naval Policy of Combatants. 

a) Of the United States: 

1) Attack Canada from Lake Champlain, 

Niagara River and Detroit River. 

2) Injure English commerce by navy and pri- 

vateers. 

b) Of England: 

1 ) Blockade coast. 

2) Attack coast towns. 

3) Invade from Canada. 

4) Attack Southern Mississippi Valley. 

7. American Military Failures, 1812. 

a) At all three points of attack. 

1) Hull's surrender at Detroit. 

b) British conquest of northwest. 

8. American Successes. 

a) Perry's victory of Lake Erie. 

b) Harrison's campaign, reconquest of northwest, 

and invasion of Canada. 

c) Petty successes at Niagara: Capture of York 

(Toronto). 

d) Net result: naval control of Lake Erie; military 

control of Northwest and Upper Canada; 
failure to conquer Canada. 

9. The Year 1814. 

a) Continuation of petty campaigns along Niagara 

frontier. 

b) British invasion defeated at Plattsburgh. 

c) Britisli burning of Washington and attack on 

Baltimore. 

d) Terror in other coast cities. 

e) Great armament sent against New Orleans. 

1 ) Jackson's early victories over Indians in 

South, 1812-1811.. 

2) British use Spanish Florida as base. 

3) Attack on New Orleans: Jackson's vic- 

tory (1815). 

10. Naval Warfare. 

a) Naval duels — Americans usually successful. 

b) Attack by privateers on English commerce. In- 

flicted great injury. 

11. Internal conditions. 

a) Controversies over use of the militia. 

b) Jealousies among army officers. 

c) Inefficiency of cabinet officers. 

d) ^Madison himself not a great administrator. 

e) New England dissatisfied; Hartford Convention, 

1814. 



f) Economic conditions. 

1) Means of transportation. 

2) Home manufactures. 

3) State banks and currency. 

12. Treaty of Ghent, 1814. 

a) Negotiations for. 

b) Terms of treaty. 

c) What subjects ignored. 

d) Why was treaty accepted? 

13. Results of the War. 

a) International — gained respect for the United 

States, and for rights of neutrals. 

b) National: 

1 ) Downfall of Federalists. 

2) Demand for. 

(a) Protective tariff. 

(b) New national bank. 

(c) Internal improvements. 

S) Widened activity of national government 
by adoption of a) and b) above; c) 
not adopted owing to constitutional 
objections. 

4) The Democratic-Republican party forced 

by conditions of time to adopt many 
of old Federalist measures. 

5) Hence the "era of good feeling"; few dif- 

ferences of opinion among statesmen. 

REFERENCES 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 22~-2U; Ashley', 269-379; 
Channing, 335-348; Hart, 277-388; James & Sanford, 359-372; 
Johnston-MacDonald, 323-250; McLaughlin, 380-295; MeMaster, 
233-240; Montgomery. 199-210; Muzzey, 218-230. 

For Collateral Reading. — Bogart, Economic History, p. 142- 
152; Coman, Industrial Historv, p. 177-199 (results); Dewev, 
Financial History, p. 128-143; "Elson, U. S., p. 414-450; Hart, 
Formation, p. 303-223; Taussig, Tariff History, p. 1-G7; Walker, 
Making of the Xation, ch. 12-13. 

For Topical Study. — In General: Cambridge Modern His- 
torv, VII, ch. 10; Johnston, American Political History, I, p. 
303-323. 

1. See references under Topic No. 18. 

2. Wilson, American People, III, p. 214-218. See references 
under Topic Xo. 18. 

3. Adams, U. S., VI. ch. 7-10; Babcock, Rise of American 
Nationality, ch. 4-5; Hildreth, U. S., VI, p. 302-312; Von 
Hoist, U. "S., I, p. 236-336. 

4. Adams, U. S., VI, ch. 11; Babcock, ch. 5. 

7. Adams, U. S., VI, ch. 14-16; Babcock, ch. G; Hildreth, 
V. S., VI, p. 335-363; MeMaster, U. S., HI, p. 556-560. IV, p. 
1-33; Schouler, U. S., II, p. 397-403; Wilson, III, p. 218-330. 

8. Adams, U. S., VII, ch. 4-10; Babcock, ch. 6; Hildreth, 
U. S., VI, p. 393-397; 409-437; MeMaster, U. S., IV, p. 31-69; 
Schouler, U. S., II, p. 423-433. 

9. Adams, U. S., VIII, ch. 2-6, 13-14; Babcock. ch. 6, 8; 
Hildreth, U. S., VI, p. 434-45,3, ch. 38-29; JIcMaster, U. S., 
IV, 131-190; Schouler, U. S., II, p. 446-458; Wilson, III, 220- 
225. 

"lb. Adams, U. S., VI, ch. 17, VII, ch. 11-13, VIII, ch. 7; 
Babcock, ch. 12; Hildreth, U. S., VI, p. 364-400, 430-423; Me- 
Master, U. S., IV, ch. 25; Schouler, U. S., II, p. 402-406, 434- 
438. 

11. Adams, U. S., VI, ch. 18-30. VIII, ch. 9-11, IX, ch. 4-5; 
Babcock, ch. 6-9, 13; Hildreth, V. S., VI, p. 379-391; MeMaster, 
U. S., HI, p. 543-556. IV, ch. 30; Schouler, U. S., II, p. 438- 
442, 458-477; Von Hoist, U. S., I, 237-272. 

12. Adams, U. S., IX, ch. 1-3; Babcock, ch. 10; Hildreth, 
U. S., VI, p. 565-574; MeMaster. V. S., IV, p. 256-270; 
Schouler, U. S., II, p. 443-444, 477-485; Wilson, HI, p. 225-237. 

13. Adams, U. S., IX, ch. 5-8; Babcock, ch. 11-M; Hildreth, 
U. S., VI, ch. 30; MeMaster. U. S., IV, ch. 31; Schouler, U. S., 
p. 493-513; Wilson, HI, p. 237-231. 

Source References. — American History Leaflets, No. 35; 
Caldwell and Persin^rcr, Source History, p. 337-339; Hart, 
Source-Book. p. 212-335; Hart, Contemporaries, HI, ch. 19; 
Johnston, American Orations, I. 205-218; MacDonald, Source- 
Book, p. 288-306; MacDonald, Select Documents, p. 183-213. 



Copyright, 1912, McKinley Publishing Co. , Philadelphia. Pa 



McKinley's Series of Geographical and Historical Outline Maps. No.38 Middle Atlantic Slates. 




Subject- 



Explanation- 



80 Loiiyirodi 



Greenwich It 



Copyright, 1902, The McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 



Map Work for Topic U 20. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for An 



Source-Study for Topic U 20. 



The Capture of Washington, August 2i, 1814. 

The three extracts which follow are drawn from very dis- 
tinct sources and well illustrate the character of material 
which historians must judge and use in the constriiction of their 
narratives. The first is taiven from Niles' Weekly Register, of 
Baltimore, probably the most carefully edited paper of its 
day; its account is sober and relatively accurate. The second 
extract is from the letters of Mrs. Madison, and shows 
vividly the emotions of the president's wife, left without pro- 
tection in the White House. The third account is that of a 
participant untrained to observe carefully the events taking 
place about him. 

... At two o'clock [in the afternoon of August 21, 
1812] the enemy had nearly reached the Baltimore 
volunteers, and opened a Iieavy fire upon them from the 
right and left, as well as in front — the rear was onlj' left 
open to them, and, being unsupported, they were ordered 
to disperse, and shift every one for himself — this was 
about twcnt}- minutes past two. They carried off all their 
artillery (except one piece that was lost by the unruliness 
of the horses) and their arms ; but tlie rout of the militia 
stationed immediately in their rear was disgraceful. 
They generally fled without firing a gun, and threw off 
every incumbrance of their speed !- — Col. Rarjan done all 
that a man could do to rally them, in vain, and was thus 
taken prisoner. It was now that the enemy came within 
reach of Barney and his gallant spirits, who had just 
gained the ground from a station near the navy yard, and 
from his three 18 pounders he opened the hottest, most 
active and destructive fire that, perhaps, ever was seen — 
tlicy fell before him like the grass before the mower's 
scytlie, until they had nearly reached the muzzles of his 
guns. Greater exertion or more determined courage 
could not have been exhibited ; but what could 3 or 400 
men, supported by a few marines only, do against 6000.'' 
The veteran commodore, who has yet all the fire and 
spirit that distinguished him when he captured the Gen- 
eral Monk in the early part of the revolutionary war, fell 
badly wounded, and many of his brave fellows were 
killed — but he yet encouraged his men, and cautioned 
them not to waste their powder, until the last moment 
that it appeared possible for them to escape, when he 
ordered a retreat. . . . The fight being now done — the 
U. S. infantry and cavalry and other troops not having 
engaged, a strange rout and absolute confusion ensued. 
There seemed to be no rallying point given to the men, 
and they generally fled as many ways Jis there were in- 
dividuals of them. A small party of the enemy, with 
admiral Cochburn and gen. Ross, entered the city. The 
male population was chiefly in arms among the fugitives, 
and many of the women and children had left it. — The 
navy yard, with all its shipping and stores, including the 
new frigate and sloop of war, was fired, blown up or 
destroyed by our own people. The capital and presi- 
dent's house, with all the public oflices, except the post 
office (which they thought a private building) with sev- 
eral private buildings were fired by the enemy. . . . 
They otherwise behaved much better than was expected. 
They did not enter Georgetown, and retired in the night 
of the 25th so quietly that even at Bladensburc/ our peo- 
ple, whom they had made prisoners, knew not that their 
guards had gone. . . . — From Niles' Weekly Register, 
Vol. 6, pp. 44.2-444. 

Tuesday, August 23, 1811. 
Dear Sister, . . . [!Mr. Madison writes that] I should be 
ready at a moment's warning to enter my carriage, and 
leave the city; that the enemy seemed stronger than had 
at first been reported, and it might happen that thej' 
would reach the city with the intention of destroying it. 
I am accordingly ready ; I have pressed as many cabinet 



papers into trunks as to fill one carriage; our private 
property must be sacrificed, as it is impossible to pro- 
cure wagons for its transportation. I am determined not 
to go myself until I see Mr. Madison safe. . . . 

Wednesday Morning, twelve o'clock. — Since sunrise I 
have been turning my spy-glass in every direction, and 
watching with unwearied anxiety, hoiiing to discover the 
approach of my dear husband and his friends ; but alas ! 
I can descry only groups of military, wandering in all 
directions, as if there was a lack of arms, or of spirit to 
fight for tlieir own fireside. 

Three o'clock. — Will you believe it, my sister.^ we have 
had a battle or skirmish, near Bladcnsburg, and here I 
am still, within sound of the cannon! Mr. Madison 
comes not. May God protect us ! Two messengers, cov- 
ered with dust, come to bid me fly; but here I mean to 
wait for him. ... At this late hour a wagon has been 
procured, and I have had it filled with plate and the most 
valuable portable articles, belonging to the house. 
Whether it will reach its destination, the 'Bank of Mary- 
land,' or fall into the hands of British soldiery, events 
must determine. Our kind friend, Mr. Carroll, has come 
to hasten my departure, and [is] in a very bad humor 
with me, because I insist on waiting until tlie large pic- 
ture of General Washington is secured, and it requires 
to be unscrewed from the wall. This process was found 
too tedious for these perilous moments ; I have ordered 
the frame to be broken, and the canvas taken out. . . . 
And now, dear sister, I must leave this house, or the re- 
treating army will make me a prisoner in it by filling up 
the road I am directed to take. When I shall again 
write to you, or where I shall be tomorrow, I cannot tell ! 

DOLLY. 

■ — From Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison 
(Houghton, Mifflin and Co.), pp. 109-111. 

Being in possession of a strong position, they [the 
Americans] were of course less exposed in defending, 
than the others in storming it; and had they conducted 
themselves with coolness, and resolution, it is not con- 
ceivable how the day could have been won. But the fact 
is, that, with the exception of a party of sailors from the 
gun boats, under the command of Commodore Barney, 
no troops could behave worse than they did. The skir- 
mishers were driven in as soon as attacked, the first line 
gave way without offering the slightest resistance, and 
the left of the main body was broken within lialf an hour 
after it was seriously engaged. . . . The defeat, how- 
ever, was absolute, and the army, which had been col- 
lected for the defence of Washington, was scattered be- 
yond the possibility of, at least, an immediate reunion. 
. . . the troops advanced forthwith into the town, and 
having first put to the sword all who were found in the 
house from which the shots were fired, and reduced it to 
ashes, they proceeded, without a moment's delay, to burn 
and destroy every thing in the most distant degree con- 
nected with government. In this general devastation 
were included the Senate-house, the President's palace, 
an extensive dock-yard and arsenal, barracks for two or 
three thousand men, several large storehouses filled with 
naval and military stores, some hundreds of cannon of 
different descriptions, and nearly twenty thousand stand 
of small arms. There were also two or tliree public rope- 
walks which shared the same fate, a fine frigate pierced 
for sixty guns, and just ready to be launched, several 
gun-brigs and armed schooners, with a variety of gun- 
boats and small craft. . . .■ — From A Narrative of the 
Campaigns of the British Army. . . by an Officer Who 
Served in the E.xpedition, Phila., 182i, pp. 125-137. 



Copyrialit, 1912, UcKlnley Publishing Ca. PhUadelphla. Pa. 



McKlnley'9 Illustrated Topics tor American History. 



Topic U 21. Political Reorganization, 1817-1829. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC 

1. Monroe's election. 

a) Monroe's ch.aracter. 

2. Era of Good P'eeling. 

a) Meaning of term. 

b) Monroe's tour. 

3. Republican party adopts national policy. 

•!■. Influence of Supreme Court in nationalizing the gov- 
ernment. 

a) Work of John Marshall. 

b) Great decisions. 

.'). Foreign Affairs. For details see Topic 22. 

a) Settlement of National Boundaries. 

1) Treaty of 1818 with England. 

2) Treaty of 1819 with Spain. 

3) Treaty of 1821 with Russi.i. 

b) The Monroe Doctrine; for details see Topic 22. 

1) American antecedents. 

2) European antedeccnts. 

3) Influence of England. 

4) Authorship of doctrine. 

5) Later applications. 

e) The Panama Congress, see Topic 22. 

6. The Missouri Compromises, see Topic 23. 

a) History of slavery to 1818. 

b) Growth of the West to 1818. 

c) Slave and free states equal. 

d) Demand of Missouri for admission claimed cs a 

right. Why ? 

e) Struggle in Congress. 

1 ) House — anti-slavery. 

2) Senate — pro-slavery. 

3) Thomas compromise. 

a) Slavery in Missouri. 

b) No slavery in rest of Louisiana north 

of 36 degrees 30 minutes. 

4) Admission of Maine. 

f) Objections to Missouri Constitution; Clay's 

compromise. 

g) Seriousness of crisis, 
h) Was compromise final.'' 

7. Election of 1824-2.5. 

a) Absence of party lines. 

b) Candidates. 

c) Election of Adams in House. Influence of Clav. 

d) Charge of corrupt bargain. 

8. Internal improvements. 

a) Demand for, after 181.'). 

b) Monroe's vetoes of bills for. 

c) State activities in building roads, bridges, canals. 

d) The Erie Canal. 

1) De Witt Clinton. 

2) Immediate success of canal. 

3) Effects upon West. U])on New York City, 

upon other coast cities. 

9. Administration of J. Q. Adams. 

a) Compare J. Q. Adams' character and his admin- 

istration with his father's character and ad- 
ministration. 

b) Revival of patriotic interest seen in : 

1 ) Lafayette's visit. 

2) Effects of deaths of J. Adams and .Tef- 

ferson, July 4, 182fi. 

c) Failure of Panama Mission. 

d) Georgia and the Indians. 



c) The Tariff of Abominations. 
f) Opposition to Adams. 

10. Election of 1828. 

a) Candidates. 

b) A democratic movement. 

c) Election of Jack.son. 

11. Political and Social Changes. 

a) Spread of democratic thought and practice from 

West to East. 

b) Growth of a city population and manufacturing 

industries. 

c) Removal of restrictions on suffrage. 

d) Extension of elective principle to new offices. 

e) Attenijits to control judiciary. 

f) Breakdown of old party machinery; beginning 

(1830) of national platforms, and national 
conventions. / 

g) Overthrow of presidential traditions:/ v''irginia 

dynasty ; succession of secretary' of state to 
presidency, 
h) More democratic structure of society; demo- 
cratic dress of men. 
i) Anti-Masonic movement. 

REFERENCES. 

Textl)Ooks. — .\(lanis & Trent, 2i5--26-2; Ashley, 279-998; Chan- 
nlng, ;U8-374.; Hart, 303-31 J; James & Sanford, 273-396; John- 
ston-MacDonald, 254-270; McLaughlin, 296-321; McMaster, 
2JJ-278, 294-301; Montgomery, 211-222; Muzzey, 229-275. 

For Collateral Reading.— Burgess, The Middle Period, cli. 
1-8; Conian, Industrial History, 200-206; Dewey, Financial 
Hi.story, 143-196; Elson, U. S., 451-480; Hart, Formation of 
Union, 222-262; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 18-20; Sparks, Men Who 
Made the Nation, ch. 8; Stanwood, History of Presidencv, ch. 
9, 10, 11; Taussig, Tariff History, 68-108. 

For Topical Study.— 

1. Hildreth, U. S., VI, 620-623; McMaster, U. S., IV, 363- 
371, 376-380; Schouler, U. S., Ill, 1-8; Wilson, American 
People, III, 232-248. 

2. BaI)eock, Rise of American Xationalitv, ch. 12; McMaster, 
IV, 380; Schouler, III, 8-13. 

3. Babcock, ch. 12-15; Schouler, III, 40-54. 

4. Babcock, ch. 18; McMaster, V, 394-416; Sehoiil-r. Ill, 
195-197. 

5. Babcock, ch. 16-17; Cambridge Modern Historv. VII, 362- 
371; Hildreth, VI, 626-660; McMaster, IV, 34-35; V, 18-27, 
28-54; Schouler, III, 22-37, 57-99, 121-133, 175-178, 274-293, 
358-.367; Turner, Rise of New West, ch. 12; AVilson, III, 255- 
266. 

6. Cambridge Modern Hi.storv, VII, 357-361; Hildreth, VI, 
660-711; McMaster, II, 15-21; McMaster, IX, ch. 39; Schouler, 
III, 99-10.3, 134-173, 178-189; Turner, ch. 10; Von Hoist, I. 
273-381 ; Wilson, III, 249-255. 

7. Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 372-374; McMaster, V, 
.55-81; Schouler, III, 234-244, 256-270, 304-335; Turner, ch. 15; 
Wilson, HI, 266-278. 

9. Hart. National Ideals, eh. 16; McMaster, V, 121-151; 
.Schouler, III, 247-255, 395-297, 346-3.55; Sparks, V. S., I, ch. 
~ 30; Turner, ch. 13. 

9. Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 375-377; McMaster, V, 
eh. 46; Schouler, III, 336-426; Stanwood, Tariff Controver.sie.s, 
1. ch. 6-8; Turner, ch. 16-19; Von Hoist, I, 409-458; Wilson, III, 
278-289. 

10. McMaster, V, 488-,520; Schouler, III, 409-449; Wilson, 
III, 289-291. 

11. McMaster. IV. .522-5.55; V, 82-120, ch. ,',0; Scliouler. IIT, 
200-232. 507-529; IV, 1-31; Turner, ch. 1-8. 

.Source References. — Caldwell and Persinger, 334-352; Hart, 
Contemporaries. Ill, ch. 30-23; Hill. Liberty Documents, ch. 
19; Johnston. .Vmerican Orations, II, .3-101; .MacDonald, 
Source Book, .306-320; .MacDonald. Documents, 213-237. 

Biography. — Lives of Monroe, Clay, Calhoun, Webster, John 
Marshall. J. Q. Adams, DeWitt Clinton, Andrew Jackson. 



Copyright. 1912. McKiiili-y Publishing Co Philadelphia. P& 



V 




McKlnley's illustrated Topics for Amerlcun History. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

THE ERIE CANAL. 

I'p until the bopiniiing of the Panamii Canal, probably no 
more important |)ublie work was ever imdertaken in America 
than that broufrht to completion by the State of N'ew York, in 
18-' J. The credit for building IheKric Canal belongs properly 
to Governor De Witt Clinton. His sagacity saw the possi- 
bilities in the enterprise, and his perseverance and practical 
knowledge of politics secured the necessary legislation under 
which the canal was built. The first two selections below well 
reiiresent the arguments used by Clinton to obtain support 
for the canal, and they show his clear insight into its future 
value. The other extracts are from a contemporary newsi>aper, 
and give an idea of the quaint ceremonies attendant ujion the 
o])cning of the canal. 

... It must be obvious, from these united considera- 
tions, that she [New York] will engross more tlian suffi- 
cient [of western trade] to render her the greatest com- 
mercial city in the world. The whole line of canal will 
exliibit boats loaded with flour, pork, beef, pot and pearl 
ashes, flax-seed, wheat, barley, corn, hemp, wool, flax, 
iron, lead, copper, salt, gypsum, coal, tar, fur, pelfry, 
ginseng, beeswax, cheese, butter, lard, staves, lumber, 
and the other valuable productions of our country ; and 
also, with merchandise from all parts of the world. 
Great manufacturing establishments will spring up; agri- 
culture will establish its granaries, and commerce its 
warehouses in all directions. Villages, towns, and cities, 
will line the banks of the canal, and tlie shores of the 
Hudson from Erie to New York, . . . 

. . . However serious the fears wliich have been en- 
tertained of a dismemberment of the Union by collisions 
between the north and the south, it is to be apjirehended 
that the most imminent danger lies in another direction, 
,ind that a line of separation may be eventually drawn be- 
tween the Atlantic and the -western states, unless they 
are cemented by a common, an ever-acting, and a power- 
ful interest. . . . New Y'ork is both Atlantic and west- 
ern ; and the only state in whicli this union of interests 
can be formed and perpetuated, and in which this great 
centripetal power can be energetically applied. Stand- 
ing on this exalted eminence, with power to prevent a 
train of tiie most extensive and afflicting calamities that 
ever visited the world, (for such a train will inevitably 
follow a dissolution of the Union,) she will justly be con- 
sidered an enemy to tiie human race, if she does not 
exert for this purpose the high faculties which the Al- 
mighty has put into her hands. 

I.astlv. It may be confidently asserted, that this 
canal, as to the extent of its route, as to the countries 
which it connects, and as to the consequences which it 
will produce, is without a parallel in the history of man- 
kind. ... It remains for a free state to create a new 
era in history, and to erect a work more stupendous, 
more magnificent, and more beneficial than has hitherto 
been achieved by the human race. . . . — Hosaek, 
Memoir of De Witt Clinton, 406-120. 

As an organ of communication between the Hudson, 
the :Mississi|)pi, the St. Lawrence, the great lakes of the 
north and west, and their tributary rivers, it [the Erie 
Canal] will create the greatest inland trade ever wit- 
nessed. The most fertile and extensive regions of 
America will avail themselves of its facilities for a 
market. All their .surplus productions, whether of the 
soil, the forest, the mines, or the water, their fabrics of 
art and their supplies of foreign commodities, will con- 
centrate in the city of New-Y'ork, for transportation 
abroad or consumption at home. Agriculture, manufac- 
tures, commerce, trade, navigation, and the arts, will re- 



ceive a correspondent encouragement. That city will, 
in the course of time become the granary of the world, 
the emporium of commerce, the seat of manufactures, 
the focus of great moneyed operations, and the concen- 
trating point of vast, disposable, and accumulating cajn- 
tals, which will stimulate, enliven, extend, and reward 
the exertions of human labor and ingenuity, in all their 
processes and exiiibitions. And before the revolution of 
a centurv the wliole island of Manhattan, covered with 
habitations and replenished with a dense population, will 
constitute one vast city. — De Witt Clinton, in J'iew of 
the Grand Canal (N. "Y., 1825), p. 20; quoted in Tur- 
ner, Rise of the Nexv West, pp. 32-3;i. 

The first gun, to announce the complete o])ening of 
the New York Canal, was to be fired at Butt'alo, on 
Wednesday last, at 10 o'clock, precisely, and it is prob- 
able that so it was. It was repeated, by heavy cannon 
stationed along the wliole line of the canal and river, at 
convenient distances, and the gladsome sound reached the 
city of New York at 20 minutes past 11 — when a grand 
salute was fired at fort Lafayette, and reiterated back 
again to Buffalo. It passed up the river to Albany, l6o 
miles, in 18 minutes. The cannon that were used on this 
memorable occasion, on the line between Buffalo and 
Rochester, were some of those that Perry had before used 
on Lake Erie, on the memorable 11th of September, 
1814. . . . 

. . . [A] splendid ceremony took place [at Buf- 
falo] on the 2(ith ult. when the boat "The Seneca Chief," 
started on her voyage to the city of New York. Gov. 
Clinton and lieut. gov. Tallmadge were present — also 
the New York delegation and committees from many 
other places. The Seneca Chief was followed by many 
other boats, among them one called "Noah's Ark," filled 
with animals and creeping things — among them a bear, 
two fawns, many birds and fish, and two Indian youths 
in the dress of their nation. ... 

As was expected, the first boat from lake Erie arrived 
at New Y'ork on the 4th inst. She was convoyed by a 
fleet of steam boats, gaily dressed and decorated, and 
received with thunders of artillery, and the acclama- 
tions of rejoicing scores of thousands. Accompanying 
the "Seneca Chief," from Erie, was the "Young Lion 
of the West" from Rochester, and the "Niagara" from 
Black Rock. The Rochester boat had on board wolves, 
deer, racoon, a fox, and two Eagles — to denote the sub- 
jection of the wilderness to man. ... At about 9 
o'clock, the fleet from Albany, being joined by many 
other vessels, splendidly dressed, and some of which were 
ornamenied with a profusion of flowers, started on a 
voyage to the sea. . . . When the procession reached 
Sandy Hook, gov. Clinton performed the ceremony of 
uniting the waters, by pouring a keg of that of lake Erie 
into the Atlantic; upon which he delivered the following 
address : 

"The solemnity, at this ])lace. on the first arrival of 
vessels from Lake Erie, is intended to indicate and com- 
memorate the navigable eonnnunication, which has been 
accomplished between our Mediterranean seas and the 
Atlantic ocean, in about eight years, to the extent of 
more than four hundred and twenty-five miles, by the 
wisdom, public spirit and energy of the people of the 
state of New York, and mav the God of the heavens and 
the earth smile most jiropitiously on this work, and ren- 
der it subservient to the best interests of the human 
race."— Niles' Register, Vol. 29, pp. 129, 147, 17.'i-174 
(Oct. 29, Nov. .5/12, 1826). 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 

Topic U 22. Foreign Affairs, 1817-1826. 



I 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Relations with England. 

a) Questions under discussion: 

1) Northeast boundary. 

2) Northern boundary of Louisiana. 

3) Oregon question. 

4) Trade with West Indies. 

b) Provisions of Treaty of 1818. 

1 ) Commission to decide Northeast boundary. 

2) Line of -IQ" from Lake of Woods to Rock- 

ies. 

5) Joint occupation of Oregon for ten years 

and thereafter until notice given. 
4) Slight privileges in West Indian trade. 

2. Relations with Sjiain. 

a) Controversies over southeastern and southwestern 

boundaries of Louisiana (West Florida and 
Texas). 
1 ) West Florida actually occupied by the 
United States after 1810. 

b) Troubles along Florida boundary. 

1) English use of Florida in War of 1812. 

2) Florida a refuge for runaway slaves and 

marauding Indians. 

3) Seminole War, 1818: Jackson's destruc- 

tion of negro fort ; Englishmen exe- 
cuted ; advances into Spanish terri- 
tory. 

4) Questions arising out of Jackson's action. 

c) Claims for damages to property of American 

citizens and for runaway slaves. 

d) Popular demand for American occu])ation of 

Florida. 

e) Treaty of 1819. 

1 ) Florida ceded to the United States. 

2) L^nited States to pay not more than 

.$5,000,000 to American claimants vs. 
Spain. 

3) Western boundary settled, giving Texas to 

Spain. 

4) Long delay in ratifying the treaty. 

f) Jackson first governor of Florida territory. 
.'!. The Monroe Doctrine. 

a) American conditions: 

1) Rebellion and independence of Spanisli- 

American colonies. 

2) United States recognized tlieir independ- 

ence, 1822. 

3) Advance of Russia in Northwest; order of 

1821 closing north Pacific to all but 
Russians. 

b) European conditions : 

1) Holy Alliance — Russia, Prussia, Austria — 

later France. 

2) Popular revolutions suppressed by Allies 

in Spain, Portugal, and Naples. 

5) Proposal to restore colonies to Spain; or to 

establish monarchies therein. 

c) Authorship of Doctrine. 

1 ) Early expressions by Hamilton, Jeffer- 

son, Washington. 

2) Clay's speeches in Congress, 1818-1820. 

3) J. Q. Adams' diplomatic correspondence. 

4) Proposals of British minister Canning. 

5) J. Q. Adams in Cabinet meetings, Novem- 

ber, 1823. 

6) Monroe's message, December 2, 1823. 



d) Provisions of doctrine: 

1) LInited States not to interfere in jiolitics 

of Europe. 

2) No interference with independence of new 

American republics. 

3) No new European colonies in America. 

4) No establishment of monarchial system in 

America. 

e) Results of message: 

1) Action of England and United States pre- 

vented the Allies from interfering in 
America. 

2) Treaty of 1824 with Russia: Withdrew 

north of 54° 40' north latitude. 

f) Later applications of doctrine. 

1) 1845 — Texas and Oregon. 

2) 1851-52-54— Cuba. 

3) 1861-66 — French in Mexico. 

4) 1895 — English in Venezuela and Nica- 

ragua. 
4. Panama Congress, 1825-26. 

a) Purpose of meeting. 

b) Failure of the United States to participate. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, J 17-250; Ashlev, 288-292; Chan- 
ning, 352-359; Hart, 30T-309; James & Sanford, 28T-289; Joliii- 
ston-MacDonald, 256", 259; McLaughlin, 307-309; McMaster, 
259-265; Montgomery, 210, 217; Muzzey, 236-243. 

For Collateral Reading. — Burgess, Middle Period, ch. 2, and 
pp. 122-128; Elson, U. S., 463-464; Hart, Formation of Union, 
241-244; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 19. 

For Topical Study.— 

1. Babcoek, Rise of American Nationality, ch. 16; Cam- 
bridge Modern History, VH, 362-371; Hild'reth, U. S., VI, 
ch. 31; McMaster, U. S., IV, 457-474; V, 463-487. 

2. Babcoek, ch. 17; Hildreth, U. S., VI, ch. 32; McMaster, 
IV, 430-456, 474-483; Schouler, III, 24-37, 57-99, 175-178. 

3. Cambridge Modern History, VII, 362-371; Edgington, 
Monroe Doctrine; Hart, Foundations of American Foreign 
Policv, ch. 7; Hildreth, VX, ch. 31; Jolinston, American Polit- 
ical Historv, I, 324-340; McMaster, V, ch. 41; Reddaway, 
.Monroe Doctrine; Schouler, III, 255, 274-293; Tucker, Monroe 
Doctrine; Turner, Rise of New West, ch. 12. 

4. McMaster, V, 433-461; Schouler, III, 358-367. 

Source References. — American Historical Leaflets, 4; Cald- 
well and Persinger, 343-344, 346-349; Hart, Contemporaries, 
HI, ch. 22; Hill, IJbertv Documents, ch. 20; MacDonald, 
Source Book, 306-311, 318-320; MacDonald, Documents, 213- 
219, 228-231; Old South Leaflets, 56. 

Biography, — Lives of Monroe, .Jackson, J, Q. Adams, Bolivar. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

The source extracts imder this topic have l)cen cliosen to 
show the course of foreign relations at the time. Selections 
are given from the Florida treaty with Spain, the conventions 
of 1818 and 1827 with England, concerning the northern 
boundaries and Oregon, and the convention of 1824, with 
Russia, concerning the same territory. Other extracts show 
the early expressions of foreign policy by Washington and 
.lefferson, preparatory to the definitive statement hy Monroe. 

SPANISH TREATY, FEBRUARY 22, 1819. 

Article I. 

There shall be a firm and inviolable peace and sincere 

friendsliip between the LInited States and their citizens 

and His Catholic Majesty, his successors and subjects, 

without exception of jiersons or places. 

Article II. 
His Catholic Majesty cedes to the United States, in 
full property and sovereignty, all the territories which 
belong to him, situated to the eastward of the Missis- 
sippi, known by the name of East and West Florida. . . , 
(Continued on Pafie 3.) 



CopyrUht. 1912, McKinley Publishing Co . Phll3<lelpli;«, Pa. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American irtistory. No U 22. 



SOURCE - STUDY.— Continued. 

Article III. 

The boundary line between the two countries, west of 
the Mississippi, shall begin on the Gulph of Mexico, at 
the mouth of the river Sabine, in the sea, continuing 
north, along the western bank of that river, to the 32d 
degree of latitude ; thence, by a line due north, to the de- 
gree of latitude where it strikes the Rio Roxo of Nachi- 
toches, or Red River ; then following the course of the 
Rio Roxo westward, to the degree of longitude 100 west 
from London and 23 from Washington ; then, crossing 
the said Red River, and running thence, by a line due 
north, to the river Arkansas ; thence, following the course 
of the southern bank of the Arkansas, to its source, in 
latitude 42 north ; and thence, by that parallel of lati- 
tude, to the South Sea. The whole being as laid down in 
Melish's map of the United States, published at Phila- 
delphia, improved to the first of January, 1818. But if 
the source of the Arkansas River shall be found to fall 
north or south of latitude 42, then the line shall run 
from the said source due south or north, as the case may 
be, till it meets tlie said parallel of latitude 42, and 
thence, along the said parallel, to the South Sea. . . . 

The two high contracting parties agree to cede and 
renounce all their rights, claims, and pretensions, to the 
territories described by the said line, that is to say: 
The United States hereby cede to His Catholic Majesty, 
and renounce forever, all their rights, claims, and pre- 
tensions, to the territories lying west and south of the 
above-described line; and, in like manner. His Catholic 
Majesty cedes to the said United States all his rights, 
claims, and pretensions to any territories east and north 
of the said line, and for himself, his heirs, and successors, 
renounces all claim to the said territories forever. . . . 

Article V. 
The inhabitants of the ceded territories shall be se- 
cured in the free exercise of their religion, without any 
restriction ; and all those who may desire to remove to the 
Spanish dominions shall be permitted to sell or export 
their effects, at any time whatever, without being subject, 
in either case, to duties. 

Article VI. 

The inhabitants of the territories which His Catholic 
Majesty cedes to the United States, by this treaty, shall 
be incorporated in the Union of the United States, as 
soon as may be consistent with the principles of the Fed- 
eral Constitution, and admitted to the enjoyment of all 
the privileges, rights, and immunities of the citizens of 
the United States. 

Article IX. 

The two high contracting parties, animated with the 
most earnest desire of conciliation, and with the object of 
putting an end to all the differences which have existed 
between them, and of confirming the good understanding 
which they wish to be forever maintained between them, 
reciprocally renounce all claims for damages or injuries 
which they, themselves, as well as their respective citizens 
and subjects, may have suffered until the time of signing 
this treaty. . . 

Article XI. 

The United States, exonerating Spain from all de- 
mands in future, on account of the claims of their citi- 
zens to which the renunciations herein contained extend, 
and considering them entirely cancelled, undertake to 
make satisfaction for the same, to an amount not exceed- 
ing five millions of dollars. To ascertain the full 
amount and validity of those claims, a commission, to 
consist of three Commissioners, citizens of the United 
States, shall be appointed by the President, by and with 



the cdvice and consent of the Senate, which commission 
shall meet at the city of Washington. . . . — Treaties, 
Conventions, etc. (ed. 1910), II, pp. 1651-1658. 

ENGLISH TREATY OF OCTOBER 20, 1818. 
Article II. 

It is agreed that a line drawn from the most northwest- 
ern point of the Lake of the Woods, along the forty-ninth 
parallel of north latitude, or, if the said point shall not 
be in the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, then that 
a line drawn from the said point due north or south as 
the case may be, until the said line shall intersect the 
said parallel of north latitude, and from the point of 
such intersection due west along and with the said 
parallel shall be the line of demarcation between the 
territories of the United States, and those of His Britan- 
nic Majesty, and that the said line shall form the north- 
ern boundary of the said territories of the United States, 
and the southern boundary of the territories of His Bri- 
tannic Maje-st}', from the Lake of the Woods to the 
Stony Mountains. 

Article III. 

It is agreed, that any country that may be claimed by 
either party on the northwest coast of America, west- 
ward of the Stony Mountains, shall, together with the 
harbours, bays, and creeks, and the navigation of all 
rivers within the same, be free and open, for the term of 
ten years from the date of the signature of the present 
convention, to the vessels, citizens, and subjects of the two 
Powers: it being well understood, that this agreement is 
not to be construed to the prejudice of any claim, which 
either of the two high contracting parties may have to 
any part of the said country, nor shall it be taken to 
affect the claims of any other Power or State to any part 
of the said country; the only object of the high con- 
tracting parties, in that respect, being to prevent disputes 
and differences amongst themselves. . . . (Treaties, 
Conventions, etc., ed. 1910, p. 632.) 

ENGLISH CONVENTION OF AUGUST 6, 1827. 
Article I. 
All the provisions of the third article of the conven- 
tion [of October 20, 1818] . . . shall be, and they are 
hereby, further indefinitely extended and continued in 
force, in the same manner as if all the provisions of the 
said article were herein specifically recited. 

Article II. 
It shall be competent, however, to either of the con- 
tracting parties, in case either should think fit, at any 
time, after the twentieth of October, 1828, on giving due 
notice of twelve months to the other contracting party, 
to annul and abrogate this convention. . . . (Treaties, 
Conventions, etc., ed. 1910, p. 644). 

CONVENTION WITH RUSSIA, APRIL 17, 1824. 
Article I. 
It is agreed that, in any part of the Great Ocean, com- 
monly called the Pacific Ocean, or South Sea, the re- 
spective citizens and subjects of the high contracting 
Powers shall be neither disturbed nor restrained, either 
in navigation or in fishing, or in the power of resorting 
to the coasts, upon points which may not already have 
been occupied, for the purpose of trading with the 
natives, saving always the restrictions and conditions 
determined by the following articles. 

Article II. 
... it is agreed that the citizens of the United States 
shall not resort to any point where there is a Russian es- 



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McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



tablishment, without the jiprmission of the governor or 
commander; and tliat, reciprocally, the subjects of Rus- 
sia sliall not resort, without permission, to any establish- 
ment of the United States ui)on the Northwest coast. 

Article III. 

It is moreover agreed that, hereafter, there shall not 
be formed by the citizens of the United States, or under 
the authority of the said States, any establishment upon 
the Northwest coast of America, nor in any of the islands 
adjacent, to the north, of fifty-four degrees and forty 
minutes of north latitude; and that, in the same manner, 
there shall be none formed b^v Russir.n subjects, or under 
the authority of Russia, south of the same parallel. . . . 
— Treaties, Conventions, etc., ed. 1910, p. 1513. 

ANTECEDENTS 01" MONROE DOCTRINE. 

The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign 
Nations, is, in extending our commercial relations, to 
have with them as little Political connexion as possible. — 
So far as we have already formed engagements, let them 
be fulfilled with perfect good faith. — Here let us stop. — 

Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us 
have none, or a verj- remote relation. — Hence she must 
be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which 
are essentially foreign to our concerns. — Hence there- 
fore it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by 
artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, 
or the ordinarv' combinations and collisions of her friend- 
ships, or enmities. . . . — Washington, Farewell Address, 
in Ford, JVrHings of li'ashingion, XIII, 311-;318. 

I hope he sees, and will promote in his new situation, 
the advantages of a cordial fraternization among all 
the American nations, and the importance of their coales- 
cing in an American system of policy, totally independent 
of and unconnected with that of Europe. The day is 
not distant when we maj- formally require a meridian of 
partition through the ocean which separates the two 
hemispheres, on the hither side of which no European 
gun shall ever be heard, nor an American on the other, 
and when, during the rage of the eternal wars of Europe, 
the lion and the lamb, within our regions, shall be 
drawn together in peace. . . . The principles of society 
there and here, then, are radically different, and I hope 
no American patriot will ever lose sight of the essential 
policy of interdicting in the seas and territories of both 
Americas, the ferocious and sanguinary contests of 
Europe. I wish to see this coalition begin.- — Jefferson in 
letter to William Short, August 4, 1820 (quoted in 
Moore, Digest of International Laze, VI, 371). 

MONROE DOCTRINE. 

At the proposal of the Russian imperial government, 
made through the minister of the Emperor residing here, 
a full power and instructions have been transmitted to the 
Minister of the United States at St. Petersburgh, to ar- 
range, by amicable negotiation, the respective rights and 
interests of the two nations on the northwest coast of this 
continent. ... In the discussions to which this interest 
has given rise, and in the arrangements by which they 
may terminate, the occasion has been judged proper for 
asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests 
of the United States are involved, that the American con- 
tinents, by the free and independent condition which they 
have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be 
considered as subjects for future colonization by any 
European powers. . . . 

Of ^vents in that quarter of the globe [Europe] with 
■which we have so much intercourse, and from which we 



derive our origin, we have always been anxious and in- 
terested spectators. The citizens of the United States 
cherish sentiments the most friendly, in favor of the 
liberty and happiness of their fellow men on that side 
of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers, 
in matters relating to themselves, we have never taken 
any j)art, nor does it comport with our policy so to do. 
It is onl}- when our rights are invaded, or seriously 
menaced, that we resent injuries, or make preparation 
for our defence. With the movements in this hemisphere, 
we are, of necessity, more immediately connected, and 
by causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and 
impartial observers. The political system of the allied 
powers is essentially different, in this respect, from that 
of America. This difference proceeds from that which 
exists in their respective governments. And to the de- 
fence of our own, which has been achieved by the loss 
of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the 
wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under 
which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole 
nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candor, and 
to the amicable relations existing between the United 
States and those powers, to declare, that we should con- 
sider any attempt on their part to extend their system 
to any portion of this hemisphere, as dangerous to our 
peace and safety. With the existing colonies, or de- 
pendencies of any European power, we have not inter- 
fered, and shall not interfere. But with the governments 
who have declared their independence, and maintained 
it, and whose independence we have, on great considera- 
tion, and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not 
view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing 
them, or controlling, in any other manner, their destiny, 
by any European power, in any other light than as tlie 
manifestation of an unfriendly disposition towards the 
United vStates. In the war between those new govern- 
ments and Spain, we declared our neutrality at the time 
of their recognition, and to this we have adliered, and 
shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur, 
which, in the judgment of the competent authorities of 
this government, shall make a corresponding change, on 
the part of the United States, indispensable to their 
security. 

The late events in Sjiain and Portugal, shew that 
Europe is still unsettled. Of this important fact, no 
stronger proof can be adduced than that the allied powers 
should have thought it proper, on any principle satis- 
factory to themselves, to have interposed, by force, in 
the internal concerns of Spain. To wliat extent sucli 
interposition ma}- be carried, on the same principle, is a 
question, to which all independent powers, whose gov- 
ernments differ from theirs, are interested ; even those 
most remote, and surely none more so than the United 
States. Our ])olicy, in regard to Europe, which was 
adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so 
long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless re- 
mains the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal 
concerns of any of its powers ; to consider the govern- 
ment de facto as the legitimate government for us; to 
cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those 
relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy; meeting, 
in all instances, the ju.st claims of every power; sub- 
mitting to injuries from none. But, in regard to these 
continents, circumstances are eminently and conspicu- 
ously different. It is impossible that the allied powers 
should extend their political system to any portion of 
either continent, without endangering our peace and hap- 
jiiness: nor can anv one believe that our Southern 
Brethren, if left to themselves, would adopt it of their 
own accord. . . . — Richardson, Messages and Papers of 
the Presidents. II. pp. 209, 218-219. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 23. Missouri Compromise and the West, 1812-1 82 1. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. The Slavery question in national politics is an out- 
growth of the development of the West. From 
1818 to 1862 the controversy was not mainly over 
slavery in the older states, but over the question, 
Should it be admitted into new western territories 
and states? 

5. Review of history of slavery. 

a) In colonies. 

b) Attitude of revolutionary fathers. 

c) Slaver)' in the Constitution: 

Three-fifths clause; foreign slave trade; return 
of fugitive slaves. 

d) Early abolition societies. 

e) Emancipation in northern states. Immediate in 

New England ; gradual elsewhere. 

3. Growth of Cotton Culture. 

a) In 18th century insignificant. 

b) Invention of cotton gin, 179''i- 

c) Immediate profits in cotton culture. 

d) Spread of culture to the uplands of south and 

southwest. 

e) Great importance of culture to south ; and neces- 

sity for slave labor. 

f) Demand for new lands when fertility of old 

plantations was exhausted. 

4. Attitude of the United States toward Slavery. 

a) Forbidden in Northwest territorj*. 

b) Permitted in Southwest territory. 

c) Foreign slave trade prohibited from January 1, 

1808. 

d) Admission of new states: In 181f) equal num- 

ber of free and slave states ; equalit}' con- 
tinued until 1850. 

5. American Colonization Society, 1817. Purpose to 

colonize free negroes in Africa ; came under influ- 
ence of slave-holders who wished to be rid of free 
negroes. 

(). Cirowth of West, 1812-1819. 

a) Rapid flux of population to west after war of 

1812; influenced by hard times, and by in- 
troduction of steamboats on western waters. 

b) Admission of Indiana, 1816; Mississippi, 1818; 

Alabama, 1819; and Illinois, 1818. 

c) Rapid growth of Missouri territory, 

7. Demand for admission of Missouri. 

a) Claimed as a right under treaty of 180.3. 

b) Petitions to Congress, 1818. 

fi. Congressional History of Compromise. (An excellent 
opportunity to study the actual workings of con- 
gress and its committees). 

a) Session of 1818-1819. House passed Missouri 

bill with Tallmadge amendment prohibit- 
ing slavery ; Senate refused to accept. 

b) Session of 1819-1820. 

House passed bill for admission of Maine; 
^Senate passed one bill for admitting Maine 
as a free state and Missouri with slavery, 
but prohibiting slavery in rest of Louisiana 
tract north of 36° 30' (Thomas amend- 



ment). House passed biU for admission of 

Missouri without slavery. 
Conference committee reported Maine and 

Missouri bills separately, latter witli 

Thomas amendment. 
Conference report adopte' by two houses and 

passed. 
c) Session of 1820-1821. 

Objection to clauses concerning free negroes 

in Missouri constitution. Clay brings about 

a compromise. 

9. Provisions of Missouri Compromise. 

a) Maine as free; Missouri as slave state. 

b) No slavery in Louisiana north of 36° 30'. 

c) Free negroes not to be forbidden to come into 

Missouri. 

10. Character of the debate. 

a) Violent speeches in Congress. 

b) Excitement throughout country. 
e) Jefferson's fears. 

11. Vt'as Compromise final.'' 

a) What it settled. 

b) What it left unsettled. 

e) Did north or soutli gain most? 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— y\(lanis & Trent, 250-253; Ashley, 281-288; 

Channing, 351, 360-363; Hart, 289-.S01; James aiid Sanford. 

273-284; Johnston-MacDonald, 256-258; McLaughlin, 296-.30T; 

McMaster, 266-27T; Montgomery, 211-216; .Muzzey, 245-259, 
30.3-314. 

For Collateral Reading.— Bogart, Industrial History, 115- 
128, 170-185; Burgess, Middle Period, ch. 3-4; Elson, U. S., 
456-462; Hart, Formation of Union, 233-241; Sparks, U. -S., I, 
eh. 18. 

For Topical Study. — 

1. .Srhoiiler, V. .S., Ill, 96-101; Turner, Rise of Xew West, 
ch. 1. 

2. .Johnston, .\mcrican Political History, II, 1-4! ; Mc.Master, 
r. S., II, 15-21, III, 514-528; Rhodes, U. S., I, 1-38; Turner, 
oh. 4; Von Hoist, U. S., I, 273-324. 

3. McMaster, II, 162-165. 

4. Du Bois, Suppression of Slave Trade; Sohniiler, III 136- 
138; Von Hoist, I, 33.3-339. 

5. McMaster, IV, 556-569; Schouler, III, 1,38-144; Vnn Holsl, 
I, 325-339, 

6. Babeock, Rise of .\merican Xationality, cli. 15; Hinsdale, 
Old Northwest, ch. 16-19; McMaster, III, 541-542, IV, 381- 
429; Sparks, Expansion of ,\merican People, eh. 17-25; Turner, 
ch. 5-8; Von Hoist, I, 340-356. 

7. McMaster, IV, 570-574; Turner, eh. 10. 

8. Babeock. ch. 15; Cambridge Modern History, A'll, 35T- 
361; Hildreth, V. S., VI, 661-711; Johnston, II, 110-120; Mac- 
Donald, Select Documents, 212-220 (summary of Congressional 
history); McMa.ster, IV, 579-600; Schouler, HI, 147-173, 178- 
189; Turner, ch. 10; Von Hoist, I, 356-381. 

Source References. — Callender, Economic History, ch. 12; 
Caldwell and Persinger, 344-346; Hart, Source Book, 231-241; 
Hart, Contemporaries, III, 452-458 and ch. 21; .Tohnston, .Vmeri- 
can Orations, II, 3-101; MacDonald, Source Book, 311-318; 
MacDonald, Documents, 219-236. 

Biography. — Lives of Monroe, Clay. 



CopTT^Slit. 1912, McKinleyPublUluniiCo.. PUladelpUa. Pa. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. No. U 23. Copyrithu 1912. McKinley Publishing Co. . Philadelphia. Pa. 

1 ALL 

SLAVE-KEEPERS 

That keep the Innocent in Bondage, 

APOSTATES 

Pretending to lay Claim to the Pure 

&Holy CliriftianRcligion ;of whatCongicgation 
foevci; butefpecially inrheirMinifteis^by whofc 
example tlie filihy Leprofy and Apoftacy is 
fpread/ar and near ; ic is a notorious iin, whicli 
in»ny of the tnie Friends of Chiift, My\ his paic 
Truih, called ^^ihrs, has been fbr many Years, 
and ftiUare concern'd to write anil bear Tcftimo- 
ny againft ; as a Praftice fo grofs Sc huriful to Re- 
ligion, and dellcuftive to Government, beyond 
what Words can fct (orih, or caikbc declared of 
by Men or Angels, and yet lived in by Mimftcis 
and M.igi(lratcs in ^imerica. 

I'he Leiiiteri ij the People catiff them to Err. , 

Written for a General Service, by 

him that truly and (incercly defires the prefent 
and eternal Welfare and Happinefs of all Man- 
kind, all the World over, of all Coloars, and 
Nations, as his own Soul; 

Benjamim Lay. 



^HIL A DELPHI /J: 
Printed for the Author.. «737. 





•'"MutnjDi 




No. 1. The title ]iage of an early anti-slavery pamphlet. 

No. 2. The deck of a captured slaver. This picture is taken from a daguerreotype of slave-vessel captured in "I860, 
No. 3. The plan of a slave ship's lower deck, with negroes in the proportion of not quite one to a ton. This arrange- 
ment of the cargo was permitted by the English Act of 1788. From an old print. 

No. 4. A'iew from an English" traveler's account of the Southern States, showing slave auction in New Orleans. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. 



SOURCE-STUDY. 

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE. 
Tlie following extracts give tlie proposed anti-slavery amend- 
ments to the Missouri bills; the Thomas amendment as 
adopted; portions of the Missouri enabling act; the ol)jection- 
able features in the Missouri constitution, and tlie resolution of 
Congress thereon. 

Tallm.\dge's Amendment, February 13, 1819- 
And provided. That the further introduction of slavery 
or involuntary servitude be proiiibitcd, except for the 
punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been 
duly convicted; and that all children born within the 
N.iid State, after the admission thereof into the Union, 
sliall be free at the age of twenty-five years. — Annals of 
Congress, 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 1170. 

Taylor's Amendment, January 26, 1820. 

Mr. Taylor, of New York, proposed to amend the bill 
by incorporating in [the fourth] section the following 
provision : 

Section ■!•, line 25, insert tlie following after the word 
"States": "And shall ordain and establish, that there 
shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the 
said State, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, 
whereof the part)' shall have been duly convicted : Pro- 
vided, always. That any person escaping into the same, 
from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any 
other State, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and 
conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or serv- 
ice as aforesaid: And provided, also, Tiiat the said pro- 
vision shall not be construed to alter the condition or 
civil rights of any person now held to service or Labor 
in the said Territory." — Annals, l()th Cong., 1st Sess., 
.047. 

Thomas's Amendment, February 17, 1820. 

And he it further enacted. That, in all that territory 
ceded by France to the United States, under the name of 
Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and 
thirty minutes north latitude, excepting only such part 
thereof as is included within the limits of the State con- 
templated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, 
otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the 
party shall have been duly convicted, shall be and is 
hereby forever jirohibited : Provided ahcat/s. That any 
])erson escaping into the same, from whom labor or serv- 
ice is lawfully claimed in any State or Territory of the 
United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, 
and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or 
service, as aforesaid. — Annals, l6th Cong., 1st Sess., 
427, 428. 

Enabling Act, March 6, 1820. 

Be it enacted . . . That the inhabitants of that por- 
tion of the Missouri territory included within the boun- 
daries hereinafter designated, be, and they are hereby, 
authorized to form for themselves a constitution and state 
government, and to assume such name as they shall deem 
proper; and the said state, when formed, shall be ad- 
mitted into the Union, upon an equal footing with the 
original st.ates, in all respects whatsoever. 

Sec. 2. And he it further enacted. That the said 
state shall consist of all the territory included within the 
following boundaries, to wit: Beginning in the middle 
of the Mississippi river, on the parallel of thirty-six 
degrees of north latitude ; thence west, along that parallel 
of latitude, to the .St. Francois river; thence up, and 
following the course of that river, in the middle of the 
main channel thereof, to the parallel of latitude of thirty- 
six degrees and thirty minutes ; thence west, along the 
same, to a point where the said parallel is intersected by 



a meridian line passing through the middle of the mouth 
of the Kansas river, where tlie same empties into the 
Missouri river, tiience, from the point aforesaid north, 
along the s.aid meridian line, to the intersection of the 
parallel of latitude which passes tiirough the rapids of 
the river Des Moines, making the said line to correspond 
with the Indian boundary line ; thence east, from the 
point of intersection last aforesaid, along the said 
parallel of latitude, to the middle of the channel of the 
main fork of the said river Des Moines; thence down 
and along the middle of the main channel of the said 
river Des Moines, to the mouth of the same, where it 
empties into the Mississippi river; thence, due east, to 
the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river; 
thence down, and following the course of the Mississippi 
river, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the 
place of beginning. . . . 

Sec. 8. And he it further enacted. That in all that 
territory ceded by France to the United States, under 
the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six 
degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included 
within the limits of the state, contemplated by this act, 
slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the 
punishment of crimes, whereof the parties shall have 
been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, forever pro- 
hibited ; Provided alwai/s. That any person escaping into 
the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, 
in any state or territory of the United States, such fugi- 
tive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the per- 
son claiming his or her labour or service as aforesaid. — 
[/. S. Stat, at Large, III, 545-548. 

Objectionable Provision in Missouri Constitution, 
July 19, 1820. 

[The general assembly shall have power to pass 
laws] To permit the owners of slaves to emancipate 
them, saving the right of creditors, where the person so 
emancipating will give security that the slave so eman- 
cipated shall not become a public charge. 

It shall be their duty, as soon as may be, to pass such 
laws as may be necessary — 

1. To prevent free negroes end [and] mulattoes from 
coming to and settling in this State, under any pretext 
whatsoever; and, 

2. To oblige the owners of slaves to treat them with 
humanity, and to abstain from all injuries to them ex- 
tending to life or limb. . . . — Thorpe, American Char- 
ters, Constitutions, etc., IV, 2154. 

Resolution for Admission of Missouri, March 2, 
1821. 
Resolved hi/ the Senate and House of Representatives 
of the United States of America, in Congress assembled. 
That Missouri shall be admitted into this union on an 
equal footing with the original states, in all respects 
whatever, upon the fundamental condition, that the fourth 
clause of the twenty-sixth section of the third article of 
the constitution submitted on the part of said state to 
Congress, shall never be construed to authorize the pas- 
sage of any law, and that no law shall be passed in 
conformity thereto, by which aiy citizen, of either of 
the states in this Union, shall be excluded from the en- 
joyment of any of the privileges and immunities to which 
such citizen is entitled under the constitution of the 
United States: Provided, That the legislature of the 
said state, by .1 solemn public act, shall declare the 
assent of the said state to the said fundamental condition, 
and shall transmit to the President of the L^nited States, 
on or before the fourth Monday in November next, an 
authentic copy of the said act. . . . — U. S. Stat, at 
Large, III, 645. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 24. The Jacksonian Epoch, 1829-1841 (I). 



(Continued in Topic U 25). 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Character of period. Ptriod of political, indu.strial. 

and social recon.struction. Sjircad of democratic 
ideas. See Topic '21. 

2. Character and early life of Jackson. 

a) Boyhood. 

b) Early life in Tennessee. 

c) Part in war of 181 '2. 

d) Actions in Florida. 

e) Presidential election of ISS-t. 

3. Personal Politics. 

a) Kitchen cabinet. 

b) The Spoils System — Jackson's theories and 

practices. Arguments pro and con on de- 
sirability of rotation in office based on part\' 
services. Extent and results of changes. 

c) Postmaster-general admitted to cabinet. 

d) Peggy O'Neill affair. 

4. Tariff and" Nullification. 

a) Review of history of tariff. 

1) Low revenue tariff to 1816. 

2) Protective features of tariff of 1816. 
S) Demand for more protection, tariff of 

1824. 
4) Tariff of abominations, 1828. 

b) Change in Southern attitude toward tariff. 

1) In 1816 not opposed. 

2) Growing belief that protective tariff was 

unjust to the south. Why.'' 

3) Calhoun's E.vposition called forth by tar- 

iff of 1828. 

c) Review of States Rights Theories. 

1) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 

1798-99; Hartford Convention; Geor- 
gia's opposition to Indian jiolicy of 
the United States, 1825-30; Calhoun's 
exposition. 

2) The theory used by dissatisfied states north 

and south, 
d) Retained longer in the south because an agricul- 
tural community did not need national meas- 
ures as much as the northern industrial 
regions needed them. 

e) Webster-Hayne Debate, 1830. Webster stood 

for new national theory of the union; Hayne 
stood for old federal theory. 

f) Progress of nullification movement in .South 

Carolina. 

g) Tariff of 1832; led South to believe that high 

tariff was a permanent policy of govern- 
ment. 

h) Ordinance of Nullification. 

i) Jackson's proclamation against; force to be used 
in executing laws. 

j) Action of Congress, 1833. 

1 ) Force act — giving President power to 

carry out laws. 

2) Compromise tariff; gradual reduction till 

1842, when no duties should be over 
20%. 
k) Effect of these measures; .South Carolina gives 

up her opposition. 
1) Part of Clav in this compromise. 

5. The West, 182,5-l"837. 

a) Infuence of expanding lines of transportation — 
turnpikes, canals, steamboats, railroads. 
See Topic No. 26, 

CopyriRht. 19I'J. McKinlcy Publish: 



b) Influx of population. 

c) Public land question in Congress; attempt to 
make land sales easier, and to use proceeds 
of sales in states where lands were located. 

d) Great sales of public lands; speculation in lands. 

e) Admission of Arkansas, 1836; Michigan, 1837. 
6. Foreign Affairs. 

a) Relations with France. 

1) Character and amount of our claims 
against France. 

2) Long delay in getting the debt recognized 
by France. 

3) .lackson urged that no such delay be ])er- 
mitted in having the debt paid. 

4) Recall of ministers. 
.')) Quieting of excitement and settlement of 

debt in full. 

b) Relations with England; at last succeeded in 
getting trade with West Indies. 

c) Relations with Texas and Mexico. 

1 ) Early history of Texas. 

2) .Settlement of American slaveholders in 
Texas. 

3) .Struggle for independence of Texas. 

4) Recognition by United .States of Texan in- 
dependence. 

5) Attempt to admit Texas as state. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 363-290; Ashlev, 398-311; Chan- 
ning, 37T-409; Hart, 31()-33G; James & Sanforil, 297-330; Johii- 
ston-MacDonald, 271-298; McLaughlin, 322-.348; McMaster, 301- 
316; Montgomery, 226-244; Muzzcy, 277-298. 

For Collateral Reading. — Burgess, Middle Period, eh. 8, 10, 
and p|). 163-165; Elson, U. S., 478-508; Sparks, Men Who 
Made the Xation, ch. 8, 9, 10, Stanwood, Historv of Presi- 
dency, ch. 12; Taussig, Tariif History, 109-114; Wilson, Di- 
vision and Reunion, 2-68. 

For Topical Study.— 

1. MacDonald, Jacksonian Deinocraoy, ili. 1; Sparks, I'. S., 
H, ch. 1; Wilson, American People, I\', 1-10. 

2. MacDonald, ch. 2; Von Hoist, U. S., II, 1-22. 

3. MacDonald, ch. 4; McMaster, U. S., V, 520-530, VI, 121- 
125;Schouler, U.S., 111,451-464,491-502; l\\ 31-.38; Von Hoist, 
II, 23-31, 72-79; Wil.son, IV, 10-14. 

•t. Cambridge Modern History, VII, 378-382, 409-416; Hous- 
ton, Nullification in South Carolina ; .Johnston, .Vmerican Polit- 
ical Historv, I, 341-437; MacDonald, ch. 5-6, 9; McMaster, V, 
227-267, Vi, 11-68, 127-136, 148-150, 153-181; Powell, Nullifica- 
tion and Secession, ch. 6; Schouler, III, 480-491, IV, .38-41, 
51-69, 85-111; Sliarks, V. S., IT, ch. 4; Stanwood, Tariff Con- 
troversies, I, eh. 9-10; Turner, Rise of New West, ch. 14, 18-19; 
Von Hoist, I, 396-408, 4.59-505; Wilson, TV, 19-40. 

5. McMaster, VI, 79-95; Schouler, \\. 152-156; Si)arks, 
U. S., II. eh. 2. 

fi. MacDonald, ch. 12; McMaster, VI, ch. 66; .Schouler, IV, 
239-257, 316-320. 

Source References. — American History Leaflets, 30; Cal- 
lender. Economic History, ch. 10-12; Caldwell and Persinger, 
354-378; Hart, Contemporaries, HI, ch. 24; Johnston, .\nieri- 
can Orations, I, 219-319, IV, 191-237; MacDonald, Source 
Book, 320-360; MacDonald, Documents, 231-3.33; Preston, 
Documents, 299-304. 

Biography. — Lives of Jacksnn, Welister, Calhoun, Clay. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

TARIFF AND NULLIFICATION. 

Protest of South C.\rolin.\, December 19, 1828. 

The Senate and House of Representatives of .Soutli 
Carolina . . . solemnly protest against the system of 
protecting duties, lately adopted by the Federal Govern- 
ment, for the following reasons :— 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



3. Because thc_y believe that the tariff law, passed by 
Congress at its last session, and all other acts of whieh 
the princij)al object is tlie protection of manufactures, 
or any other branch of domestic industry — if they be 
considered as the exercise of a supposed jjower in Con- 
gress, to tax the people at its own good will and pleas- 
ure, and to apply tlie monej- raised to objects not speci- 
fied in the constitution — is a violation of these funda- 
mental principles, a breach of a well defined trust, and 
a perversion of the high powers vested in the federal 
government, for federal purposes only. . . . 

7. Because, even admitting Congress to have a con- 
stitutional right to protect manufactures by the imposi- 
tion of duties or by regulations of commerce, designed 
principally for that purpose, yet a Tariff, of which the 
operation is grossly unequal and oppressive, is such 
an abuse of power, as is incompatible with the principles 
of a free government, and the great ends of civil societ\', 
■ — justice, and equality of rights and protection. 

8. Finally, because South Carolina, from her climate, 
situation, and peculiar institutions is, and must ever con- 
tinue to be, wliolly dependant upon agriculture and com- 
merce, not only for her prosperity, but for her very 
existence as a State — because the abundant and valuable 
products of her soil — the blessings by which Divine 
Providence seems to have designed to compensate for 
the great disadvantages under whieh she suffers, in other 
respects — are among the very few that can be cultivated 
with any profit by slave labor — and if, by the loss of 
her foreign commerce, these products should be confined 
to an inadequate market, the fate of this fertile State 
would be poverty and utter desolation ; her citizens, in 
despair, would emigrate to more fortunate regions, and 
the whole frame and constitution of her civil polity, be 
impaired and deranged, if not dissolved entirely. 

Deeply impressed with these considerations, the Rep- 
resentatives of the good people of this commonwealth 
. . . do, in the name of the commonwealth of South 
Carolina, claim to enter upon the journals of the Senate, 
their protest against [the system of protecting duties] 
as unconstitutional, oppressive, and unjust. — J. C. Cal- 
houn, Works, ed. by Cralle, VI, pp. 57-59. 

. AVebsteh's Reply to Hayne, January 26, 27, 1830. 

... It so happens that, at the very moment when 
South Carolina resolves that the tariff laws are uncon- 
stitutional, Pennsylvania and Kentucky resolve exactly 
the reverse. They hold those laws to be both highly 
proper and strictly constitutional. And now, sir, how 
does the honorable member propose to deal with this 
case? How does he relieve us from this difficulty, upon 
anj' principle of his.'' His construction gets us into it; 
how does he propose to get us out? 

In Carolina, the tariff is a palpable, deliberate usur- 
pation ; Carolina, therefore, may nullify it, and refuse 
to pay the duties. In Pennsylvania, it is both clearly 
constitutional and higlily expedient ; and there, the duties 
are to be paid. And j-et we live under a Government of 
uniform laws, and under a constitution, too, which con- 
tains an express provision, as it happens, that all duties 
sliall be equal in all the States ! Does not this approach 
absurdity? 

If there be no power to settle such questions, inde- 
pendent of either of the States, is not the whole Union 
a rope of sand? Are we not thrown back again, precisely 
upon the old Confederation? 

It is too plain to be argued. Four-and-twenty inter- 
preters of constitutional law, each with a power to decide 
for itself, and none with authority to bind anybody else, 
and this constitutional law the onlv bond of their 



Some authority must, therefore, necessarily exist, hav- 
ing the ultimate jurisdiction to fix and ascertain the in- 
tcr])retation of these grants, restrictions, and prohibi- 
tions. Tile constitution lias, itself, pointed out, ordained, 
and established, that authority. How has it accom])lishe(l 
this great and essential end? By declaring, sir, tliat 
"the constitution and the laws of the United States, 
made in pursuance tliereof, shall be the supreme law of 
the land, anything in the constitution or laws of any 
State to the contrarj', notwithstanding." 

This, sir, was the first great step. By this, the su- 
premacy of the constitution and laws of tile United States 
is declared. The people so will it. No State law is to 
be valid whieh comes in conflict with the constitution or 
any law of the United States ])assed in pursuance of it. 
But who shall decide this question of interference? To 
whom lies the last appeal? This, sir, the constitution 
itself decides also, by declaring "that the judicial power 
shall extend to all cases arising under the constitution 
and laws of the United States." These two provisions, 
sir, cover the whole ground. They are, in truth, the 
key-stone of the arch. With these, it is a constitution ; 
without them, it is a confederacy. . . . 

... It is to that Union we owe our safety at home, 
and our consideration and dignity abroad. It is to that 
Union that we are chiefly indebted for whatever makes 
us most proud of our country. That Union we reached 
only by the discipline of our virtues in the severe school 
of adversity. It had its origin in the necessities of dis- 
ordered finance, prostrate commerce, and ruined credit. 
Under its benign influences, these great interests imme- 
diately awoke, as from the dead, and sprang forth with 
newness of life. Every j'car of its duration has teemed 
with fresli proofs of its utility and its blessings ; and, 
although our territory lias stretched out wider and wider, 
and our population spread farther and farther, they 
have not outrun its protection or its benefits. It has been 
to us all a copious fountain of national, social, apd per- 
sonal happiness. I have not allowed myself, sir, to look 
beyond the Union, to see what might lie hidden in the 
dark recess behind. I have not coolly weighed the 
chances of preserving liberty, when the bonds that unite 
us together shall be broken asunder. I have not accus- 
tomed myself to hang over the precipice of disunion, to 
see whether, with my short sight. I can fathom the 
depth of the abyss below ; nor could I regard him as a 
safe counsellor, in the affairs of this Government, whose 
thoughts should be mainly bent on considering, not how 
the Union should be best preserved, but how tolerable 
might be the condition of the people when it shall be 
broken up and destroyed. While the Union lasts, we 
have high, exciting, gratifying prospects spread out be- 
fore us, for us and our children. Beyond that, I seek 
not to penetrate the veil. God grant that, in my day, 
at least, that curtain may not rise. God grant that, on 
my vision, never may be opened what lies behind. . . . 
— Refi'istpr of Debates in Congress, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., 
78-80. 

Hayne's Reply to Webster, January 27, 1830. 

It is clear that questions of sovereignty are not the 
proper subjects of judicial investigation. They are 
much too large, and of too delicate a nature, to be 
brought within the jurisdiction of a court of justice. . . . 

No doubt can exist, that, before the States entered 
into the compact, they possessed the right, to the fullest 
extent, of determining the limits of their own powers — 
it is incident to all sovereignty. Now, have they given 

(CuDtinued on Page 4.) 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics (or American History. 



SOURCE - STUDY- Continued. 

away tliat riglit, or agreed to limit or restrict it in any 
respect? Assuredly not. They liave agreed that certain 
specific powers shall be exercised by the Federal Govern- 
ment; but tile moment that government steps beyond 
the limits of its charter, the right of the States "to inter- 
pose for arresting the progress of the evil, and for 
maintaining, within their respective limits, the authori- 
ties, rights, and liberties, ajjpertaining to them," is as 
full and com])lete as it was before tlie constitution was 
formed. It was plenary then, and never iiaving been 
surrendered, must be plenary now. But what then, asks 
the gentleman.'' A State is brought into collision with 
the United States, in relation to the exercise of unconsti- 
tutional powers ; who is to decide between them ? Sir, 
it is the common case of difference of opinion between 
sovereigns as to the true construction of a compact. Does 
such a difference of opinion necessarily produce war? 
No. And if not, among rival nations, wliy should it do 
so among friendly States? . . . 

The gentleman has called ui>on us to carry out our 
scheme practically. Now, sir, if I am correct in my view 
of this matter, then it follows, of course, that the right 
of a State being established, the Federal Government is 
bound to acquiesce in a solemn decision of a State, acting 
in its sovereign capacity, at least so far as to make an 
appeal to the people for an amendment to the constitu- 
tion. This solemn decision of a State (made either 
through its Legislature, or a convention, as may be sup- 
posed to be the proper organ of its sovereign will — a 
point I do not (iropose now to discuss) binds the Federal 
Government, under the highest con.stitutional obligation, 
not to resort to any means of coercion against the citizens 
of the dissenting State. How, then, can any collision 
ensue between the Federal and State Governments, un- 
less, indeed, the former should determine to enforce the 
law by unconstitutional means? . . . — Register of De- 
bates in Congress, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., 87-91- 

Ordin.\nce OF Nullification, November 24, 1832. 

Whereas the Congress of the United States, bj- various 
acts, purporting to be acts laying duties and imposts on 
foreign imports, but in reality intended for the protec- 
tion of domestic manufactures, and the giving of bounties 
to classes and individuals engaged in particular employ- 
ments, at the expense and to the injury and oppression 
of other classes and individuals, and by wholly exempt- 
ing from taxation certain foreign commodities, such as are 
not produced or manufactured in the United States, to 
.afford a pretext for imposing higher and excessive duties 
on articles similar to those intended to be protected, hath 
exceeded its just i)owers under the Constitution, which 
confers on it no authority to afford such protection, and 
hath violated the true meaning and intent of the Con- 
stitution, which provides for equality in imposing the 
burthens of taxation upon the several States and por- 
tions of the confederacy. . . . 

We, therefore, the people of the State of South Caro- 
lina in Convention assembled, to declare and ordain, 
and it is hereby declared and ordained, tliat the several 
acts and ]>arts of acts of the Congress of the United 
States, ))ur))orting to be laws for the imposing of duties 
and inijiosts on the importation of foreign commodities, 
and now having actual operation and effect within tlie 
United States . . . are unauthorized by the Constitution 
of the United .'states, and violate the true meaning and in- 
tent thereof, ;ind are null, void, and no law, nor binding 
upon this State, its officers or citizens; and all promises, 
contracts, and obligations, made or entered into, or to be 
made or entered into, with purpose to secure the duties 



imposed by the said acts, and all judicial proceedings 
which shall be hereafter had in affirmance thereof, are 
and shall be held utterly null and void. . . . — Mac- 
Donald, Select Documents uf the History of the United 
States, 2(58-2(39. 

,IaCKSON's Nl'LLIFICATIOX PllOt LA.MATIOX, DECEMBER 
10, 1832. 

... I, Andrew .Jackson, President of the United 
States, have thought proper to issue this my PROCLA- 
MATION, stating my views of the Constitution and laws 
applicable to the measures adopted by the Convention of 
South Carolina, and to the reasons tliey have put forth 
to sustain them, declaring the course which duty will 
require me to pursue, and, appealing to the understand- 
ing and patriotism of the people, warn them of the 
consequences that must inevitably result from an observ- 
ance of the dictates of the Convention. . . . 

The ordinance is founded, not on the indefeasible right 
of resisting acts which are plainly unconstitutional, and 
too oppressive to be endured ; but on the strange position 
that any one St.ate may not only declare an act of Con- 
gress void, but ])rohibit its execution — that they may do 
this consistently with the Constitution — that the true con- 
struction of that instrument permits .a State to retain its 
place in the Union, and yet be bound by no otiier of its 
laws than those it may choose to consider as constitu- 
tional. . . . 

I consider, then, the power to annul a law of the 
United States, assumed by one State, incompatible 

WITH THE E.XISTENCE OF THE UxiON, CONTRADICTED EX- 
PRESSLY BY THE LETTER OF THE CONSTITUTION, UN- 
AUTHORIZED BY ITS SPIRIT, INCONSISTENT WITH EVERY 
PRINCIPLE ON WHICH IT WAS FOUNDED, AND DESTRUCTIVE 
OF THE GREAT OBJECT FOR WHICH IT WAS FORMED. . . . 

This, then, is the position in wliich we stand. A 
small majority of the citizens of one State in the Union 
have elected delegates to a .State Convention ; that Con- 
vention has ordained that all the revenue laws of the 
United States must be repealed, or that they are no longer 
a member of the Union. The Governor of that State 
has recommended to the Legislature tlie raising of an 
army to carry the secession into effect, .and that he may 
be empowered to give clearances to vessels in the name 
of the State. No act of violent opposition to the laws 
has yet been committed, but such a state of things is 
hourly apprehended ; and it is the intent of this instru- 
ment to proclaim, not only that the duty imposed on me 
by the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faith- 
fully executed," shall be performed to the extent of the 
powers already vested in me by law, or of such others 
as the wisdom of Congress shall devise and entrust to 
me for that purpose, but to warn the citizens of South 
Carolina who have been deluded into .'in opposition to the 
laws, of the danger they will incur by obedience to the 
illegal and disorganizing ordinance of the Conven- 
tion. . . . 

. . . Having the fullest confidence in the justness of 
the legal and constitutional opinion of my duties, which 
has been expressed, I rely, with equal confidence, on 
your undivided support in my determination to execute 
the laws — to preserve the Union by all constitutional 
means — to arrest, if possible, by moderate but firm meas- 
ures, the necessity of a recourse to force; and, if it be 
the will of Heaven, tliat the recurrence of its primeval 
curse on man for the shedding of a brother's blood should 
fall upon our land, that it be not called down by any 
offensive act on the part of the United .States. . . . — 
Richardson. Messnf/rs anil Papers of the Presidents, II, 
(i40-6.'5(). 



McKinlcy's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 25. The Jacksonian Epoch, 1829-1841 (II). 



(Continued from Topic U 24). 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

7. Indian Affairs. 

a) Trouble between Georgia and Indians. 

b) Ignoring of United States Supreme Court. 

c) Eventual removal of Indians to west of Missis- 

sippi River. 

d) Establishment of new Indian boundary west of 

Mississippi River. 

8. The Bank Controversy. 

a) Review of charter of bank: capital, term of 

years, monopoly, fiscal agent of govern- 
ment, etc. 

b) Reasons for Jackson's ojjposition to bank. 

1) A moneyed nionojioly opposed to demo- 

cratic theory. 

2) Personal reasons. 

c) Jackson's attacks on bank; messages of 1829, 

1830, 1831. 

d) Move to reeharter tlie bank; act passed July, 

1832. 

e) Jackson's veto ; failure to pass over it. 

f) The Bank in the campaign of 1832. 

1) Clay and National Republicans favored it. 

2) Jackson men opposed it. 

g) Jackson re-elected. Interpreted by him as popu- 

lar mandate to destroy the bank, 1833. 

h) Removal of deposits from United States Bank 
to state banks (pet banks). 

i) Jackson censured by vote of Senate, 1834. 

j) Vote of censure expunged bv influence of Ben- 
ton, 1837. 
k) Bank takes out state charter; soon goes out of 
business. 

9- Influence of overthrow of bank. 

a) United States gives up control of banking, leav- 

ing it to states to control. 

b) Many new state banks chartered ; they issue large 

circulation of paper money. 

c) Encourages speculation. 

d) Leads to the establishment of: 

10. The Independent Treasury System. 

a) Dangers of depositing national money in state 

banks. 

b) Demand that government keep its own funds. 

c) Independent treasury act, 1840. 

d) Repealed in 1841, but permanentlv adopted in 

1846. 

11. Financial Questions. 

a) Payment of national debt by 183.'). 

b) Surplus revenue. 

1) Caused by payment of debt and determina- 

tion not to reduce the tariff faster 
than provided by compromise tariff. 

2) Suggestions for use of surplus — compli- 

cated because Jackson men did not be- 
lieve that Congress had power to use 
it for internal improvements. 
S) Distributed among states. How used by 
them ? 

c) Speculation: caused by: 

1 ) National prosperity. 

2) Organization of state banks and issue of 

paper money. 

3) Easy purchases of public lands. 



4) Distribution of surplus. 

d) Specie Circular. 

1 ) Drafted by T. H. Benton. 
2) Provided — land sales to be made for specie, 

notes of specie-paying hanks and land 

script. 

e) Financial Panic of 1837. 

1) Causes (see c) and d) preceding). 

2) Effects — number and extent of business 

failures. 

3) Influence upon state hanks .-uid state bank- 

ing systems. . 

4) Upon national financial measures; disap- 

pearance of surplus; independent 
treasury. 

5) Influence upon west and southwest. 
12. Political Affairs. 

a) Rise and influence of Anti-Masons. 

b) Adoj)tion of national nominating conventions and 

of national ])latfonns by political parties. 
e) \ew names for parties. 

1) Jackson men are now called "Demo- 

crats." 

2) Clay men — National Republicans — arc 

called "Whigs." 

d) Election of Van Buren — the political heir of 

•lackson, 1836. 

e) Election of 1840— Log Cabin and Hard Cider 

Campaign. 

1) Unpopularity of Van Buren. 

2) Democrats blamed for hard times. 

3) Whigs win in a hurrah campaign. 

4) Election of 1840. 

f) Liberty party — see Topic 27. 

13. Abolition Movement. 1S3I-I840. (See Topic 27.) 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 263->?90; Ashlev, 298-311- Chan- 
ning, 377-409; Hart, 316-33(i; James & Sanford. 297-,330 •' Johns- 
tnn-MacDonald. 371-298; .McMaster, 301-316; Monteomerv 
226-244; Muzzey, 277-298. ^ •" 

For Collateral Reading.— Burgess, Middle Period, ch. 9, 11, 
12; Coman, Industrial Historv, 227-231; Dewey, Financial 
History, 197-233; Elson, V. S"., 478-508; Sparks, Men Who 
Made the Nation, ch. 8, 9; Stanwood, Historv of Presidcncv, 
ch. 13-16; Wilson, Division and Reunion, 69-115. 

For Topical Study.— 

7. MacDonald, cli. 10; McMaster, V, 537-.5.39; McMaster, ^'I 
327-334; Schouler, IV, 23.3-236; Sparks, U. S., II, ch. 3; Wilwn 
IV, 14-18. 

8. Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, ,38.3-385; Johnston, 
American Political Historv, I, 393-420; JIacDonald, Jackson- 
ian Democracy, ch. 7, 13; McMaster, I'. S., \l, 1-10, 132-147 
183-212; Schouler, U. S., Ill, 467-475; IV, 43-54, 68-70 132- 
170; Von Hoist, U. S., II. 32-72; White, Monev and Banking, 
278-315; Wilson, American People, IV, 41-66. 

10. Schouler, I'V. 283. 

11. Hart, Slavcrv and ,\bolition, ch. 20; MacDonald, rli 16- 
McMaster, "\'I, 213-223, 308-326, 494-497, 523-533, 545-547, and 
ch. 63, 65; Schouler, IV, 160, 170-183, 229-231, 257-265 276-''91.- 
Von Hoist, II, 174-218; Wilson, IV, 66-73. 

12. McMaster, VI. 236-270. 299-303, ch. 64; Schouler IV 
77-82, 188-200. 

13. See references under Topic Ko. 27. 

Source References. — .\merican History Leaflets, 24; Cald- 
well and Persinger, 354-378; Hart. Coiiteiniioraries, III, ch. 
24; Johnston, American Orations, I, .320-3.36; MacDonald, 
Source Book, 320-360; MacDonald, Documents, 231-333. 

Biography.— Lives of Jackson, Clay, T, H. Benton, Martin 
Van Buren. 



Coyyriglit. 1012. McKinlcy PiiWishina Co., Philadelphja. Pa. 



McKinlcy's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

JACKSON AND THE UNITED STATES BANK. 
First Annual Message, December 8, 1829. 

The clmrter of the Bank of the United States expires 
in 1836, and its stockliolders will most probably apply 
for a renewal of their privileges. In order to avoid the 
evils resulting from prccipitaney in a measure involving 
such important principles, and .such deep pecuniary in- 
terests, I feel tiiat I cannot, in justice to the parties 
interested, too soon present it to liie deliberate considera- 
tion of the Legislature and the People. Both the constitu- 
tionality and the expediency of the law creating this 
Bank are well questioned by a large portion of our fel- 
low-citizens ; and it must be admitted by all, that it has 
failed in tlie great end of establishing a uniform and 
sound currency. 

Under these circumstances, if such an institution is 
deemed essential to the fiscal operations of the Govern- 
ment, I submit to the wisdom of the Legislature whether 
a national one, founded u])on the credit of the Govern- 
ment and its revenues, might not be devised, which would 
avoid all constitutional difficulties ; and, at the same time, 
secure all the advantages to the Government and country 
that were expected to result from the present Bank. . . . 
— Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 
II, 462. 

» Second Annual Message, December 7, IS.SO. 

The importance of the principles involved in the in- 
quiry, whether it will be proper to recharter the Bank 
of the United States, requires that I should again call 
the attention of Congress to the subject. Nothing has 
occurred to lessen, in any degree, the dangers which 
many of our citizens apprehend from that institution, 
as at present organized. In the spirit of improvement 
and compromise which distinguishes our country and its 
institutions, it becomes us to inquire, whether it be not 
possible to secure the advantages afforded by the present 
bank, through the agency of a Bank of the United 
States, so modified in its principles and structure as to 
obviate constitutional and other objections. These sug- 
gestions are made, not so much as a recommendation, 
as with a view of calling the attention of Congress to 
the possible modifications of a sj-stem which can not 
continue to exist in its present form without occasional 
collisions with the local authorities, and perpetual ap- 
prehensions and discontent on the part of the States and 
the people. . . . — Richardson, II, 528-529. 

Veto Message, July 10, 18,'?2. 

A Bank of the L^nited States is, in many respects, 
convenient for the Government, and useful to the people. 
Entertaining this ojtinion, and deeply impressed with 
the belief that some of the powers and privileges pos- 
sessed by the existing bank are unauthorized by the 
constitution, subversive of the rights of the States, and 
dangerous to the liberties of the people, I felt it my 
duty, at an early period of my administration, to call 
the attention of Congress to the practicability of or- 
ganizing an institution combining all its advantages, and 
obviating these objections. I sincerely regret, that, in 
the act before me, I can perceive none of those modifica- 
tions of the bank charter which are necessary, in my 
opinion, to make it compatible with justice, with sound 
])olicy, or with the constitution of our country. . . . 

The modifications of the existing charter, proposed by 
this act, are not such, in my view, as make it consistent 
with the rights of the States or the liberties of the people. 
The qualification of the right of the bank to hold real 
estate, the limitation of its power to establish branches, 



and the power reserved to Congress to forbid the circu- 
lation of small notes, are restrictions comparatively of 
little value or importance. All the objectionable prin- 
ciples of the existing corporation, and most of its odious 
features, are retained without alleviation. . . . 

Is there no danger to our liberty and independence in 
a bank, that, in its nature, has so little to bind it to 
our country.^ The President of the bank has told us 
that most of the State banks exist by its forbearance. 
Should its influence become concentred, as it may 
under the operation of sucli an act as this, in the hands 
of a self-elected directory, whose interests are identified 
with those of the foreign stockholder, will there not be 
cause to tremble for the purity of our elections in peace, 
and for the independence of our country in war.'' Their 
])ower would be great whenever they might choose to 
exert it ; but if this monopol_y were regularly renewed 
every fifteen or twenty years, on terms proposed by 
themselves, they might seldom in peace put forth their 
strength to influence elections, or control the affairs of 
the nation. But if any private citizen or public func- 
tionary should interjiose to curtail its powers, or pre- 
vent a renewal of its privileges, it cannot be doubted 
that he would be made to feel its influence. 

Under the decision of the Supreme Court, therefore, 
it is the exclusive province of Congress and the Presi- 
dent to decide whether the particular features of this 
act are neeessarij and proper in order to enable the bank 
to perform conveniently and efficiently the public duties 
assigned to it as a fiscal agent, and therefore constitu- 
tional; or unnecessary! and improper, and therefore un- 
constitutional. Without commenting on the general 
]irinciple affirmed by the Supreme Court, let us examine 
the details of this act in accordance with the rule of 
legislative action which they have laid down. It will 
be found that many of the powers and privileges con- 
ferred on it cannot be supposed necessary for the pur- 
pose for which it is proposed to be created, and are not, 
therefore, means necessary to attain the end in view, -and 
consequently not justified by the constitution. . . . 

Suspicions are entertained, and charges are made, of 
gross abuse and violation of its charter. An investiga- 
tion unwillingly conceded, and so restricted in time as 
necessarily to make it incomplete and unsatisfactory', 
discloses enough to excite suspicion and alarm. In the 
practices of the principal bank partially unveiled, in 
the absence of important witnesses, and in numerous 
charges confidently made, and as yet wholly uninvesti- 
gated, there was enough to induce a majority of the 
Committee of Investigation, a committee which was se- 
lected from the most able and honorable members of 
the House of Representatives to recommend a suspension 
of further action upon the bill, and a prosecution of the 
inquiry. . . , 

The bank is professedly established as an agent of 
the Executive branches of the Government, and its con- 
stitutionality is maintained on that ground. Neither 
upon the propriety of present action, nor upon the pro- 
visions of this act, was the Executive consulted. It has 
liad no opportunity to say that it neither needs nor 
wants an agent clothed with such powers, and favored 
by such exemptions. There is nothing in its legitimate 
functions which make it necessary or proper. What- 
ever interest or influence, whether public or private, has 
given birth to this act, it cannot be found either in the 
wishes or necessities of the Executive Department, by 
which present action is deemed ]>rcmature, and the 
))owers conferred upon its agent not only unnecessary, 
but dangerous to the Government and country. . . . — 
Richardson, II, 576-591. 

(Continued on Pas» 4.) 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. No. U 25. 




These plates show "the latest Paris Fashions" for 1840 (plate 1) and for 1844 (plate 2). Taken from a popular ladies' 
magazine of the day. It should Vie noted that Paris dictated fashions then as now. 



Copyright. 19!2, McKinley Publishing Co. . Philadelphia. Pa 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. 



SOURCE -STUDY.-Continued. 

Farevveli, Address, March l, 1837. 

We behold systematic efforts publicly made to sow the 
seeds of discord between diU'ercnt parts of the United 
States and to place party divisions directly upon geo- 
graphical distinctions ; to excite the South against the 
yorth and the North against the South, and to force into 
the controversy the most delicate and exciting topics — 
topics upon which it is impossible that a large portion 
of the Union can ever speak witiiout strong emotion. 
Appeals, too, are constantly made to sectional interests 
in order to influence the election of the Cliief Magistrate, 
as if it were desired that he should favor a particular 
quarter of the country instead of fulfilling the duties 
of his station with impartial justice to all; and the 
possible dissolution of the Union has at length become 
an ordinary and familiar subject of discussion. Has 
the warning voice of Washington been forgotten, or have 
designs already been formed to sever the Union!' . . . 

The various interests which have combined together 
to impose a heavy tariff and to produce an overflowing 
Treasury are too strong and have too much at stake to 
surrender the contest. The corporations and wealthy 
individuals who are engaged in large manufacturing es- 
tablishments desire a high tariff to increase their gains. 
Designing politicians will support it to conciliate their 
favor and to obtain the means of profuse expenditure 
for the purpose of purchasing influence in other quar- 
ters; and since the people have decided that the Federal 
Government can not be permitted to employ its income in 
internal improvements, efforts will be made to seduce 
and mislead the citizens of the several States by holding 
out to them the deceitful prospect of benefits to be de- 
rived from a surplus revenue collected by the General 
Government and annually divided among the States: 
and if, encouraged by these fallacious hopes, the States 
should disregard the principles of economy which ought 
to characterize every republican government, and should 
indulge in lavish expenditures exceeding' their resources, 
they will before long find themselves oppressed with 
debts which they are unable to pay, and the temptation 
will become irresistible to support a high tariff in order 
to obtain a surplus for distribution. . . . 

The immense capital and peculiar privileges bestowed 
upon [the Bank] enabled it to exercise despotic sway over 
the other banks in every part of the country. From its 
superior strength it coiild seriously injure, if not destroy, 
the business of any one of them which might incur its 
resentment; and it openlj' claimed for itself the power 
of regulating the currency throughout the United States. 
In other words, it asserted (and it undoubtedly pos- 
sessed) the power to make money plenty or scarce at its 
pleasure, at any time and in any quarter of the Union, 
by controlling the issues of other banks and permitting 
an expansion or compelling general contraction of the 
circulating medium, according to its own will. The 
other banking institutions were sensible of its strength, 
and they soon generally became its obedient instruments, 
ready at all times to execute its mandates ; and with the 
banks necessarily went also that numerous class of per- 
sons in our commercial cities who depend altogether on 
bank credits for their solvency and means of business, 
.■md who are therefore obliged, for their own safety, to 
propitiate the favor of the money power by distinguished 
zeal and devotion to its service. . . . 

^ We are not left to conjecture how the moneyed power, 
thus organized and with such a weapon in its hands, 
would be likely to use it. The distress and alarm which 
pervaded and agitated the whole country when the Bank 
of the United States waged war upon the people in order 



to compel them to submit to its demands can not yet 
be forgotten. The ruthless and unsparing temper with 
which whole cities and communities were oppressed, in- 
dividuals impoverished and ruined, and a scene of cheer- 
ful prosperity suddenly changed into one of gloom and 
despondeficy ought to be indelibly imjjressed on the 
memorj' of the people of the United States. If such 
was its power in a time of peace, what would it not iiave 
been in a season of war, with an enemy at your doors.' 
\o nation but the freemen of the United States could 
have come out victorious from such a contest ; yet, if j^ou 
had not conquered, the Government would have passed 
from the hands of the many to the hands of the few, 
and this organized money power from its secret conclave 
would have dictated the choice of your highest oflicers 
and compelled you to make peace or war, as best suited 
their own wishes. The forms of your Government might 
for a time have remained, but its living spirit would have 
departed from it. . . . 

The paper-money system and its natural associations 
— monopoly and exclusive privileges — have already 
struck their roots too deep in the soil, and it will require 
all your efforts to check its further growth and to eradi- 
cate the evil. The men who profit by the abuses and 
desire to perpetuate them will continue to beseige the 
halls of legislation in the General Government as well 
as in the States, and will seek by every artifice to mis- 
lead and deceive the public servants. It is to your- 
selves that you must look for safety and the means of 
guarding and perpetuating your free institutions. In 
j'our hands is rightfully placed the sovereignty of the 
country, and to you everyone placed in authority is 
ultimateh' responsible. It is always in your power to 
see that the wishes of the people are carried into faith- 
ful execution, and their will, when once made known, 
must sooner or later be obeyed; and while the people re- 
main, as I trust they ever will, uncorrupted and- incor- 
ruptible, and continue watchful and jealous of their 
rights, the Government is safe, and the cause of freedom 
will continue to triumph over all its enemies. . . . 

In presenting to you, my fellow-citizens, these part- 
ing counsels, I have brought before you the leading 
principles upon which I endeavored to administer the 
Government in the high office with which you twice 
honored me. Knowing that the path of freedom is 
continually beset by enemies who often assume the dis- 
guise of friends, I have devoted the last hours of my 
public life to warn you of the dangers. The progress 
of the United States under our free and happy institu- 
tions has surpassed the most sanguine hopes of the 
founders of the Republic. Our growth has been rapid 
beyond all former example in numbers, in wealth, in 
knowledge, and all the useful arts wliich contribute to 
the comforts and convenience of man, and from the 
earliest ages of history to the present day there never 
have been thirteen millions of people associated in one 
political body who enjoyed so much freedom and happi- 
ness as the people of these United States. You have no 
longer any cause to fear danger from abroad ; your 
strength and power are well known througliout the 
civilized world, as well as the high and gallant bearing 
of your sons. It is from within, among yourselves — 
from cupidity, from corruption, from disappointed am- 
bition and inordinate thirst for power — that factions will 
be formed and liberty endangered. It is against such 
designs, whatever disguise the actors may assume, that 
you have especially to guard yourselves. . . . — Richard- 
son, III, 295-308. 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 26. Transportation in the United States to 1840. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Physical Conditions of Transjjortation. 

a) The Atlantic Coast, its ports and river systems. 

b) The Gulf and its ports. 

c) The barrier of the Alleghanies. 

d) Advantage of Mississippi Valley river systems. 

e) Absence of communication with Pacific Coast. 

2. Political Conditions of Transportation. 

a) Prevalent constitutional theory that national 

government could not engage in internal im- 
provement. 

b) Hence left almost exclusively to the states. 

c) By the states turned over generally to counties 

or to private corporations. 
• d) Hence difficulty of executing a national system 
of improvement. 

3. Review of Early Modes of Transportation. 

a) Early horseback, wagon and stage-coach means. 

b) Coast-wise trading and passenger vessels. 

c) Interior waters — canoes, flat-boats, keel-boats, 

Durham boats, etc. 

d) During blockade of War of 1812, development 

of wagon transportation. 

4. Development of the steamboat. 

a) Early experiments of Rumsey, Fitch and Evans. 

b) Practical success of Fulton. 

c) The Livingston-Fulton monopoly — held by Su- 

preme Court not to extend to inter-state 
traffic (1824). 

d) The development of the steamboat on western 

waters. Importance in settlement of west. 

e) The first trans-Atlantic steamship. 

5. Development of the Railroad. 

a) Early experiments upon steam carriages in the 

United States and England. 

b) Stephenson's locomotive made practical by tubu- 

lar boiler, forced draft, and direct drive. 

c) First American railroads not for locomotive use; 

gravity, horse-power, sails, etc. 

d) Introduction of locomotives, 1829. 

e) Spread of their use; first made in the United 

States, 1830. 

6. Internal Improvements. Early efforts by private 

companies. 

a) Canals — Chesapeake and Ohio; Dismal Swamp 

Canal, etc. 

b) Turnpike roads and toll bridges. 

c) Discouraged in period 1800-1806 by profits in 

foreign trade. 

7. Internal Improvements by State Action. 

a) Erie Canal — work of De Witt Clinton; great in- 

fluence. See Topic 21. 

b) Pennsylvania system of canals, railways and in- 

clined planes. 

c) Maryland system — Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ; 

Baltimore and Ohio Railway. 

d) In the south — railroads from coast to centre of 

cotton production. 

e) In the west — canals to connect Great Lakes and 

Ohio valley. 

f ) Great expenditures ; many plans failed. 

8. Internal Improvements by Private Action, 1820-1840. 

a) Action of states stimulated capitalists to invest 

in improvement enterprises. 

b) Great era (1830-1840) of canals, turnpikes, 

bridges, and railroads. 



c) Many engineering and financial failures. 

9. Internal Improvements by National Action. 

a) Grand proposal of Gallatin, 1807. 

b) Congress (particularly Clay men) frequently 

favored appropriations for internal im- 
provements. 

c) Presidents almost uniformly opposed them on 

constitutional grounds — Madison, Monroe, 
Jackson. 

d) Yet Cumberland road was built across the Alle- 

ghanies and extended through states of Ohio 
and Indiana. 

e) A few national appropriations for other enter- 

prises — e. g., Delaware and Chesapeake 
Canal. 

f) General result — matter left to states and to indi- 

viduals or corporations authorized by states. 

10. Influence of Improved Means of Transportation. 

a) Cheapened cost of marketing goods; thus made 

available many new lands in the West. 

b) Gave great impetus to the settlement of the West. 

c) Benefited the East by extending the market for 

manufactures. 

d) But encouraged eastern workmen to go west. 

e) Note, that lines of communication generally ran 

east and west; except for the Mississippi 
Valley there were no direct means of com- 
munication between north and south. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— A-^hlev, 121-123, 228-229, 317-322; Channing, 
384-387; Hart, 222-224, 290-295, 326-329; James & Sanford, 273- 
279, 296, 299-302; Johnston-MacDonald, see index under Canals, 
Roads, Railroads, Steamboats; McLaughlin, 314-317, 337; Mc- 
Master, 186-190, 251-253, 279-289; Muzzey, 289-291. 

For Collateral Reading. — Bogart, Economic History, 109-112, 
186-202; Coman, Industrial History, 216-237; Elson, U. S., 472- 
475; Sparks, Expansion, ch. 21-23; Sparks, Men Who Made 
the Nation, 264-281. 

For Topical Study. — 

1. Hart, Slavery and Abolition, pp. 32-34. 

3. Hart, 34-35. 

4. McMaster, U. S., Ill, 483-495, IV, 396-406. 

5. Hart, 40-48; Hadley, Railroad Transportation, ch. 1-2; 
Johnston, American Railway Transportation, ch. 1-8; Johnston, 
Elements of Transportation, ch. 2, 4; McMaster, III, 493-495, 
V, 138-148, VI, 87-94; Schouler, IV, 121-132; Shaler, U. S., II, 
ch. 2, and pp. 163-178; Wilson, American People, IV, 20-36. 

7. Hart, 38-40; McMaster, IV, 410-426; Sparks, U. S., II, 
ch. 5. 

9. Babcock, Rise of American Nationality, ch. 15; Hart, 
35-37; MacDonald, Jacksonian Democracy, ch. 8; Schouler, 
III, 346-353; Sparks, U. S., II, ch. 5; Turner, Rise of New 
West, ch. 13. 

10. McMaster, VI, 93-96. 

Source References. — Callender, Economic History, ch. 8; 
Hart, Contemporaries, III, ch. 25. 

Biography. — Lives of John Fitch, Robert Fulton, George 
Stephenson. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

CHARLES DICKENS'S JOURNEY ACROSS THE 
ALLEGHENIES. 

Nor was the sight of this canal boat, in which we were 
to spend three or four days, by any means a cheerful 
one ; as it involved some uneasy speculations concerning 
the disposal of the passengers at night, and opened a 
wide field of inquiry touching the other domestic arrange- 
ments of the establishment, which was sufficiently dis- 
concerting. 

(Continued on Page 4.) 



Copyright. 1912. McKinley Publishing Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 




the cabi 


1 window 


S .1 


nd 


pa 


No. 


3. John 


Kit 


h' 


^ S 


paddles. 


The hoa 


wa 


8 a 


sri 



ith long paddles; the canal boat for passengers. 



trrn Mrc-nin, frnm n rontrmi.nrarv skftch. 
ii'W on the Susquehanna River. Note the flat hoat 
lengers seated on top. From a magazine of 1841. 

amboat' of 1786-87. The steam-engine worked a series of rods by which the motion was transferred to vertical 
ntific success, but did not prove popular. Fitch later experimented with screw propeller and with paddle-wheels. 
No. 4. The Eruktor Amphibolis of Oliver Evans (1804). This boat on wheels propelled itself through the streets of Philadelphia, and 
entering the river paddled down the stream. 

No. 5. Fulton's Clermont, showing the vessel after the first season (1807), when some changes had been made in her construction. 
Reproduced by permission of The Kudder Publishing Co., New York, from "The Rudder." 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. Mo. U 26. 



Copyright, 1912, McKinley Publishing Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. 




To the PUBLIC. 

THE FLYING MACHINE, kept by 
Jolin Meri-cieau, at the New Bliiintj-Star-FerTy^ 
n««r New- York, fetsoff Irom Povt\es Hook every Mun- 
day, Wedncfday, and Friday M€)rrnng», fur Philadelphia, 
and performs t<)e joumef ir\ a Day and a Half, for th« 
hummer btaton, (ill the iftof November i from that Time 
to go twice a Week fill the firft of May, When they 
again perform it three Times a Week- When, the Stages 
go only twice a Week, they fet o'f MonHay^ and Thurf 
days. The Waggons in FhiladeJphia fet out Irom the 
Sign of the George, in Second- ftfeet, the fame Morning. 
The FalTengers are defircd locrofs the Ferry (be E^rening 
before, ai the Stages mull (et off early the next Morning 
The Price for each P.iflenger is T'H'</rfy.f*//fi'i^/, Proc. nnd 
tiooJs as ufual. Faflcn^ers going Part of the Way to pay 
in Proportion. 

.As the Proprietor has madelbch Improvements uprrt 
tbcMachinc-3, one of which is in Imitation of e Coach, 
'he hopes to merit the Favour of the Publick. 

JOHN MERCEREAU. 



THROUGH TO THE 

VIRGINIA SPRINGS. 

BY JAMES RIVER CANAL AND THE NATURAL 
BRIDGF., WITH 60 MILES LESS STAGING THA.N BY 

ANY OTHER ROUTE. 

Fare lhy<,i";h, (E.unJon Ihe Boats included,) (o the mile 

Suliihiu- fli ; mlual ,,im«gc mmuy 0.1(1/ JIO. 




Our Packet Bo.ils leave Richmond daily at 5, P, 
(Sundaj 5 excepted;) arrive in Ljiiehiiiirj, 14G i 
in 32 liuurs , thence by Stage, leave at 5, A M ; break- 
fast at Eagle's Ej Tie ; dine at the Natural Bridge, giv- 
ing time to view it, and arrive at Dibreli's Sprinc;. ^1 
miles, by diisk: leave Dibrell's next, A M, after break- 
fast, and arrive at the White Sulphur, 43 miles, at 5 P M. 

The distance by Stage, 109 miles, is divided into two 
days, to accoinnrodatc invalids and large parties, by 
avoiding the night travel they arc subject to on all 
ot'icr roiUcs to Ihc Springs. 

The Stage by Fincastlc and the Sweet Springs to 
the White, loaves Lynchburg Mondays, Wednesdays 
and Fridays at 5, .\ .M, and arrives at the White next 
day at 5, P .M. 

i'hc main "Mail route by Wythevillc and Abingdon 
into Tennessee, leaves Lynchburg same daysal 5, A M ; 
also the Sta?:e for Danville. 

On iMonday, Wednesday and Friday, the Boats 
connect at Cartcrsville with the Stages for Farmville, 
Charlotte Courthouse, and Halifax Courthouse ; and at 
Scotts>ille the Boats connect with W P Farish St Co.'j 
line of Stages for Staunton. 

Passengers avoid night travel in Stages by this route 
for Staunton, with $1 50 less expense than by the Rail- 
ro.Tl BOYD, ED.VIOND & DAVENPORT. 




Privctic Carnage. Carnage for Passengers, Car tpith Freight. Locomotive Engine. 




v<ii««r*» 



j ^!U!^.Miia^M'!i^:ixSS^Aj^-C^hL^TrljK\^nK^^ 



K^&^Xiiit. 



N'o. 1. Advertisement of a .stage-coach from a New York paper, of 177L Read carefully the terms offered to pa.ssengers. 

No. 2. Advertisement of a transportation route in Virginia, in 1845. Note the prices of fare, the distances traveled by 
canal boat and by stage, the particular inducements offered by the route and the competition with railroads. 

No. 3. Sketch of a railroad train about 1830, from a gazetteer of the day. Note the character of the locomotive; the kinds 
of cars, and particularly the private carriage placed upon a flat-car. 

No. 4. Sketch of a train (July 31, 183-3), on the Mohawk and Hudson Railway. Reproduced from a cutting on black 
paper made at the time before the train started. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE - STUD Y.-Continued. 

However, tliere it was — a barge with a little house in 
it, viewed from the outside, and a caravan at a fair, 
viewed from within. . . . 

We sat here, looking silently at the row of little tables, 
which extended down both sides of the cabin, and listen- 
ing to tile rain as it dripped and pattered on the boat, 
and j)lashed with a dismal merriment in the water, until 
the arrival of the railway train, for whose final contri- 
bution to our stock of ])assengers, our departure was 
alone deferred. It brought a good many boxes, which 
were bumped and tossed upon the roof, almost as pain- 
fully as if they liad been deposited on one's own head, 
without the intervention of a porter's knot; and several 
damp gentlemen, whose clothes, on their drawing around 
the stove, began to steam again. No doubt it would have 
been a thought more comfortable if the driving rain, 
which now poured down more soakingly than ever, had 
admitted of a window being opened, or if our number 
had been something less than thirty ; but there was 
scarcely time to think as much, when a train of three 
horses was attached to the tow-rope, the boy upon the 
leader smacked his wliip, the rudder creaked and groaned 
complainingly, and we had begun our journey. 

As it continued to rain most perseveringly, we all re- 
mained below : the damp gentlemen round the stove, grad- 
ually becoming mildewed by the action of the fire ; and 
the dry gentlemen lying at full length upon the seats, or 
slumbering uneasily with their faces on the tables, or 
walking up and down the cabin, which it was barely 
possible for a man of the middle height to do, without 
making bald places on his head by scraping it against the 
roof. At about six o'clock, all the small tables were put 
together to form one long table, and everybody sat down 
to tea, coffee, bread, butter, salmon, shad, liver, steaks, 
potatoes, jiickles, ham, chops, black-puddings and 
sausages. ... 

By the time the meal was over, the rain, which seemed 
to have worn itself out by coming down so fast, was 
nearly over too ; and it became feasible to go on deck : 
which was a great relief, notwithstanding its being a 
very small deck, and being rendered still smaller by the 
luggage, which was heaped together in the middle under 
a tarpaulin covering; leaving, on either side, a path so 
narrow, that it became a science to walk to and fro with- 
out tumbling overboard into the canal. It was some- 
what embarrassing at first, too, to have to duck nimbly 
every five minutes whenever the man at the helm cried 
"Bridge !" and sometimes, when the cry was "Low 
Bridge," to lie down nearly flat. But custom familiarizes 
one to anything, and there were so many bridges that it 
took a very short time to get used to this. 

As night came on, and we drew in sight of the first 
range of hills, which are the outposts of the Allegheny 
Mountains, the scenery, which had been uninteresting 
hitherto, became more bold and striking. . . . The night 
was cloudy yet, but moonlight too : and when we crossed 
the Susquehanna river — over which there is an extraordi- 
nary wooden bridge with two galleries, one above the 
other, so that even there, two boat teams meeting, may 
pass without confusion — it wj\s wild and grand. 

I have mentioned my having been in some uncertainty 
and doubt, at first, relative to the sleeping arrangements 
on board this boat. I remained in the same vague state 
of mind until ten o'clock or thereabouts, when going 
below, I found suspended on either side of the cabin, 
three long tiers of hanging book-shelves, designed ap- 
parently for volumes of the small octavo size. Looking 



with greater attention at these contrivances (wondering 
to find such literary preparations in sucii a place), I 
descried on each shelf a sort of microscopic sheet and 
blanket; then I began dimly to comprehend that the 
passengers were the library, and that they were to be 
arranged, edge-wise, on these shelves, till morning. . . . 

As soon as any gentleman found his number, he 
took possession of it by immediately undressing himself 
and crawling into bed. ... As to the ladies, they were 
already abed, behind the red curtain, which was care- 
fully drawn and pinned up the centre ; though as every 
cough, or sneeze, or whisper, behind this curtain was per- 
fectly audible before it, we had still a lively conscious- 
ness of their society. . . . 

Between five and six o'clock in the morning we got up, 
.•md some of us went on deck, to give them an opportunity 
of taking the shelves down; while others, the morning 
being very cold, crowded round the rusty stove, cherish- 
ing the newly kindled fire, and rilling tlie grate with 
those voluntary contributions of which they had been so 
liberal all night [expectorations]. The washing accom- 
modations were primitive. Tliere was a tin ladle chained 
to the deck, with which every gentleman who thought it 
necessary (many were superior to this weakness), fished 
the dirty w.-iter out of the canal, and poured it into a 
tin basin, secured in like manner. There was .also a' 
jack-towel. And hanging up before a little looking- 
glass in the bar, in the immediate vicinity of the bread^ 
and cheese and biscuits, were a public comb and hair- 
brush. 

At eight o'clock, the shelves being taken down and put 
away and the tables joined together, everybody sat down 
to [breakfast]. . . . When everybody had done with 
everything, the fragments were cleared away: and one 
of the waiters appearing anew in the character of a 
barber, shaved such of the company as desired to be 
shaved. . , . 

The canal extends to the foot of the mountain, and 
there, of course, it stops ; the p.assengers being conveyed 
across it bj' land carriage, and taken on afterwards by 
another canal boat. . . . 

We had left Harrisburg on Friday. On Sunday morn- 
ing we arrived at the foot of the mountain, which is 
crossed by railroad. There are ten inclined planes; 
five flicending, and five f/pscending; the carriages are 
dragged uj) the former, and let slowly down the latter, 
by means of stationary engines ; the comparatively level 
spaces between, being traversed, sometimes by horse, 
and sometimes by engine power, as the case demands. 
Occasionally the rails are laid upon the extreme verge 
of a giddy precipice; and looking from the carriage 
window, the traveller gazes sheer down, without a stone 
or fence between, into the mountain depths below. The 
journey is very carefully made, however, only two car- 
riages travelling together; and while proper precau- 
tions are taken, is not to be dreaded for its dangers. . . . 

It was amusing, too, when we had dined, and rattled 
down a steep pass, having no other moving ])ower than the 
weight of the carriages themselves, to see the engine re- 
leased, long after us, come buzzing down alone. . . . 
But it stopped short of us in a very business-like manner 
when we reached the canal ; and before we left the wharf 
[for Pittsburgh], went panting uj> the hill again, with 
the passengers who had waited our arrival for the means 
of -traversing the road by which we had come. . . . — 
Charles Dickens, American Notes, parts of chapters f) 
and 10. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 27. Slavery and Abolition, 1820-1850. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Review of Histor^v of Slavery. See Topics 21 and 23. 

2. Review of Early Anti-slavery Movement.s. 

3. Conditions of Slaver}-, 1820-1850. 

a) Number of slaves at eacli census. 

b) Distribution of slaves throughout the south. 

c) Localities of large and small slave plantations. 

d) Physical treatment of slaves: their huts, dress, 

food, etc. Compare with northern laborers 
and with European workmen. 

e) Legal position of slaves : the property of master ; 

laws requiring humane treatment of slaves ; 
limitations upon slaves going from place to 
place, upon holding meetings, upon educat- 
ing them. 

f) Nat Turner's Rebellion in Virginia, 1831. 

g) Varying descriptions of slave institutions by 

travellers in the south, 
h) Traffic in slaves; domestic slave trade. 
i) Economic advantages and disadvantages of 
slavery. 

4. Position of Free Negroes. 

a) Rapid increase in number of, owing to emanci- 

pation in north, and natural increase. 

b) Not desired either north or south. 

c) Unsuccessful attempts to colonize in Africa; ne- 

groes would not go. 

d) ^Lany restrictions upon them. 

5. Foreign Slave Trade. 

a) Forbidden after January 1, 1808. 

b) Difficulty of stopping; slaves smuggled from 

Florida, Mexico and West Indies. 

c) Slave trade made piracy, but death penalty never 

inflicted until 1862. 

d) Numbers of slaves smuggled in. 

6. New Anti-Slavery Movement, 1830-1840. 

a) William Lloyd Garrison. His life; the Libera- 

tor, 1831-1865; Immediate and Uncompen- 
sated Emancipation ; Abolitionism. 

b) Organization of new radical anti-slavery socie- 

ties : The American Anti-Slavery Society, 
1833; local societies by the Inindreds. 

c) Anti-Slavery Propaganda : 

1 ) Purpose: to arouse the north and the slave- 

holders to tile evils of slavery. 

2) Means: Pamphlets, books, newspapers, 

circulated by Inindreds of tliousands ; 
by lectures throughout the country ; 
by local societies ; by petitions, espe- 
cially against slavery and slave- 
trade in District of Columbia. 

d) Attitude of Churches: Quakers early opposed 

to slavery ; other denominations avoided 
question till about 1844, when several split 
upon the subject. 

e) Anti-slavery movement in literature : many poems 

and other writings by Longfellow, Wliittier, 
Lowell, Lydia Maria Child, ^^Vndell 
Phillips, T. W. Higginson, etc. 

7. Pro-Slavery Reaction in North. 

General impulse: feeling that Missouri Compro- 
mise had settled question, and that further 
discussion would endanger the Union, and 
the extensive trade of North with South. 

a) Opposition to negro schools. 

b) Mobbing of anti-slavery leaders — Garrison, Bir- 

ney, etc.; Lovejoy killed. 

Copyritsht, 1912. McKinley Publ 



c) Destruction of property of negroes and of aboli- 
tionists ; Pennsylvania Hall burned in Phila- 
delphia in 1838. 
8. Anti-Slavery Material in the Mails. 

a) Great amount circulated. 

b) Not distributed by postmasters in the South; 

Postmaster-General and .lackson upluld 
this action. 

f). Anti-Slavery Measures in Congress. 

a) Many petitions against slavery sent to Congress. 

b) Gag-resolutions to commit these petitions without 

reading. 
e) J. Q. Adams in House began fight for freedom 
of petition. Ciag-resolutions finally set 
aside, 1844. 

10. Anti-Slavery Movement in Politics. 

a) Garrison and many abolitioni.sts believed only in 

moral suasion ; no jiolitieal action on the 
subj ect. 

b) .lames G. Birney the first great political anti- 

slavery leader. 

c) Movement strong in tlic Northwest. 

d) Organization of Liberty ])arty in 18 40; opposed 

slavery in general. 

e) Tlie free-soil party, 1844-1818; opposed to far- 

ther extension of slavery in territories. 

f) Otiier political leaders: S. P. Chase in Ohio; 

W. H. Seward in New York. 

g) I^ater coalesced witli Anti-Nebraska men and 

Anti-Slavery Whigs to form Repuliliean 
party, 1854. 

11. Results of Anti-Slavery Agitation. 

a) Led north to believe slavery was wrong. 

b) Led south to stronger insistence upon its right- 

eousness. 

c) Focused political action upon the struggle to pre- 

serve new western territories for freedom. 

d) At last furnished a cause for secession. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, :381; Aslilev, .'J.io-IJSG, 339-340; 
Charming-, 39!)-4l«; Hart, 343-351; James & Sanford, 314-318; 
.lohnston-MacDonald, see index under Abolitionists, Slavery; 
McLaughlin, 343-34.3; McMaster, 313-315; Moiitironierv, see 
index; Muzzey, 303-327. 

I'or Collateral Readiny;. — Bogart, Economic Historv, 351- 
3()5; Burgess, Jliddle Period, cli. 11; Klson, V. S., 5l)y-5I3; 
Si)arks, U. S., 11, eh. C; Sparks, Men ^\■|lO Made tlie Nation, 
ch. 11; Wilson, Division and Reunion, 110)-133. 

I-"or Topical Study. — 

1. Hart, Slaverv'and .Abolition, cli. 4; liliodes, \\ S., 1, 
.33-75; Von Hoist,' II, 80-96. 

2. Hart, eh. 11; McMaster, U. S., V, 185-22(i. 

3. Hart, ch. 5, 7-8; McMaster, VII, ch. 7(). 

4. Hart, ch. 16; Thorpe, Constitutional History of .Viiierioan 
People. 

5. Du Bois, Suppression of Slave Trade; Hart, ch. !). 

6. Hart, ch. 12-17; Johnston, American Political Ilistorv, II, 
46-65; McMaster, VI, 70-78, 271-277; Schouler, IV, 2().'-229, 
296-310, 341-343; Von Hoist, II, 86-122, 219-224. 

7. Hart, ch. 12-18. 

8. Hart, ch. 17; McMaster, VI, 278-290; Von Hoist, II, 120- 
139. 

9. Hart. ch. 18; Hart, National Ideals, <li. 4; McMaster, 
VI, 291-298, .38,3-386, ch. 68; Von Hoist, 11, 245-291, Ki(i-.308. 

11. Hart, Slavery and .\holition, ch. 21. 

Source References. — American History Leaflets, 10; Cal- 
lender. Economic History, ch. 15 (economics of slavery); Hart, 
Source Book, 242-265; Hart, Contemporaries, III, cli. 26-28; 
.lohnston, American Orations. II, 102-122, 219-267; MacDonald, 
Documents, .304-.305, 333-334; Old South Leaflets, 78-81, 140, 
180. 

Biographv. — Lives of Garrison, Birnev, J. Q. .\danis, Whit- 
tier. 

isblntfCo. PhilaJelphia. Pa 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 

McKinley's Series of Geographical and Historical Outline Maps. No. 2, The United States (State Boundaries.). 




Copyright. 1900. The McKinley Publishing Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. 



Map Work for Topic U 27. 

Show nn the map the progress of ciiianfipatioii in the Xortliern .States. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

IXriDEXTS OF SLAVERY. 

The following c.Ktvacts are taken from the descriptions of 
European travelers in America. While both of these writers 
were opposed to slavery, tliey were fairly accurate in their 
statements of facts. 

On the other side of tlie river I came to n plantation 
where I met with the owner himself, who was a clergy- 
man. He conducted me through the slave village, and 
talked to me about the happiness of the negro slaves, 
which convinced me that he himself was a slave of 
Mammon. Certain it is that under a good master the_v 
are far from unhappy, and much better provided for 
than the poor working people of Europe. But under a 
wicked master they have fallen into direful and hopeless 
misery. Sophists, who are determined to see only the 
sunny side of the ))icture, deny absolutely that such are 
ever to be found. But I have already both heard and 
seen enough of them. That which the North testifies 
against the South I will not believe ; but that which the 
South testifies against itself I am compelled to believe. 
Besides, the best master is no justification of slavery, for 
the best master dies sooner or later, and his slaves are 
then sold to the highest bidder, like cattle. The slaves 
out in the fields present a joyless appearance; their dark 
color and their gray dress, without a single white or 
colored garment to enliven it, give tliem a gloomy and 
dull appearance. I must, however, mention as an ex- 
ception the knitted cotton caps of the men, which have 
generally a couple of red or blue stripes knitted into 



the gray ground-color. At work in the field, tliey look 
like figures of earth. Quite dilferent is the appearance 
of our peasants in their white linen, their showy, orna- 
mental attire [in Sweden]. Tlie slave villages, on the 
other hand, as I have already remarked, have rather a 
comfortable appearance, excepting that one very rarely 
sees glass in the windows of their houses. The windows 
generally consist of a square opening, which is closed 
with a shutter. But so also are those in the houses of 
the poor white people, and in Carolina there are many 
such to be met with. In the room one sees, nearly al- 
ways, a cou])le of logs burning on the heartli, and tlie 
household furniture and little provision stores resemble 
those which are to be found in the homes of our poorest 
people in town and country [of Sweden]. Here and 
there, however, one sees more attention paid to the 
house; a little ornament about it, togetlier with well- 
supplied beds. Every house has a ])ig-sty, in which 
there is generally a very fat pig; and many hens and 
chickens swarm about the garden-jilot, in which they 
grow Indian corn, beans, and different kinds of roots. 
These little plots, however, do not look very well at- 
tended to. The slaves sell eggs and cbickens, and every 
Christmas their pig also, and thus obt-iin a little money 
to buy treacle, or molasses (of which they are very fond), 
biscuits, and other eatables. They often lay up money; 
and I have heard speak of slaves who possess several 
hundred dollars. This money they generally place out 
at interest in the hands of their masters, whom, when 
they are good, they regard as their best friends, and wlio 
(Continued on Page 4.) 



McKinleys Illustrated Topics for American History. No. U 2 7. 



Cupyriglit. 1912. McKinley Publishing Co. , PhUadclphia. Pa. 




1839.] 



_Anti- Slavery Almanac. 




THEJVATION'S ACT. MAN AUCTION AT THE CAPITAlTT^P^eTviI^IZ;!^ 




No '■ Th^ ''?1-';-^ "^''^^"^ Uberator," as u.sed in the forties, 
put forth-in the form 'o?'t "^It \torh"'^;ie^'*l!'e""e^n ^ "/ *"r-'^"'^ "f their puh.ications. Often the appeal was 
well as the usual weather predictions The fa^r te ^Zlr '''^ V^^nres, and anti-slax er>- sentiments and arguments, as 

No. 3. The burnine of Penn Wvania H,n PMI T K ' ?!"" ''7"^''"^ " ■^'"^'^ •■""•ti"". as above, 

hall was erected by the^aMitSs atTc"fof^OOOo''«^ °" ^k''"!, ''' .I'-""^:. ^T "" ^"^--aving by John Sartain. The 
destroyed by a m^b, which prevented' tl,e'''firemen^?fc:?"' ^ut'ti^g '^, t' fi re " *'' ""* "'"^""^^ ^^'"^ '^"^ '" *'^^ •"■"'' " ^"^ 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. 



SOURCE -STUD Y.-Continued. 

really are so. All the slave villages which I saw per- 
fectly resemble each other, only that some of the houses 
are better, and others worse kept. The slaves are under 
the management of one or two overseers, appointed by 
the master, and under these there is, for each village, a 
driver, who wakes the slaves in the morning, or drives 
tliem to work when they are late. The driver is always 
a negro, and is often the most cruel and the most severe 
man in the whole plantation ; for when the negro is un- 
merciful, he is so in a high degree, and he is the worst 
torment of the negroes. Free negroes who are possessed 
of slaves — and there are such — are commonly the worst 
of masters. So, at least, I have been told b_v trustworthy 
persons. . . . 

One of these friends of humanity had advanced to a 
negro woman a little capital, whicli enabled her, by 
her own labor, not only to pay monthly interest to her 
owner for tlie money lie had paid for Iier, but by whicli 
she had the means of purchasing the freedom of four 
of her children ; the fifth had yet to be purchased, but 
even this one, also, would shortly be free, through the 
help of a benevolent man. And who does not admire 
this slave, wlio tliinks nothing of continuing herself a 
slave, but merely of purchasing the freedom — of emanci- 
pating her children.^ Such a mother would, in the times 
of Athens and Sparta, have been proclaimed as "an 
honor to humanity." But this mother remains an un- 
known slave. It is true that she feels herself well off 
in her situation, and does not wish for a freedom which 
at her age could not he obtained but at the exchange of 
a life free from care, for one mucli harder — at least in 
Liberia. "When I am old," said she, "and no longer able 
to work, master and mistress will take care of me !" So 
think many old slaves, and do not trouble themselves 
about a freedom in which they would have to take care 
of themselves. And this is good when the master and 
mistress are good, and do not die before the old slaves, 
in which case the fate of these is very uncertain, and 
becomes sometimes, under new masters, worse than that 
of the domestic animals. . . . 

A pretty little village on the plantation [in Florida] is 
the home of the black nurse of the gentleman of the 
houses, and there she rests from her labors, under cir- 
cumstances which testify the tenderest care. She has 
her own neat little house, on a terrace bj' tlie river, and 
within it every convenience that an old person can de- 
sire; a comfortable rocking-chair is even among these, 
and children and children's children, whom she has 
faithfully nursed, visit her with love and presents. She 
has had many children of her own, but she acknowledged 
that the white children were dearest to her; and this 
affection of the black nurses, or foster-mothers, to the 
children of the whites is a well-known fact. Another 
fact also, which is often witnessed in the slave states, is 
the tender care which is bestowed upon these faithful 
black foster-mothers in their old age by the family, that 
is to say, when the families are able. . . . 

One of these negro schools [in Charleston, S. C], 
was for the children of free negroes. It was kept by a 
white master, and with open doors. I saw here an 
assembly of colored children, of all shades between raven 
black and almost perfect white. The school-books, which 
I desired to see, were the same as tliose in use in the 
American schools for the cliildren of th- whites. . . . 

I had also licard speak of secret schools for the chil- 
dren of slaves, but had extreme difficulty in discovering 
such an one, and when I had discovered one, to gain 
admittance into it. so great was the dread of the law's 
severity, which forbids, under a heavy punishment, the 
instruction of a slave in reading and writing. And when 



I did gain admittance into this secret chamber, I found 
in a wretched dark hole only lialf a dozen poor children, 
some with an aspect that testified the greatest stupidity 
and mere animal life. They had evidently been brought 
liither as an attempt to humanize them. — Frederika 
Bremer, The Homes of the New World, I, 295, 297, 363, 
II, 210-211, 487-4.88, 1.99. 

In the black population I observed no peculiarities 
worthy of remark. As in other towns, the slaves en- 
gaged in domestic service appeared to be well treated, 
and generally content; but those belonging to the neigh- 
boring plantations, and engaged in out-door occupations, 
were as ill-clad, dirty, and miserable in appearance, as 
over-worked and under-fed laborers were likelv to be. 
We saw here, more than elsewhere as I thought, a num- 
ber of children, from the ages of four to seven, playing 
about the streets under the care of negro boys and girls 
but little older tlian themselves. . . . But the little 
whites soon learn their own superiority, and make great 
progress in the art of tormenting and abusing their black' 
guardians. . . . 

We saw here, [Augusta, Ga.] a number of waggons 
and carts, in which negroes Iiad been brought from the 
North, on their way from Virginia. . . . The price of 
a common field negro we ascertained to be from 800 to 
1000 dollars; of an artisan, a carpenter, or smith, 1500 
dollars; and of a smart active boy of fourteen, about 500 
dollars ; women of an age to begin the bearing of chil- 
dren, from 600 to 800 dollars, according to their good 
appearance and strengtii of constitution. The manner 
in which they were huddled together for conveyance, 
was greatly inferior in comfort to that in wliich sheep, 
calves, and hogs are carried to market. . . . 

A planter from Carolina, travelling with his son and 
daughter, had purchased a negro from another white 
man, and employed him as the driver of his carriage. 
The person selling the negro, happened to know that the 
gentleman purchasing him had a large sum of money 
with him, to the amount, it is said of 8000 dollars, and 
he conceived the diabolical plan of hiring the slave to 
murder his new master, and seize his wealth, on condi- 
tion that the negro should have a sliare of the plunder, 
and receive his freedom besides ! The slave readily as- 
sented to tliis, and watching his opportunity while all 
three of the party were asleep on a sultry afternoon, he 
took a small axe, with which he had jjrovided himself, 
and beat out the brains, first of the father and then of 
the son and daughter. In these lonely roads, there 
being no one near, he had time to drag the bodies sepa- 
rately into a neighboring ditch, and- there leave them, 
while he went off with the empty carriage in another 
direction. He was soon, however, arrested; the traces 
of blood on the road having led to the discovery of the 
bodies and the detection of the murder. When brought 
to trial, he confessed his guilt, and stated the facts al- 
readj- mentioned, as to the instigation to this act being 
given by liis former master and tlie conditions of reward 
promised him for its commission. But, by the laws of 
this and otlier Slave States, the testimony of a negro 
cannot be received in any case against a white man ; and 
therefore, though the general opinion was that the negro 
was speaking truth — as the bad character of his former 
master rendered it more probable that he should be the 
instigator of the murder for the sake of the plunder, 
than that the negro should liave committed such a deed 
on a whole family, in whose service he had been but a 
few days, — yet a negro's evidence against a white man 
cannot be legally taken : so that the instigator escaped 
all punishment, while the negro was hanged. . . . — 
Buckinffham. The Slave States of America, II, 28, 43- 44, 
112, 168-169. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics (or American History. 



Topic U 28. Economic Advance, Intellectual Life, and Social Movements, 

1820-1850. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Earlj' Influence of Industrial Revolution upon United 

States. Substitution of machines for human 
labor ; the factory s\'stem ; growth of a laboring 
class ; increase in city population. 

2. New Inventions. Study life of any one great in- 

ventor. 

a) Cotton-gin — Eli Whitney, 1793. 

b) Improvements in spinning and weaving cotton 

and wool. 

c) Steam-boats and steam locomotives. See Topic 

26. 

d) Mower and reaper — McCormick (1834). 

e) Revolver— Colt (1835). 

f) Screw propellor — Ericsson (1836). 

g) Vulcanizing rubber — Goodyear (1839). 
h) Photograpliy — Draper after Daguerre. 

i) Electric telegraph — Henry, Morse, Vail ; par- 
ticularly Morse (1844). 
j) Ether, painless surgery — Morton (1846). 
k) Sewing macliine — Howe (1846). 
1) Steam cylinder printing press — Hoe (1847). 
S. Foreign Commerce of United States to 1850. 

a) Situation at close of Revolutionary War — 

Americans cut out of their old trade with 
West Indies. 

b) Failure to obtain satisfactory treaty on subject 

with England until 1830; efforts of John 
Adams, Jav, ^Monroe, J. Q. Adams, etc. 

c) Profitable commerce during war between France 

and England until 1806. 

d) Effects of French decrees, English orders in 

council, and our own embargo and non-in- 
tercourse acts. 

e) Steady growth up to 1840. 

f) Period of great prosperity, 1840-1860. American 

clippers and packet ships ; great superiority 
of American wooden sailing vessels. 

g) Articles carried ; and countries traded with, 
h) Decline of American marine with introduction 

of steam propulsion ; and of iron vessels. 

4. Literary Awakening. 

a) In poetry, Longfellow, Whittier, Lowell, Holmes, 

Poe. 

b) In history — Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, Park- 

man. 

c) In prose — Emerson, Thoreau. 

5. Educational Advance. 

a) Existence of public school system in New Eng- 

land. 

b) National provision for education in the territories 

by granting one-thirty-sixth (later one- 
eighteenth) of the public lands for school 
purposes. Most munificent grant for educa- 
tion ever made. 

c) Spread of common school system into the west, 

and from there into the older eastern states 
of New York, Pennsylvania, etc. 

d) Work of Horace Mann. 

e) Establishment of high schools, normal schools, 

lengthening of school term ; improvement of 
school buildings and text-books ; improve- 
ment of teaching force; educational jour- 
nals founded. 
5. A Period of Social Experiments. 

a) Theories of socialism and communism. 

b) Establishment of many such communities; Brook 

Farm, Economy, etc. Generally failed. 

Copyright. 1912. McKintey Publis 



c) Mormons: Origin of sect; beliefs and practices; 
early settlement in Illinois; removal to 
Utaii. 

6. Social Reforms. 

a) Reform of prisons. 

b) Abolition of imprisonment for debt. 

c) Abolition of cruel punishments. 

d) Temperance movement. 

e) Woman suffrage movement. 

f) Anti-slavery agitation. 

7. Religious Life. 

a) A period of great activity in the churches. 

b) American Bible Society — a Bible in every home. 

c) Western circuit riders and 

d) Great religious meetings ; revival meetings ; camp 

meetings. 

e) Missionary activities ; foreign and at home. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 265-irO, 350; Ashley, 322-334; 
Channing, 377-390; Hart, 338-343; James & Sanford, 353-357; 
John.ston-MacDonald, 295-297, 309-310, 333-334; McLaughlin, 
382-384; McMaster, 289-292; Montgomerv-, 241-248, 262-265; 
Muzzey, 289-291. 

For Collateral Reading.— Bogart, Economic HLstory, 130-169, 
217-237; Coman, Industrial History, 232-268; Elson, U. S., 
616-623; Sparks, Expansion, ch. 24; Wilson, Division and Re- 
union, 103-115. 

For Topical Study. — 

1. MacDonald, Jacksonian Democracy, ch. 1; McMaster, U. S., 
VII, ch. 73, 75, 76; Wright, Industrial Evolution, ch. 10. 

2. McMa.ster, Vll, 125-135; Shaler, U. S., II, 134-140; Wil- 
son, American People, I\', 72-75, 132-134; Wright, ch. 11. 

3. Clark, Clipper Ship Era; Johnson, Elements of Trans- 
portation, ch. 24. 

4. Hart, Slavery and Abolition, 26-32; Shaler, II, 395-409, 
see also histories of American literature. 

5. Hart, 20-25; McMaster, Vll, 157-162; Shaler, 11, 309-322. 

6. Hart, 15-18; McMaster, VI, 95-113, 219-223; VII, 142-146, 
208-220; Sparks, Expansion, ch. 31-33. 

7. Hart, 7-11; MacDonald, 274-275; McMaster, VII, 146-189. 

8. Hart, 11-15. 

Source References. — Callender, Economic Historv, ch. 7, 9; 
Caldwell and Persinger, 379-396. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

THE WORK OF HORACE MANN. 
No American educator did so much for the improvement 
of the common school system of the country as Horace Mann. 
It is fitting that every school pupil should know of his work. 
The following extracts are not true source-material, but are 
recent accounts of Mann's contributions to American school 
history. 

When the villages began to catch the urban spirit and 
establish graded schools with a full annual session there 
came a demand for a higher order of teacher — the pro- 
fessional teacher, in short. This caused a comparison of 
ideals and the most enlightened in the community began 
an agitation of the school question, and supervision was 
demanded. In Massachusetts, where the urban civiliza- 
tion had made most progress, this agitation resulted in 
the formation of a State board of education in 1837 and 
the employment of Horace Mann as its secretary (June, 
1837). . . . Horace IMann came to the head of educa- 
tion in Massachusetts just at the beginning of this epoch 
of railroads and the growth of cities. He attacked with 
unsparing severity the evils of the schools as he found 
them, these evils being chiefly the survivals of the rural- 
school epoch. The school-district system, introduced into 
Connecticut in 1701, into Rhode Island about 1750, and 
into Massachusetts in 1780, was pronounced by Horace 
Mann to be the most disastrous feature in the whole 
history of educational legislation in Massachusetts. Side 
by side with the new impulse given to education in the 
(Continued on Page 4.) 




■5 " 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. No U 28. 




' This page presents a series of pictures from early text-books, showing the character of illustrations furnished to school 
•children in the period 1820-1840. 

The four upper engravings are taken from a school history of the United States (1842), and show the destruction of the 
Pequod Indians, the battle of Cowpens, Lafayette offering his services to Franklin, and the Battle of New Orleans with the 
■wounding of the English general. 

The next two pictures are taken from a geography published in 1837, and depict the horrors of water-spouts on the 
•ocean, and the beauty of Niagara Falls. 

The lower two cuts are from a geography of 1836, one shows the manner of harvesting wheat with a cradle, the mill for 
finding the grain being situated in convenient proximity, and the canal boat ready to carry away the barrelled flour; the 
other is a sketch of a railroad train of the time. _ 

Copyright. I9I2. McKinler PublUblQtf Ca. Philadelphia. Pa. \ 



McKlnley'B Illustrated Topics lor American History. 



SOURCE - STUDY— Continued. 

villages, no doubt tlie district system seemed very bad. 
Its evils were manifest in the opposition to central graded 
schools which were needed in the populous villages, but 
which would break up the old district lines. Local power 
is never given up to a central power without a strug- 
gle. . . . Horace Mann's ciTorts did not at once abolish 
the district system in Massachusetts, but tliey prevailed 
to consolidate districts in populous sections of the State. 
His school reports were widely read outside of the 
State, and spread the agitation of the school question 
into Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and else- 
where. Connecticut succeeded in abolishing her dis- 
trict system in 1856, but Massachusetts clung to it until 
1869, after several vain attempts to get rid of it. . . . 

Horace Mann extended his criticisms and suggestions 
to the examination of teachers, and their instruction in 
institutes; to the improvement of school buildings; the 
raising of school funds by taxation; the creation of a 
correct public opinion in scliool questions; tlie care for 
vicious youth in appropriate scliools. He discarded the 
hidebound text-book method of teaching and substituted 
the oral discussion of the topic in place of the memoriz- 
ing of the words of the book. He encouraged school 
libraries and school apparatus. 

Horace Mann's influence aided in founding the first 
normal school in the United States at I-exington . . . 
and a second one at Barre, both in IS.Sf), and a third 
one at Bridgewater in the fall of the next year. . . . 
The establishment of a State-board of education and 
the appointment of Horace Mann as its secretary . . . 
mark an era of return from the extreme of individualism 
to the proper union of local and central authority in 
the management of schools. . . . The first report of 
Horace Mann, as secretary, was made in 1837 and con- 
tains the best statement ever made of the duties of 
school committees, esjjecially in the selection of teachers. 
It sets forth the apathy of tlie people regarding the 
schools and regrets the employment of incompetent 
teachers. 

There was a supplementary report on school houses 
which discussed the matter of ventilation and warming, 
the proper kind of desks, the location of the building, 
the lighting of the room, the playgrounds, and the duties 
of the teacher in regard to light and ventilation. 

In the second report, 1838, there is much discussion 
of the method of teaching reading. ... A just criti- 
cism is made upon the character of school reading books. 
In the third report, 1839, he discusses the responsi- 
bility of the people for the improvement in common 
schools, the employment of children in manufactories, 
the importance of libraries, and the kind of books needed, 
the effect of reading on the formation of character, and 
recommends strongly the establishment of school-district 
libraries. 

The fourth, 1840, points out the desirability of union 
schools for the sake of grading and classifying the 
pupils and cheapening the cost of instruction. . . . 

The fifth report, 18H, . . . showed how education 
awakened thought, increased the resources of the indi- 
vidual, opening his ej'es to the possibility of combina- 
tions not seen by the uneducated. 

In his sixth report, 1842, he presents the subject of 
physiology and its importance as a branch to be taught 
in the schools. 

The seventh report, IStS, records his observations in 
European schools, and starts endless questions regard- 
ing the methoJs of organization and instruction, bring- 
ing into light the questions of corporal punishment and 
the overcultivation of the memory of words. . . . 



In the eighth report, 181 1, he treats of the employ- 
ment of female teachers and of the method of conduct- 
ing teachers' institutes, teachers' associations, and the 
study of vocal music. 

In his ninth report, 18t5, he discusses the motives to 
which the teacher should appeal, describes the school 
vices to be avoided, points out the transcendent import- 
ance of moral instruction, and shows how obedience 
should be secured by affection and respect and not by 
fear. . . . 

The tenth report, 1846, gives the history of the com- 
mon-school system of Massachusetts, . . . 

The eleventh report, 18 IT, makes a strong presenta- 
tion of the power of tlie common schools to redeem the 
State from social evils and crimes. 

The twelfth and last report of Horace Mann pre- 
sents anew the cajiacity of the common-school system 
to improve the pecuniary condition and elevate the 
intellectual, moral, and religious character of the Com- 
monwealth. . . . 

He shows the importance of religion and the reading 
of the Bible in the common school; shows the import- 
ance of healtli and the necessity of providing for phys- 
ical training in the schoolroom ; sets forth the neces- 
sity of the schools for the political education of the 
citizen. . . . 

In conclusion, I suggest again the thought of Mr. 
Mann as a character inspired witli missionary zeal to 
reform society by means of the school system. It was 
this missionary zeal that led him to advocate in the 
Massachusetts legislature the first insane asylum and 
secure its establishment ; to favor establisjiment of asy- 
lums for deaf, dumb, and blind ; to secure normal schools, 
humane school discipline, methods of instruction that 
appeal to the child's interest and arouse him to self- 
activity, and finally to devote the evening of his life 
to the Antioch College experiment. — 

Article by W. T. Harris, U. S. Commissioner of Edu- 
cation, in Report of Commissioner for 1895-96, pp. 887- 
897. 

In nothing was the educational statesmanship of 
Horace Mann more evident than in his immediate grasp 
of the situation, his estimate of the points of attack, 
and his commanding influence over the foremost public 
men, and wise manipulation of the legislature of the 
Commonwealth during his entire administration. 
Already an eminent lawj-er and rising statesman, a 
man of mark, who had risen from humble estate by his 
own energy, well informed concerning the New Eng- 
land life of the period, he needed little of pedagogic 
preparation for his new work. He well understood tlie 
art of the popular reformer, at once to magnify the 
dangers of the situation and tlie corresponding import- 
ance of his own office and measures. His tremendous 
arraignment of the condition of popular education in 
the State was rather the tlnindering of a great educa- 
tional revolutionist than a stricth' accurate account of 
what really existed. It underestimated as he always did 
underrate the force of the private, secondary and higher 
education that made the Massachusetts of sixty years 
ago in some respects tlie foremost of American Com- 
monwealths, and eni))hasized tlie su])port of popular 
education as tlie soul of a people's civilization. But 
while in discussion he wielded without apology all the 
weapons of the educational agitator, he was in public 
policy conservative, cautious, careful to preserve what 
was already worth the saving, and only to add new 
features, according to tlie ability and disposition of 
people to accept and the probability of their permanent 
support. — A. D. Mayo, Common School Si)stems, 1830- 
1805, in Report of Commissioner of Education of U. S., 
1897-'98, pp. 3.58-3.59. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics ior American History. 



Topic U 29. Texas and Compromise of 1850; (1841-1852). 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Election of 1840: candidates; character of campaign; 

results. 

2. Whig Supremacy. 

a) Controlled President, Senate, and House. 

b) Planned broad national development; a bank, 

internal improvements, etc. Clay's "Ameri- 
can Policy." 

c) Death of Harrison, April 4, 1841. 

d) Tyler: character, and preceding political life. 

3. Tyler's Break with Whigs. 

a) Refused to accept their bank bills. 

b) Cabinet resigned; little accomplished thereafter. 

c) Tariff of 1842. 

d) Webster-Ashburton treaty, 1842. 

4. The Texan Situation. 

a) Review of earl_y history of Texas. 

b) Movement to annex to United States, 1837-1845. 

c) Tyler in 1844 negotiated a treaty for this pur- 

pose. 

d) Surprise of the politicians. 

e) Oregon united witii Texan question. 

5. Campaign of 1844. 

a) Democrats: re-annexation of Texas; rc-occupa- 

tion of Oregon. 

b) Whigs; Henry Clay again. 

c) Liberty and free-soil parties. 

d) Election of Polk. 

6. The Mexican War: 

a) Causes: Annexation of Texas (March, 1845), 

and occupation by United States of disputed 
territory ; claims of American citizens for 
damages sustained in Mexico ; desire for 
more slave territory; refusal of Mexico to 
sell California to United States. 

b) Campaigns: 

1 ) To occupy and protect disputed lands ; 

General Taylor. 

2) To seize California and New Mexico; 

General Kearney, Commodore Stock- 
ton, Colonel Fremont. 

3) Attack on City of Mexico to conquer a 

peace; under General Scott. 

c) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848. 

d) Results of War: 

1 ) Territorial. 

2) Political; Defeat of Democrats, 1848; Un- 

popularity of war; Lowell's Bigeloxv 
Papers. 

7. Slavery in the territories. 

a) Review of attitude of LTnited States government 

toward slavery in the territories. 

b) The Wilmot Proviso, 1846. To exclude slavery 

from any territory acquired from Mexico. 

c) Oregon settlement: 

1) Boundaries settled by treaty of 1846. 

2) Territorial government established, Au- 

gust, 1848, forbidding slavery. 

d) Proposals respecting slavery in territory ob- 

tained from Mexico. 

1) Forbid it in all. 

2) Permit it in all. 

3) Extend Missouri Compromise Line to 

Pacific. 

4) Squatter sovereignty. 

5) Leave it to courts to decide. 

8. Election of 1848. 

a) Parties and candidates. 

b) Election of Taylor (a slave-holding ^^^lig) and 

Fillmore. 



cj A compromise j)ossible. 
<). California and Discovery of Ciold. (See also Topic 
31.) 

a) Establishment of civil government in California. 

b) Discovery of Gold, 1848. 

c) Effect upon California; great influx of immi- 

grants ; 49'ers. 
d) CJovernment : vigilance committees ; territorial and 
state government ; ap])lieation for admission. 
10. C'om))romise of 18.50. 

a) The matters which needed settlement: 

1) Slavery in new territory. 

2) Return of fugitive slaves. 

3) Slavery in District of Columbia 

4) Admission of California. 

5) The public debt of Texas. 

b) The prominent men taking part in discussions: 

1) The old school; Clay, Webster, Calhoun, 

all believed compromi.se possible. 

2) The new anti-slavery leaders — Seward, 

Chase, Giddings, etc. 

3) The new slavery leaders — Stephens, Davis, 

Douglas, Foote, etc. 

c) Clay's proposals ; the Omnibus Bill. 

d) Death of Taylor; effect. 

e) Terms of compromise as adopted : 

1) California admitted as free state. 

2) Squatter sovereignty in remainder of Mexi- 

can cession. 

3) Slave trade (not slavery) forbidden in 

District of Columbia. 

4) More stringent fugitive slave act. 

5) Texas given $10,000,000. 

f) Finality of Compromise. Discussion in 1850-52 

as to whether the compromise was a final 
settlement of dispute. 

g) What compromise accomplished: 

1) Broke equality of representation of sec- 

tions in the Senate. 

2) Delayed secession movement. 

3) Introduced squatter sovereignty idea. 

4) Led to difficulties over fugitive slave act. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, )290-313; A.shley, 339-354; Chan- 
ning, 411-438; Hart, 353-381; James & Sanford, 320-340; 
.Tohnston-MacDonald, 301-,30ft, 3U-332; McLaughlin, 348-382; 
McMaster, 316-3+3; Montgomery, 244-2fa"2; Miizzey, 328-364. 

For Collateral Heading. — Burgess, Middle Period, ch. 13-IT; 
Dewey, Financial Histor\-, 234-256; Elson, I'. S., 513-518; 
Sparks, Expansion, ch. 25-28; Sparks, U. S., II, ch. 7-9; Stan- 
wood, History of Presidency, ch. 17, 18; Taussig, Tariff History, 
112-154; Wilson, Division and Reunion, 133-178. 

P'or Topical Study. — 

1. Garrison, Westwn.i-d Expansion, ch. 3; McMaster, L'. S., 
\'I, ch. 69; Schouler, IV, 328-341 ; Von Hoist, U. S., II, 371-405; 
Wilson, American Peop'e, IV, 84-9,3. 

2. McMaster, VI, 600- "04. 

3. Garrison, ch. 4; McMaster, VI, 604-63T; Schouler, IV, 
372-375; Von Hoist, II, 406-440; Wilson, I\', 93-102. 

4. Garrison, ch. 1-2, r-8; McMaster, VII, 304-331; Rhodes, 
U. S., I, 75-87; Schouler, IV, 246-256, 441-470, 481-488; Von 
Hoist, II, 548-714; III. Jl-ll,?, 198-238; Wilson, IV, 100-110. 

5. Garrison, ch. 9; McMaster, VII, 271-!?31, ch. 78-79; 
Scliouler, IV, 465-469, 471-478; Wilson, IV, 110-113. 

6. Garrison, ch. 13-15; McMaster, VII, ch. 80, 82; Schouler, 
IV, 518-550, V, 1-61; Von Hoist, III, 239-290. 328-348; Wilson, 

III, 117-122. 

7. Garrison, ch. 16, 19; Johnston, American Political History, 
II, 82-100; McMaster, VII, ch. 81; Rhodes, I, 93-98; Schouler, 

IV, 543-546, V, 65-70, 91-90, '.14-119; Von Hoist, III. 285-328, 
S49-401; Wilson, III, 122-128. 

9. Garrison, ch. 17; McMaster. VTT, rh. 93; Schouler, V, 100- 
lU; Von Hoist, in, 348-iOl. 



(Continued on Pag9 4.) 



Copyrlahr. 1912. UcKioley PublUbUigCo . Philadelphia 



McKinley Dosk Outline Mar^. No. 37b. Mexico anJ Southwestern United Slates. 




Copyriitllt, I'XX). 1900. McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia. Pa 



Map Work for Topic U 29. 

Show (a) territorj' obtained from Mexico; (li) Routes of I'reinont ;in<l Ke:iriicv. See (a) ,\clain.s anil Trent, 303; Ashlev, 
315; Hart, 362, 376; Jame.s and Sanford, 33b; Laljljerton, 61; MacCoun, ISIS;' .Mcl.aufrlilin, 370; MeMa.ster, 333 (good); 
Montgomerj-, Student's, 388; Muzzev, 3t2, 350; Scudder, 297; Slicpiierd, 19H; Thomas, 292. (li) McMaster, 330; Montgomery, 
Leading Facts, 253; Muzzev, 343; Shepherd, 201. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



REFERENCES.— Continued. 

9. McMaster, VII, ch. 85; Schouler, V, 130-14G; Sparks, Ex- 
iiansion, ch. 28; Von Hoist, III, 40^-456. 

10. GarrLson, ch. 20; Johnston, II, 120-136; Rhodes, I, oh. 2, 
and in), 207, 244; Schouler, V, 147-214; T. C. Smith, Parties 
and Slavery, ch. 1-2; Von Hoist, HI, 456-562; WUson, HI, 
134-144. 

11. Garrison, ch. 5, 11, 18; Johnston, 11, 66-81; Rhodes, I, 
199-205; Von Hoist, HI, 29-60, 159-197. 

Source Keferenccs. — Caldwell and Persinger, 399-416; Hart, 
Source Book, 266-281; Hart, Contemporaries, III, ch. 29; IV, 
ch. 2-3; Johnston, American Orations, II, 123-218, 268-343; 
MacDonald, Source Book, 361-394; jMacDonald, Documents, 
335-390. 

Biography.— Lives of Clay, Calhoun, Webster, Seward, Ben- 
ton, Taylor, Jefferson Davis. 

SOURCE -STUDY. 

THE COMPROMISE OF 1850. 
The first group of extracts is from the Congressional Globe 
and is chosen to indicate that the features of the conii)roinise 
were all to be found in early propositions before Clay in- 
troduced his resolutions. The second group contains Clay's 
resolutions. 

[On December 27, 1849, Sen.ator Foote, of Missis- 
sippi, offered the following resolution.] 

Resolved, That it is the duty of Congress, at this 
session, to establish suitable territorial governments for 
California, for Deseret, and for New Mexico. . . . 

[On Thursday, January 3, 1850,] Mr. Seward moved 
that the . . . resolution of the Senator from Missis- 
sippi [Mr. Foote] with regard to providing a territorial 
government in California, Deseret, and New Mexico [be 
printed]. . . . 

Mr. Hale [of New Hampshire] then moved to amend 
by adding the following: — 

Securing to the inhabitants of those territories all the 
privileges and liberties secured to the inhabitants of the 
Northwest Territory by the ordinance of July 13, 1787. 
[On January 16, 1850, Senator Benton, of Missouri, 
submitted his bill for an agreement with Texas, which 
was in part as follows]. 

. . . [Be it enacted, etc.] That the following propo- 
sitions shall be, and the same are hereby offered to the 
State of Texas, which, when agreed to by the said State, 
in an act passed by the General Assembly, shall be 
binding and obligatory upon the United States and upon 
the said State of Texas. 

First. The State of Texas will reduce her boundary 
on the west to the one hundred and second degree of 
west longitude, from the meridian of Greenwich ; and 
on the north to the main or Salt fork of the Red River, 
between the parallels of one hundred and one hundred 
and two degrees of west longitude. . . . 

Third. The State of Texas cedes to the United 
States all her territory exterior to the limits to which 
.she reduces herself by the first article of this agree- 
ment. . . . 

Fifth. The United States, in consideration of said 
reduction of boundaries, cession of territory, and relin- 
quisliment of claims,* will pay to the State of Texas the 
sum of fifteen millions of dollars. . . . 

[On the same day. Senator Foote introduced] a bill 
to provide for the organization of the territorial gov- 
ernments of California, Deseret, and New Mexico, and 
to enable the people of Jacinto, f with the consent of the 
State of Texas to form a constitution and State govern- 
ment. . . . 

[The same day, January 16, 1850, Senator Butler, 
of South Carolina, said] I ask leave to report, from 
the Judiciary Committee, the bill to provide for the 
more effectual execution of the third clause of the second 
section of the fourth article of the Constitution of the 
United States with certain amendments. . . . [This 

* In section 4 of the bill. 

t Deseret-l'tah; Jacinto was a part of Texas. 



bill requires] the federal agents to carry out this clause 
of the Constitution and the act of 1791, in favor of 
masters recovering their fugitive slaves. . . . — Congres- 
sional Globe. 31 Cong. I Sess., pp. 87, 99, 166, 171. 
Clay's Resolutions. 
It being desirable, for the peace, concord, and har- 
mony of the Union of these States, to settle and adjust 
amicably all existing questions of controversy between 
them arising out of the institution of slavery upon a 
fair, equitable and just basis, therefore, 

1. Resolved, That California, with suitable boun- 
daries, ought, ujjon Iier application to be admitted as 
one of the States of this Union, without the imposition 
by Congress of any restriction in respect to the exclu- 
.sion or introduction of slavery within those boundaries. 

2. Resolved, That as slavery does not exist by law, 
and is not likely to be introduced into any of the terri- 
tory acquired by the United States from the republic 
of Mexico, it is inexpedient for Congress to provide by 
law either for its introduction into, or exclusion from, 
any part of the said territory ; and that appropriate 
territorial governments ought to be established by Con- 
gress in all of the said territory, not assigned as the 
boundaries of the proposed State of California, without 
the adoption of any restriction or condition on the sub- 
ject of slavery. 

3. Resolved, That the western boundary of the State 
of Texas ought to be fixed on the Rio del Norte, com- 
mencing one marine league from its mouth, and running 
up that river to the southern line of New Mexico; thence 
with that line eastwardly, and so continuing in the same 
direction to the line as established between the United 
States and Spain, excluding any portion of New Mexico, 
whether lying on the east or west of that river. 

4. Resolved, That it be proposed to the State of 
Texas, that the United States will provide for the pay- 
ment of all that portion of the legitimate and bona fide 
public debt of that State contracted prior to its annexa- 
tion to the United States, and for which the duties on 
foreign imports were pledged by the said State to its 
creditors, not exceeding the sum of dollars, in con- 
sideration of the said duties so pledged having been no 
longer applicable to that object after the said annexa- 
tion, but having thenceforward become payable to the 
United States; and upon the condition, also, that the said 
State of Texas shall, by some solemn and authentic 
act of her legislature or of a convention, relinquish to 
the United States any claim which it has to any part of 
New Mexico. 

5. Resolved, That it is inexpedient to abolish slavery 
in the District of Columbia whilst that institution con- 
tinues to exist in the State of Maryland, without the 
consent of tliat State, without the consent of the people 
of the District, and without just compensation to the 
owners of slaves within the District. 

6. But, resolved. That it is expedient to prohibit, 
witliin the District, the slave trade in slaves brought into 
it from States or jilaces beyond the limits of the Dis- 
trict, either to be sold therein as merchandise or to be 
transported to other markets without the District of 
Columbia. 

7. Resolz'ed, That more effectual provision ought to 
be made by law, according to the requirement of the con- 
stitution, for the restitution and delivery of persons 
bound to service or labor in any State, who may escape 
into any other State or Territory in the Union. And, 

8. Resolved, That Congress has no power to prohibit 
or obstruct the trade in slaves between the .slavehold- 
ing States ; but that the admission or exclusion of slaves 
brought from one into another of them, depends exclu- 
sively upon their own particular laws. — Congressional 
Globe, 31st Cong., l.st Sess., 246-247. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 30. Culmination of Struggle— 1850-1860. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Election of ISSS — Pierce. Belief in finality of com- 
promise. Democrats stand firm on tlie compro- 
mise; Whigs lost in the North by accepting com- 
prgmise : Free Soil party and Native American 
party draw strength from Whigs. 

'.i. Ditficulty in enforcing Compromise in North. 

a) Belief in "higher law." 

b) Personal liberty laws of northern states — to give 

protection to free negroes. 

c) Underground Railroad, to assist runaway slaves. 

d) Efforts to boycott cotton and other southern 

products. 

.S. Foreign Affairs. 

a) Commercial treaties with the Orient: 

1) Cushing in China, ISiJt. 

2) Perry in Japan, ISTil. 

b) Efforts to extend United States possessions in 

Gulf of Mexico and there obtain more terri- 
tory for slavery; filibustering in Cuba; the 
Ostend Manifesto, 1854. 

i. Kansas-Nebraska Act — tlie ^Missouri Compromise 
broken. 

a) Settlement of lands west of Missouri and Iowa; 

need of form of government. 

b) Squatter sovereignty theory. 

c) Douglas of Illinois proposed application of the- 

ory to Kansas and Nebraska. 

d) A surprise to southern leaders; but accepted by 

them; and carried 1854; repeal of Missouri 
Compromise. 

e) Terms of the act. 

5. Results of Kansas-Nebraska Act. 

a) Opened new battle-ground between slavery and 

freedom. 

b) Greatly alarmed the north. 

c) Led to re-alignment of political parties on a sec- 

tional basis. 

1) Whig party practically killed. 

2) Democrats divided into northern and 

southern sections. 
S) Republican party formed out of elements 
of northern Democrats, Whigs, Lib- 
erty party, and American party. 

d) Led to Civil War in Kansas. 

6. Campaign of 1856 — election of Buchanan. 

The Whigs split up ; Republicans not yet fully 
organized; Democratic candidate Buchanan, 
from Pennsylvania, got enough votes in 
north, with entire south, to elect him. The 
first campaign on a sectional basis. 

7. Civil War in Kansas, 1854-1860. 

a) Struggle to send emigrants; emigrant aid socie- 

ties of north; action of Mis.souri and south- 
ern men. 

b) Struggle to control territorial government; Mis- 

souri men hel]>ed to elect pro-slavery legis- 
lature. 

c) Free-soil settlers met in convention at Topeka 

and framed a constitution ; adopted by ]ieo- 
ple at an election at which onlv free-soil 
men voted ; pro-slavery men denying val- 
idity of convention, 1856, 



(! ) I'ree-soil men elected officers under Topek.a con- 
stitution. 

e) Pro-slavery men met in convention at Lecomj)- 

ton, framed constitution ; adopted by people 
(only pro-slavery men voting), 1858. 

f) Later Congress provided (English bill) for new 

popular vote on Lecompton constitution, bv 
which the constitution was decisively re- 
jected, 1858. 

g) More anti-slavery constitutions : 

1) Leavenworth, 1858. 

2) Wyandotte, 1859. 

ii) Rioting and bloodshed in Kansas during this 

period; John Brown. 
i) Kansas question in Congress: House favored 
free settlers, Senate favored slavery men. 
8. Dred Scott Decision, 1857. 

a) Facts of the case. 

b) Features of the decision. 

1) Negroes not citizens of United States. 

2) Slaves could not sue in courts. 

3) Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. 

c) Effects of decision: opened all territories to sla- 

very. 

d) Reeei)tion of decision: In North; in South; 

strengtliened Republican party, 
f). Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858. 

a) Facts of the struggle. 

b) Influence: Made Lincoln a possible candidate 

for Republican party; made Douglas un- 
popular in soutli. 

10. John Brown's Raid, 1859. Purpose; failure; re- 

sults. 

11. Influence of Literature on Struggle. 

a) Writings of New England poets and essayists. 

b) Mrs. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

c) Helper's Impendinc/ Crisis. 

d) Influence of Next< York Tribune (H. Greeley). 

12. Campaign of I860. 

a) Give candidates and platform of each party: 

Republicans ; Northern Democrats ; South- 
ern Democrats; Constitutional Union party. 

b) Effect of election of Lincoln. 
1.3. Secession. 

a) Action of South Carolina. 

b) Followed by other cotton states. 

c) Avowed reasons for secession. 

d) Organization of Provisional Government of the 

Confederacy. 
14. Buchanan and Compromise. 

a) His message to Congress. 

b) Failure to hold places for iniion or adojit a deci- 

sive policy. 

c) Attempted compromises — the Crittenden pro- 

posals. 

d) Star of the West fired upon. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, :U.'J-348; Ashlev, 355-380; Chan- 
ning, 437-478; Hart, 377-418; James & Sanford, 340-373; 
.lohnston-MacDonald, 331-360; McLaughlin, 381-416; McMaster, 
343-363; Montgomery, :361-279; Muzzey, 379-429. 

For Collateral Reading. — Burgess, Middle Period, ch. 18-32; 
Rurgess, Civil War and Constitution, I, ch. 1, 3, 4; Dewev, 
Financial History, 256-270; Elson, U. S., 548-615, 624-646; 
■Sparks, Expansion, ch. 29; Sparks, V. S., II, ch. 10-13; Sparks, 
Men Who Made the Nation, ch. 12; Stanwood, HIstorv of 
Presidency, ch. 19-21; Taussig, Tariff History, 115-154; "Wil- 
son, Division and Reunion, 178-212. 



Copyrislit. 1912. McKinley PuUisliint Co . PhiUdelpbia, Pa. 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics tor American History. 



For Topical Study.— 

1. Rhodes, V. S., 1, 2H-37T; Scliouler, V, 230-351; Von 
Hoist, U. S., IV, 133-331. 

3. Johnston, American Political History, II, 137-14.0; Mc- 
Dougull, Fugitive Slaves; Rhodes, I, 207-311; Scliouler, N', 
233-228, 29-1-296; Siebort, rndrrground Railro.id; Von Hoist, 
IV, 1-U, 83-132. 

.3. Rhodes, I, 190-20,5; II, eh. fi; Schoulor, \', 2H-22i, 3.J1- 
2J5, 296-301, 309-315; T. C. Smith, Parties and Slavery, eh. li, 
18; ^'on Hoist, V, 1-50, 468-190, VI, 335-352. 

4. Johnston, II, 141-168; Rhodes, I, 424-500; Schouler, V, 
279-293; Smitli, ch. 7; Von Hoist, IV, 280-461; Wilson, Ameri- 
can People, IV, 165-172. 

5. Johnston, II, 178-279 (new political parties); Rhodes, II, 
45-78; Schouler, V, 299-308; Smith, ch. 8-0; Von Hoist, V, 
51-133, 134-28.3, 376-435; Wilson, IV, 171-174. 

C. Rhodes II, ch. 8; Scliouler, V, 340-357; Smith, cli. 13; \"om 
Hoist, V, 334-375, 436-467. 

7. Rhodes, II, 78-166, 237-240, 278-301; Schouler, V, 315-349, 
357-363, 382-400; Smith, ch. 0, 11, 15; Villard, John Brown; 
Von Hoist, V, 284-332; VI, 47-96, 166-3.52. 

8. Johnston. II, 169-177; Rhodes, II, 349-277; Schouler, V, 
374-382; Smith, ch. U; Von Hoist, VI, 1-46; Wilson. IV, 170- 
177. 



9. Rhodes, 11, 303-348; Schouler, V, 410-416; Smith, ch. 16; 
\'()n Hoist, VI, 269-300. 

10. Chadwick, Cau.ses of Civil War, ch. 5; Rhodes, II, 381- 
414; Schoider, V, 437-448; \'illard, .lohn Brown; Von "Hoist, 
Vll, 13-59. 

11. Rhodes, I, 378-385, 303-305; II, 418-436; Smith, ch. 10; 
\<.n Hoist, IV, 330-346, VII, 1-13. 

13. Chadwick, ch. 6-8; Rhodes, II, 438-500; Schouler, V, 
1.51-460; Von Hoist, VII, 110-248; Wilson, IV, 186-180. 

13. Chadwick, ch. 0; Johnston, II, 280-311; Powell, Nullifica- 
tion and Secession, ch. 7; Rhodes, HI, ch. 13; .Schouler, V, 
460-403, 499-511; Von Hoist, VII, 210-311. 

14. Chadwick, ch. 10-17; Rhodes, HI, ch. 14; Schouler, V, 
493-409; Von Hoist, VH, 313-459; Wilson, IV, 303-308. 

Source References. — American History Leaflets, 2, 12, 17, 
33; Caldwell and Persinger, 417-433; Hart, Source Book, 282- 
303; Hart, Contemporaries, IV, ch. 5; Hill, Liberty Documents, 
rli. 31; .lohnston, American Orations, III, 3-.333; MacDonald, 
Source Book, 395-434; MacDonald, Documents, 300-446; Old 
South Leaflets, 83-85; Preston, Documents, 304-313. 

Biograpli}'. — Lives of Lincoln, Sumner, Seward, Chase, John 
Brown, Douglas, Cass, Jefferson Davis, A. H. Stephens, Robert 
Toombs. 



McKinley'3 Series of Geographical and Historical Outline Maps. No. 2, The United States (State Boundaries.). 




Copyright, 1900, The McKinley Publishing Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. 



Map Work for U 30. 



Show the area occupied for slavery and as free-soil, 1820-1860. See Adams and Trent, 308, 320; .Ashley, 363; Channing, 467, 
COO; Epoch Map (1855); Epoch Maps (1775-18C5, good): Fiske, 357 (1854); Hart, 390; McLaughlin, 390, 416; McMaster, 343, 
357; Montgomery, Leading Facts, 270; Montgomery, Student's, 413, 423; Muzzey, 363; Shepherd, 306; Wilson, Division and 
Reiiiiinn. at end (1855); Wilson, at l)eginning (1775-1865). 




c — _ 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

EMIGRANT AID SOCIETIES. 

One result of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was 
the immediate contest between tlie pro-slavery and anti-slavery 
forces for the control of the territory of Kansas. The slavery 
men had the advantage of the proximity of the slave-state of 
Missouri, while tlie anti-slavery forces had only the newly 
settled state of Iowa to draw upon. Emigrant aid societies 
were immediately formed in the north to seek out emigrants 
and to aid them upon the journey and in settlement in Kansas. 
Edward Everett Hale's work was published, in 1854, in order 
to encourage this migration, and the author gives a typical 
constitution which might be used in forming more societies. 

The Emigrant Aid Company of New York and Connec- 
ticut organized on the 18th of July, under a charter 
granted by the legislature of Connecticut at the session 
of the same summer. Its objects are of the same gen- 
eral character as those of the Boston company. Its 
affairs are in the hands of a board of twenty-seven trus- 
tees, who choose an executive committee of three for 
their immediate direction. The capital stock of this 
company is not to exceed five million dollars, to be 
raised in shares of five dollars each. Mr. Eli Thayer is 
president, Mr. R. N. Havens vice-president, and Mr. 
M. H. Grinnell treasurer of this company. 

These two parent companies propose to send forward 
trains of emigrants to Kansas as rapidly as possible 
after the general arrangements for their cheap and safe 
conveyance have been made. They carry all who apply 
for tickets for the journey. It is not within the imme- 
diate power of two such companies to conduct a cor- 
respondence with every individual who wishes to emi- 
grate, nor to arrange that companies of neighbors shall 
go together, without the intervention of local societies, 
which shall take in hand the details of such arrange- 
ments. 

Local "leagues" or emigrant societies for the detailed 
care of the arrangements of parties of emigrants, have 
been formed, therefore, in several of the large towns. 
There are such societies, auxiliary to the "Aid Com- 
panies," in New York, in Albany, in Rochester, and prob- 
ably in other towns. It is greatly to be desired that the 
number of such auxiliaries may be enlarged. Each of 
them should appoint and pay a master of emigration, 
who maj- find out all those who wish to move westward 
in his neighborhood ; make such arrangements with the 
Emigrant Aid Company that, if they wish, they can go 
together; and, in general, conduct their negotiations with 
the parent company, without subjecting each man to the 
necessity of writing himself, and for himself receiving a 
reply. 

Side by side with the associations now described, the 
Union Emigration Society was organized in the city of 
AVashington, "by such members of Congress and citizens 
generally as were opposed to the repeal of the Missouri 
Compromise, and to the opening of Nebraska and Kansas 
to the introduction of slavery." This society is under- 
stood to have appointed agents in several states, for the 
purpose of calling public attention to its movements, 
and organizing auxiliary societies. 

The operations of the two Emigrant Aid Companies, 
and of the "leagues" auxiliary to them, are so completely 
in their infancy, that it is impossible to make a statement 
of their plans much more definite than that contained 



in the report of their first committee. To all applicants 
for passage they will be able to furnish passage tickets, 
of the first class, from Boston to Kanzas, at an expense 
of twenty or twenty-five dollars. Passage with a 
simpler class of accommodations may probably be fur- 
nished for ten dollars. These rates are much lower than 
the regular rates of travel, and emigrants who take these 
tickets have the assurance of the company's guarantee 
that the tickets will be serviceable for their purpose, and 
that no further exactions for travel will be made on the 
way to Kanzas. They will travel in parties of persons 
bound to the same home with themselves. They will 
arrive at a station of the company, where they will meet 
with friends, and receive such information and general 
assistance as it is in the power of the company to give 
them.- — Hale, Kansas and Nebraska, pp. 230-232. 

CONSTITUTION OF THE WORCESTER CO. 
KANZAS LEAGUE. 

Article 1. Any person may become a member of this 
Society, by signing his name to this Constitution, and 
paying to the use of the Society the sum of one dollar, 
and shall continue to be a member so long as he shall 
pay such sum annually. 

Article 2. The officers of the Society shall be a 
President, Vice President, seven Directors, Treasurer, 
and Secretary, who shall be Master of Emigration, — to 
be elected, in the first instance, immediately, and there- 
after, on the second Monday in March, annually, at a 
meeting held in Worcester. The President, Vice Presi- 
dent and Treasurer shall be, ex officio, members of the 
Board of Directors. 

Article 3. The officers shall perform such duties as 
shall appertain to their respective situations, and such, 
also, as shall devolve upon them under the By-Laws of 
the Society. 

Article i. It shall be the duty of the Master of 
Emigration to receive and keep the names of all persons 
desiring to emigrate to Kanzas from Worcester county; 
to agree upon the time and conveniences for their de- 
parture, and to confer with the Emigrant Aid Company, 
so as to make the best arrangements for their convey- 
ance to Kanzas, and their location there. 

Article 5. The moneys of the Society shall be appro- 
priated to promote such emigration into the above-named 
territory as shall be opposed to the introduction of 
slavery into the same; or, if slavery shall be introduced, 
as shall be in favor of repealing all laws tolerating the 
same ; and also for such means of promoting free emi- 
gration as the Directors may select. Provided that 
nothing shall be done, in virtue hereof, in contravention 
of the Constitution, nor in conflict with the existing laws 
of the land. 

Article 6. Suitable By-Laws shall be adopted, at 
the first meeting of the Society, and the same may be 
altered or amended at any annual meeting. 

Article 7. It is the design of this Society to co- 
operate with the Emigrant Aid Companj' in the coloniza- 
tion of Kanzas with freemen. 

Article 8. The Directors shall have power to fill 
any vacancies in their Board, or in the list of officers, 
antecedent to the annual meeting of the Society. — Hale, 
Kansas and Nebraska, pp. 219-250. 



McKinley'9 Illustrated Topics for American History. 

Topic U 31. Territorial Growth and Economic Advance to 1860. 

OUTLINE OF TOPIC. •^- (-''.-xlwick, Causes of Civil W.u% eh. l-l; Ithodes, I, cli. t; 

\'on Hoist, U. S., IV, 189-20!J. 

1. Acquisition of territory. Show how .iiid where ob- 4.. Helper, Impending Crisis; HIkkUs, 111, :5.TT-4I4; \„n 

tcained. Mark on the map the several additions. Hoist, III, 563-597. 

, T- • AJ t ^oi•r^ Source Hcferences.— Callender, Kconoiuic History, oh. 14., 

^>. Economic Advance to 1860. Caldwell and Persinger, 43:5-4.51; Hart, Co.ite.ni.orarieL, IV, di! 

a) CJrowtli of population: 4, G-IiJ. 

1) Character and extent of immigration. crki IDTT^TI Tl-kV 

■2) Pushing back the frontier. 3UUK<^t-Sl UUY. 

b) CJrowth of Agriculture. ECONOMICS OF SLAV^ERY. 

1) Introduction of improved ))lows, mowers Helper's Impending Crisis of the Soiilli appeared in 1857, 

and reapers. '""'' iniuicdiately attracted attention both in the Xorth and in 

n\ i^- ■£ J It • ii i 1 t'le South. It was a violent appeal to the non-slave-holdine 

2) iJiversined agriculture m the east; less so ..,u:f„„ „e ii,„ c„. «, • 4U <.■ \t ■ """="">"=""'""'& 
^ . =• ' whites ot the south, urging them tor their own advantage to 

in the west and south. assist in overthrowing the institution of slavery. By compara- 

c) Growtli of American manufactures: character of tive tallies drawn from census statistics and other sources, 

products and processes; new fields of in- Helper tried to show the great economic loss entailed by the 

dustry; absence of a protective tariff from "iZL'!'^""' ^''^ ""^''''"^ ^"'""^ ^''"' '"""^ "^ ^'^ '"'"' 

1842 to I860. Many replies were made to Helper's book. The second 

d) Cirowtii of American commerce: character of extract is from one of these published in 1860. The author 

vessels used ; beginning of change to steam- 'incuses Helper of juggling with statistics, but his own figures 

, . 1 • 1 J 3 -ii 1 -1 are hopelessly muddled, 

ships; countries traded witli : entrance into t,,^ Mississippi declaration is a strong statement of the 

C hina and Japan ; articles of commerce ; economic importance of slavery to the South, and of the 

influence of discovery of gold. influence of slavery in producing secession. 

e) Growth of city population: Causes; effects upon Balances all in favor of the North: 

health, politics, industry, etc. j^ct • ii i r u i i 

., „ , , , . IJitterence in the value oi bushel-measure 

f) Currency and banking: products .$11782 636 

1 ) Establishment of state banks and wildcat r\a \.i i r j ' ~' 

IJirterence in the value ot i)ound-measurc 
currency. ^^„j„^t^ ,59,199,108 

2) Development by s ates of a more secure Difference in the value of farms and do- 

system ot banking — a prelude to the ,• ■ , ,,>„,„,„„„„ 

, , , . ^ ^ ' „ mestic animals 1 ,084.,3 18,0.59 

national banking system. Currency 

^ T. . -ff "•" *r- ^''" Z^' ;" r^^'f '^''"'^"'''"- Total .$1,188,299.80.5 

g) 1 he tariff question: after 1812 mainly a revenue 

tariff; acts of 1816, 1857. Slightly higher ^'o figures of rhetoric can add emphasis or significance 

by Morrill tariff of 1861. ^'^ these figures of arithmetic. They demonstrate con- 

h) Development of railroads and canals: character clusively the great moral triumph of Liberty over 

and extent of recent building; creation of Slavery. They show unequivocally, in spite of all the 

the "trunk lines" east and west; absence of blarney and boasting of slave-driving politicians, that 

north and south ]i;ies. t''^ entire value of all the agricultural interests of the free 

i) Discovery of gold; influence upon the west; upon States is very nearly twice as great as the entire value 

national prosperity. "f all f'e agricultural interests of the slave States — 

j) The crisis of 1857. '-''^ value of those interests in the former being twenty- 

3. Conditions of Slavery. ^''^ hundred million of dollars, that of those in the latter 
, r- ■ f T i J o J- C-. . only fourteen hundred million, leaving a balance in 

4. Comparison ot Loyal and Seceding St.ates. 4-„," , „f n. ^ ct t e i ■;;• i j j j 

ST 1 .• ■ 1 •. J .... 1 , , lavor ot the tree States ot one bilhnn one hundred and 

a) In population — white and negro; attitude toward -j, ■ j, •;;■ t i j j .i ■ ^ ■ ^i 

' ^ . . '^ eighty-eiglif milbon two hundred and ninet y-nine thou- 

,. J lA '^ ^'f I J ,1 ,• , sand eight hundred and three dollars! That is what we 

b) In wealth, manufactures, and other national re- n tut- a it • j- i.- r t- t l 

' J. ' call a full, fair and complete vindication of Free Labor. 

sources tor war. n- u .. u 1 • n- •. . . i i- ^ 

s T r i ^ ^- e ,1 " ould we not be correct in calling it a total eclipse of 

c) In means ot transportation tor goods and trooi)s. ■),„ tji „i ri.K? r" -4-1 1 1 n t ti i 

j( T -. . , • .• , r , ' the iJlack Orb.'^ Can it be possible that the slavocracv 

a) In hnancial organization and strength. n i .i , j., , , ., . ^, 

\ T 11- 11 i-, . , "'1' ever have tlie hardihood to open their mouths again 

e) In merchant marine and ability to control seas .i \ ■ ^ c i ^•. • ii o ,,1 2 T^ ,1 

^ . .. J, • on tlie subject of terra-culture 111 the South.' Dare thev 

in time ot war. ti • i ' j? n • 3 /-. 1 , ,1 , . " 

fs J .,., ... 1 1 , r , f'^'e'" think ot cotton again? Ought thev not, as a be- 

t) In military training and character of iioiiulation. cn.„„ r„ • e t\ ■ ■ j ■ j j 

i T r • r 11,- fitting confession ot their crimes and misdemeanors, and 

g) In torms ot popular education. i, ■ i- r ii ^i -i i_. 1 

''^ IT ,, ', ' . , ,. ., . . ^s a reasonable expiation for the countless evils which 

Upon all these points consult the interesting ,.i,„„ i,„„„ ;„fl;„t^j „ , ■ 1. i 1 1.1 ii 1 

.1, . 1 TT 1 . ,. , ■ .,rr„ tlicv Have inflicted on society, to clothe themselves m 

tables given by Helper in his book The „i 1 ti. j ri. -i ui r ■_ -i.- j 

I P. r^ : . r',, r- , „ sackcloth, and, after a suitable season of contrition and 

Impending Crisis of tlie South. r 11 ii 1 r r j t 

,s T i-t- 1 11 • . , . • 1 . ,. severe penance, follow the example of one Judas Iscanot, 

h) In pohtical theories; states rights, nationalism, „„j " „„j i,„' „ n, 15 

. , ... . , p- ' ' and go and nang themselves f . . , 

interpretation of the constitution. p 1 • i i i i- r .1 . .1 

' ... Enough is known, however, to satisfy us that the 

REFERENCES yalue of the milk, wine, ardent spirits, malt liquors, 

™ ,, , , , . „ 1 r,.o ^., « ™ fluids, oils, and molasses, annually produced in the free 

Textbook.?.— Adams & Trent, .348-,3ol, 357-362; Channing, ct ^ • i i •. txt,. ii- "r j n ^ ii 

455-467; Hart, 410-433; James & Sanfoid, 377-380; McLaugh- '^'"''*^^- ''' "'^ ^'^'''■'' ^^^y miU'O"'' "^ <l"ll--^'-s greater than 

lin, 383-384, 403-407; McMaster, 365-377; Montgomery, tJ()2- the value of the same articles annuallv produced and 

265, 369-272, 278-279, 285; Muzzey, .367-371, 430-436. ' sold in the slave States. Of sweet milk' alone, it is esti- 

loF^L^"!!"**""' ?*"!;'""^;T^?.^'7*' ^i'!^!?",""'" "■''t^O'. 20.3-215, mated that the monthly sales in three Northern cities. 

238-264; Coman, Industrial History, 269-279 (economic causes vr -v- 1 ui -1 j 1 1 •' j r> 1 ^ ,. 1 

of war)- Elson U. S., 616-623. ' INew 1 ork, rhiladelphia and isoston, amount to a larger 

For Topical Study. — sum than the marketable value of all the rosin, tar, pitch, 

3. McMaster, l'. S., VII, ch. 73, 75. 76, 84; Rhodes, V. S.. and turpentine, annually produced In the Southern 

III, ch. 12; Schouler, V, 260-269; T. C. Smith, Parties and States 

Slavery, ch. 5; Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, II, eh. 11-12. ' ' (Continued 06 Page 2.) 

Copyrisht. 1912, McKinlpy Publishine Co.. Philailclpli'ia, Pa. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 
McKinley's Scries of Geographical and Historical Outline Maps. No. 2. The United States (State Boundaries.). 



JX' 128' 



11'" Ur lon.ongitiKio 108' West !7' from SSOnonwich 87 




Copyright, 1900, The McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia. Pa. 

Map Work for Topic U 31. 

Show the territorial growth of the United States to 18ti0. See Adams antl Trent, 305; Ashley, 508; Channing, i3j; -Epoch 
Maps; Fiske, hack cover; Hart, 567; Hart, Formation, at beginning; ,Iames and Sanford, 34.9; Johnston-MacDonald, 214; 
McLattghlin, 370, 573; Montgomery, Leading Facts, 33-t; MontgomeiT, Student'.s, 556; Muzzey, 548; Scudder, 232; Shepherd, 

198; Thomas, 39G. " " 

SOURCE -STUDY. — Continued. Nature has been kind to us in all things. The strata 

. . . The person whose curiosity prompts him to take i"cl substrata of the South are profusely enriched with 

an account of the immense piles of "Xortliern lumber now gold and silver, and precious stones, and from the natural 

Iving on the wharves and houseless lots in Baltimore, orifices and aqueducts in Virginia and North Carolina, 

Richmond, and other slaveholding cities, will not, we Ao^ the purest healing waters in the world. But of 

imagine, form a very flattering opinion of the products "•'■it avail is all this latent wealth ? Of what avail will 

of Southern forests." Let it be remembered that nearly >* f^"fr I'e^ so long as slavery is permitted to play the dog 

all the clippers, steamers, and small craft, are built at '" the manger.?— Helper, Impending Crisis of the South, 

the North; that large cargoes of Eastern lumber are ex- PI'- 7'3-77 (1857). 

ported to foreign countries; that nine-tenths of the ^^e will now consider some of the statistical fallacies 

wooden-ware used in the Southern States is manufac- of Helper's book. Not only does this incendiary work 

tured in New England; that in outrageous disregard of .^bound with incentives to treason, massacre, and bloody 

the natural riglits and claims of Southern mechanics, revolution, but the statistics are fallacious, and evidently 

the markets of the South are forever filled with Northern prepared for the purpose of deceiving the ignorant and 

furniture, vehicles, ax helves, walking-canes, yard-sticks, fanatical portion of the community. 

clothes-pins, and pen-holders; that^ the extraordinary • • • The Northern population is one and a half that 

number of factories, steam-engines, forges and machine- of the Southern, and yet it does not produce one-fifth 

shops in the free States, require an extraordinary quan- more. According to the foregoing figures the North 

tity of cord-wood; that a large majority of the liiagnifi- ought to yield, in order to make its productions equal 

cent edifices and other structures, both private and public. to the South, $64;v,682.7'22, as any school-boy can cal- 

in which timber, in its various forms, is extensively used, eulate by the rule of simple proportion. . . . 

are to be found in the free States — we say, let all these The true state of the case, therefore, is: 

things be remembered, and the truth will at once flasli \A'liat they ought to produce ..., $645,685,722 

across the mind th.at the forests of the North are a source What the free States do jiroducc 566,132,226 

of far greater income than those of the South. ... In 

this respect to what is our poverty ascribable? To the Against the free States and in favor of 

same cause that has impoverished and dishonored us in slave $.''9,452,596* 

all other respects-the thriftless and degrading institu- .go m the original ; should be $79,553,596. 

tion of slaverj', (Continued on Page 4.) 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. No U 31, 



Copyright, 1912. McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 





TJ Tt U .,Tt TT "7 T 






dim 







OVERLAND TO THE PACIFIC. 




The San Antonio and San Diego Mail-Line. 



; Clftrlc, Pare, S52. To Port Blisa.- Pare. 5100. 



Hudson, 

Fort LftnoKater, 

Quitman, 

BirchviUe. ... 
San £lisarlo,. 
El Paso, 



*' La Mesilla. 

** ForC Pillmore,- 

" ^90. " Tucson, 

" 100. "PortVunjft, 

•• 100. •• 8an Siego 

" 100. '* Loi Angeloa, . 
" 100. " Ban Franciaco,. 



, — . ..._j 


W^KKKtm , 




■:^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H|^^HHHHH|MBt|lBti 


Kfnhlii- I nrn ir.IiiiL-, nml lomniK-inii llri;liil.il, iiri 1 iiilinn ;-wl..r. 
HOUSTON, T] XAS. 


^£*^ ^l^fJk^? 


'^f^^'^-^^^^^^l^t^ 


'^^^^St 


s ). >u.., ^ ^^ ^^ ,^, ^^, ^^^_ ^^ t; L T o K , "■ '^"'' 


COTTON FACTORS AND CEHERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS. 

Main im(UComm-;r.o^S'iL"1;, ;;i i\t •.:,,- ■IVraini.s of the VS.. & T- f. 


4^:^;3r-:;r:'S'::,r:-- " :: ::::;r;:, ::T;;: .;;-:,,::,--; 



SCENES IN THE SLAVE STATES. 

No. 1. View of the river-front of St. Louis, Mo., showing the great steamboat traffic which centered in that city. 

No. 2. The Orleans Cotton Press in New Orleans, illustrates the vastness of the cotton trade. The building was 633 hjr 
308 feet, cost $753,558, could store 25,000 bales of cotton, and could press 150,000 bales a year (1838). 

No. 3. Mode of travel into the southwest. Note in the advertisement the equipment of the stage-line, the route followed, 
the fare charged, and the 100-mile mule trip across the Colorado desert. 

No. 4. A view in the interior of a cotton State, showing the methods of marketing the crop. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 

SOURCE - STUDY. — Continued. bmi long aimed at the institution, and was at the point 

Again, if we take the proportion of population to the "^ reaching its consummation. There was no choice left 
square mile, the figures will be still more in favor of the "» ^'^^ submission to the mandates of abolition or a dis- 
South. According to . . . Helper's Compendium (at ™l"*'°n "^ *'»= Union, whose principles had been sub- 
page 71). the population of the South is only 11.29 tlie '",1^,^ '« ^"j'^ ""^ "">• «•"'»• , ^ 

square mile, whereas the population of the North is ^''"^ "'^/° ""^ overstate the dangers to our institu- 

21.91. Bv the rule of proportion, the result on this t'°"« <•» ''^ference to a few unquestionable facts will 

1 . iV 1 I sumcientlv prove, 

basis ought to be: m, , ',. ...... ■, , , , 

T> c Af A ' "ostilitv to this institution commenced before the 

I op. hq. M. 1 op. bq. .\I. Answer. adoption of the Constitution, and was manifested in the 

11.29 : 21.91 :: $102,150,182 : $898,469,181 well-known Ordinance of 1787 in regard to the North- 
Now let us subtract what the North actually produces western Territory, 
from wliat it ought to produce on this basis, as follows: The feeling increased until in 1819-20 it deorivcd the 

What it ought to produce $898,469,182 South of more than half the vast territory acquired from 

What it actually jiroduced 566,132,226 France. 

The same hostility dismembered Texas and seized 

Against the free States $332,336,956 upon all the territory acquired from Mexico. 

It will be thus seen, according to Helper's own figures. It has grown until it denies the right of property in 

that there is a balance of $332,336,956 against the free slaves, and refuses jirotection to that right on the high 

States, and in favor of the slave, instead of $103,981,- seas, in the Territories and wherever the government of 

7i4 to the credit of the Northern States, as the dishonest the United States has jurisdiction. 

writer pretends. If we add these two amounts together It refuses the admission of new slave States into the 

the result will show that he lies for abolition to the Union, and seeks to extinguish it by confining it within 

trifling sum of $436,318,700. ... its present limits, denying the power of expansion. 

Such is a specimen of his statistics, on which as little It tramples the original equality of the South under 

reliance is to be placed as en liis other facts and argu- foot. 

nients against the South. The book is a tissue of false- It has nullified the Fugitive Slave Law in almost 

hoods worthy of the bad cause for which it is writ- every free State in the Union, and has utterly broken the 

ten, ... compact which our fathers pledged their fatth to niain- 

The ingenuity of man never devised a more effectual tain, 
or plausible mode of deceiving and misleading the human It advocates negro equality, socially and politically, 

understanding, than a shrewd arrangement of figures. and promotes insurrection and incendiarism in our midst. 
By this device, Helper has, by an assumed fairness in It has enlisted the press, its pulpit and its schools 

forming statistical tables, been able to render his book against us until the whole popular mind of the North is 

plausible to many persons. . . . excited and inflamed with prejudice. 

We are aware" that prejudice has much to do with It has made combinations and formed associations to 

warping a man's judgment, and blinding his understand- carry out its schemes of emancipation in the States arid 

ing; but we cannot reconcile it with a true spirit of wherever else slavery exists. : 

patriotism, or high-tone sense of honor, when the emana- It seeks not to elevate or to support the slave, but 'io 

tions of that prejudice are attempted to be palmed off destroy his present condition without providing a better, 
upon the public as historical facts. We will not allow the It has invaded a State, and invested with the honors 

bias of our prejudice to claim (notwithstanding the facts of martyrdom the wretch whose purpose was to apply 

would warrant us in doing so) that slave labor is more flames to our dwellings and the weapons of destruction 

productive than white, but we claim that it is better to our lives. 

adapted to the corn, cotton, sugar and rice fields than It has broken every compact into which it lias entered 

white labor, for the reason that the svstem of man- ^^r our security. 

agement suits better, and their peculiar nature is better It has given indubitable evidence of its design to ruin 

suited to the climate where those products are most our agriculture, to prostrate our industrial pursuits and 

abundantly grown. . . .—Wolfe, Helper's Impendinrj to destroy our social system. 

Crisis Dissected (I860), pp. 38-42. ' It knows no relenting or hesitation in its purposes: it 

stops not in its march of aggression, and leaves us no 

Mississippi on the Causes of Secession, January 26, room to hope for cessation or for pause. 

^^ol. Jt })as recently obtained control of the Government by 

A declaration of the immediate causes which induce the prosecution of its unhallowed schemes, and destroyed 

and justify' the secession of the State of Mississippi from the last expectation of living together in friendship and 

the Federal Union. brotherhood. 

In the momentous step which our State has taken of Utter subjugation awaits us in the Union, if we should 

dissolving its connection with the government of which consent longer to remain in It. It is not a matter of 

we so long formed a part, it is just that we should de- choice, but of necessity. We must either submit to degra- 

clare the prominent reasons which have induced our dation and to loss of property worth four billions of 

course. money or we must secede from the Union framed by 

Our position is thoroughly identified with the institu- our fathers, to secure this as well as every other species 

tion of slavery — the greatest material interest of the of property. For far less cause than this our fathers 

world. Its labor supplies the product which constitutes separated from the Crown of England, 
by far the largest and most important portions of the Our decision is made. We follow in their footsteps, 

commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to We embrace the alternative of separation, and for the 

the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an reasons here stated, we resolve to maintain our rights 

imperious law of n.ature none but the black race can bear with the full consciousness of the justice of our course 

exposure to the tropical sun. These products have be- and the undoubting belief of our ability to maintain it. — 

come necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is Quoted in Ames, State Documents on Federal Relations, 

a blow at commerce' and civilization. That blow has No. VI, pp. 78-80. t. 



McKinley's Illustrated I'opics lor An 



Topic U 32. The Civil War — Military Campaigns. 



b) 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. (ieography of the scene of tlie war. Extent and char- 

acter of the southern coast and ports ; the Missis- 
sippi and other river valleys ; railroads of the 
south ; importance of location of capital at Rich- 
mond. 

2. Plans for the war. 

a) Soutliern — in the main on defensive: seize and 

hold forts, navy-yards, etc., in southern 
states ; get control of border slave states ; 
force a peace upon national government ; 
seize Washington. 

b) \ortliern — in tlic main on the offensive; block- 

ade coast and cut oft' south from Europe ; 
control border states; control the Missis- 
sippi ; capture Richmond ; surround the con- 
federacy and close in upon army and gov- 
ernment. 

3. Outline for study of the war: divides into four periods 

of one year each, beginning with April, 1861, and 
closing April, 1865. 

4. First Year of War, April, 1861 — April, 186^2. 

a) Attack upon and surrender of Fort Sumter, April 

12-H.. 1861. 

b) Lincoln's call for troops; increase in regular 

army and navy. 

c) Early Union successes in Missouri and West Vir- 

ginia. 

d) Confederate advance on Washington: Battle of 

Bull Run, Jul}' 21. Results: north and 
south. 

e) Nothing further accomjilished in the east dur- 

ing this year. 

f) In spring of 1862: 

1 ) Advance of Union forces in Arkansas and 

Missouri. 

2) Advance of Union forces down the Ten- 

nessee, Cumberland and Mississippi 
Rivers ; and up toward New Orleans. 

g) Battle of Merrimac and Monitor, March 9, 1862. 

Note new features of Monitor: iron-clad, 
use of propellor instead of paddlewheels, 
movable guns in protected turret — tlie germ 
of modern battleship. Results of victory: 
blockade secure ; Northern commerce se- 
cure, 
b) Struggle at Shiloh and Corinth for control of 

Memphis and Charleston Railroad. 
i) Net result of first year of war. 
2. Second Year of War, April, 1862— April, 1863. 

a) In the west: 

1) Capture of New Orleans. 

2) Bragg's raid into Kentucky; followed by 

Buell, who defeated Bragg at Perrv- 
ville. 
.*?) Grant's army, depleted to aid Buell, at- 
tacked by Confederates at Ivika and 
Corinth, Sept. 19, Oct. 4. 

4) Advance of Union forces to southeastern 

Tennessee — Battle of Murfreesboro, 
Dec. 31 -Jan. 2, 1863. 

5) Siege of Vieksburg begun. 

b) In the East: 

1) The Peninsula Campaign of McClellan: 
Object; plan of attack; advance to- 

Coprcitht. 1912. UcKlnlay PublisbineCo.. PhlUdelpbi 



ward Richmond ; check in Seven 
Days' Battles, June 26-July 1. Jack- 
son's raid into Shenandoah Valley ; 
causes of the failure of campaign. 

2) Lee's advance into north: Second Battle 
of Bull Run; advance into Maryland, 
and defeat at Antietam. 

3) Lee retires behind the Rappahannock. 

4) Battle of Fredericksburg. 

3. Third Year of War, April, 1863— April, 1864. 
a) In the West: 

1) Capture of Vieksburg; results. 

2) Advance from Murfreesboro to Chatta- 
nooga ; Lookout Mountain ; Mission- 
ary Ridge; results: L'nion forces 
penetrate center of Confederacy and 
control railroads at Chattanooga. 

In the East: 

1) Hooker's advance against Lee; defeated 
at Chancellors ville. 

2) Lee's second invasion of north; puri)ose. 

3) Battle of Gettysburg; results. 

4) Position of armies after battle. 

4. Fourth Year of War, April, 1864— April, 186'). 

a) Slierman's advance from Chattanooga to Atlanta 
and to the sea. 

b) Grant in command in east. 

c) The Hammering Campaign : Advance on Rich- 
mond; battles of the Wilderness, Spottsyl- 
vania and Cold Harbor. 

d) Grant compelled to shift to south side of James 
River. 

e) Siege of Petersburg and Richmond. 

f) Capture of Richmond, April 3, 1865. 

g) Retreat and surrender of Lee, April 9. 1865. 
h) Advance of Sherman northward; surrender of 

Johnston, Apr. 25, 1865. 

5. The War on the Seas. 

a) The blockade: significance to North, to South, 
effect on Europe ; blockade running. 

b) The Trent affair. 

c) Merrimac and Monitor — significance. 

d) Confederate cruisers fitted out in England: the 
Alabama, the Shenandoah, etc. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Atlams & Trent, ,365-44.5; Ashley, 399-430; Chan- 
ning, 481-535; Hart, 433-490; .Tames cS: Sanford, 368-439; Mc- 
Laughlin, 41T-468; McMaster, 378-424; Montgomery, 280-337; 
Muzzey, 430-475. 

For Collateral Reading. — Burgess, Civil War and Constitu- 
tion, I, 170-178, 206-225, 243-320, 11, cli. 12-15, 17, 19, 21, 23-27, 
29-32; Dodge, Bird'.s-eye View of the Civil War; Elson. U. S., 
647-785; Sparks, I'. S., II, ch. 14; Wilson, Division and Re- 
union, 213-238. 

For Topical Study. — 

1. Hosmer, Appeal to .\rms, ch. 1-2; Rhodes, V. S., Ill, 
394-457 and ch. 16. 

2. Hosmer, Appeal o Arms, ch. 1-3. 

4. Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 449-471; Hosmer, Ap- 
)ieal to Arms, ch. 4-6; Schouler," V. S., VI, 26-49, 68-85, 89-110, 
130-152; Wilson, American People, IV, 210-220. 

5. Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 472-483; Hosmer, Ap- 
peal to Arms, ch. 7-13, 15-16; "Rhodes. IV, 1-54, 95-156, 173- 
198; Schouler. VI, 169-214, 232-261; Wilspn, IV, 220-229. 

6. Cambridge Modern History. VII, 483-513; Hosmer. -Ap- 
peal to Arms, ch. 17-19; Hosmer, Outcome of Civil War, ch. 
2. 3, 5; Rhodes, IV, 256-266, 268-398, 399-319, 395-408; Schouler, 
^'I, 341-400, 436-460; Wilson, IV, 240-248. 

(Continued on Page ■).) 



McKinlcy's lliustrated Topics for American History. No. U 33. 




No. 1. Campaign cartoon of 1860, representing the precarious position of the Democratic party with its split between 
Douglas and Breckinridge. From the original in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 
No. 2. The London Punch's view of the Civil War in America. 
No. 3. The same paper's cartoon upon the capture of New Orleans by the Union forces. 



Copyright. 1912, McKinley Publishing Co . Philadelphia. Pa. 



McKlnley'8 Illustrated Topics lor American History. 



REFERENCES.- Continued. 

7. Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, .lU-S+S; Hosmer, Out- 
come of Civil War, cli. 5-7, ll-li, 17; Hliodes, IV, 433-456, 488- 
506, 523-5^7, V, 1-41, 85-130; Scliouler, VI, 478-518, 540-56iJ, 
581-609; Wilson, IV, 253-!259. 

8. Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 549-568; Ho.snier, Out- 
come of Civil War, ch. 10; Rhodes, IV, 6, 80-95, 365-384, 510, 
524; Schouler, VI, 578-581; Wilson, IV, 237-240. 

Source References. — Hart, Source Book, 303-335; Hart, Con- 
temporaries, IV, ch. 15-16, 18-20, 22; MacDonald, Statutes, 
1-4, 12-17, 20-24, 54-56. 

Biography. — Lives of Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Lee, Jacli- 
son. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

Extracts referring to the progress of the war, from Lincoln's 
writings and addresses: 

From Lincoln'.s First Message, July 4, 1861. 

... At the beginning of the present Presidential 
term, four months ago, the functions of the Federal 
Government were found to be generally suspended 
within the several States of South Carolina, Georgia, 
Alabama, jSIississippi, Louisiana, and Florida, excepting 
only those of the Post Office Department. 

VVithin these States, all the forts, arsenals, dock- 
yards, custom-houses, and the like, including the movable 
and stationary property in and about them, had been 
seized, and were held in open hostilit}' to this Govern- 
ment, excepting only Forts Pickens, Taylor, and Jeffer- 
son, on and near the Florida coast, and Fort Sumter, in 
Charleston harbor. South Carolina. The forts thus seized 
had been put in improved condition ; new ones had been 
built, and armed forces had been organized, and were 
organizing, all avowedly with the same hostile purpose. 

The forts remaining in the possession of the Federal 
Government in and near these States were either besieged 
or menaced by warlike preparations, and especially Fort 
Sumter was nearly surrounded by well-protected hos- 
tile batteries, with guns equal in quality to the best of 
its own, and outnumbering the latter as perhaps ten to 
one. A disproportionate share of the Federal muskets 
and rifles had somehow found their way into these States 
and had been seized to be used against the Government. 
Accumulations of the public revenue, lying within them, 
had been seized for the same object. The navy was 
scattered in distant seas, leaving but a very small part 
of it within the immediate reach of the Government. 
Officers of the Federal army and navy had resigned in 
great numbers ; and of those resigning a large proportion 
had taken up arms against the Government. Simulta- 
neously, and in connection with all this, the purpose to 
sever the Federal Union was openly avowed. . . . Mc- 
Pherson, Political History of the Rebellion, 123. 

From Lincoln's First Annual Message, Dec. 3, 1861. 

The last ray of hope for preserving the union peace- 
ably expired at the assault upon Fort Sumter; and a 
general review of what has occurred since may not be 
unprofitable. What was painfully uncertain then, is 
much better defined and more distinct now ; and the 
progress of events is plainly in the right direction. The 
insurgents confidently claimed a strong support from 
north of Mason and Dixon's line, and the friends of 
the L^nion were not free from apprehension on the point. 
This, however, was soon settled definitely and on the 
right side. South of the line, noble little Delaware led 
off right from the first. Maryland was made to seem 
against the Union. Our soldiers were assaulted, bridges 
■were burned, and railroads torn up within her limits, and 



wc were manj' days, at one time, without the ability to 
bring a single regiment over her soil to the capital. Now 
her bridges and railroads are repaired and opened to 
the Government, she already gives seven regiments to 
the cause of the Union, and none to the enemy; and 
her people, at a regular election, have sustained the 
Union, by a larger majority; and a larger aggregate 
vote than they ever before gave to any candidate or 
any question. Kentucky, too, for some time in doubt, 
is now decidedly, and, I think, unchangeably, ranged 
on the side of the Union. Missouri is comparatively 
quiet, and I believe cannot again be overrun by the 
insurrectionists. These three States of ALaryland, 
Kentucky, and Missouri, neither of which would promise 
a single soldier at first, have now an aggregate of not less 
than forty thousand in the field for the Union ; . . . 
After a somewhat bloody struggle of months, winter 
closes on the Union people of Western Virginia, leaving 
them masters of their own country. . . . [There is] no 
armed insurrectionist north of the Potomac, or east of 
the Chesapeake. 

Also we have obtained a footing at each of the isolated 
points, on the southern coast, of Hatteras, Port Royal, 
Tybee Island, near Savannah, and Ship Island; and we 
likewise have some general accounts of popular move- 
ments, in behalf of the Union, in North Carolina, and 
Tennessee. . . .-^McPherson, 134. 

From Lincoln's letter to the Illinois Convention of 
Union men, Aug. 26, 1863. 

The signs look better. The Father of Waters again 
goes unvexed to the sea. Thanks to the great Northwest 
for it; nor yet wholly to them. Three hundred miles 
up they met New England, Empire, Keystone, and Jer- 
sey, hewing their way right and left. The sunny South, 
too, in more colors than one, also lent a helping hand. 
On the spot, their part of the history was jotted down 
in black and white. The job was a great national 
one, and let none be slighted who bore an honorable 
part in it. And while those who have cleared the 
great river may well be proud, even that is not all. 
It is hard to say that anything has been more bravely 
and well done than at Antietam, Murfreesboro, Gettys- 
burg, and on many fields of less note. Nor must 
Uncle Sam's web feet be forgotten. At all the watery 
margins they have been present, not only on the deep 
sea, the broad bay, and the rapid river, but also up 
the narrow, muddy bayou, and wherever the ground 
was a little damp they have been and made their 
tracks. . . . Peace does not appear so distant as it did. 
I hope it will come soon and come to stay; and so come 
as to be worth the keeping in all future time. It will 
then have been proved that among freemen there can be 
no successful appeal from the ballot to the bullet, and 
that they who take such appeal are sure to lose their 
case and pay the cost. . . . — McPlierson, 335-336. 

From Lincoln's Address on Reconstruction, April 11, 
1865. 

. . . The evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond, 
and the surrender of the principal insurgent armies, give 
hope of a righteous and speedy peace, whose joyous 
expression cannot be restrained. ... Nor must those 
whose harder part give us the cause of rejoicing be 
overlooked. Their honors must not be parceled out with 
others. ... To General Grant, his skilful officers and 
brave men, all belongs. The gallant navy stood ready, 
but was not in reach to take active part. 



straled Topics for An 



Topic U 33. The Civil War — Political and Economic Events. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Lincoln and the South: I'irst inaugural address. 
'2. Lincoln and the North: 

a) Members of the cabinet. 

b) Martial law: 

1) Suspension of writ of habeas corpus. 

2) Arrest of southern sympathizers (copper- 

heads). 

c) Growing confidence in Lincoln. 

3. Financial Measures. 

a) Government revenue secured from : 

1) High tarifl' and high internal taxes. 

2) Loans in form of bonds and treasury notes; 

3) Issue of paper money — greenbacks; made 

legal tender. 

b) National banking system; founded to create a 

demand for United States bonds; 186.S- 
1866. 

c) Amount and character of national debt at close 

of war. 

4. Lincoln's attitude toward slavery. 

a) E.xpressions before election. 

b) Willingness in 1861 to permit continuance of 

slavery in south. 

c) Early refusal to combine the war for the L^nion 

with a war to abolish slavery. 

d) Growing realization that slavery was the cause 

of secession. 

e) Slavery forbidden in District of Columbia and 

territories. 

f) Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, Sept. 

22, 1862. 

g) Final Proclamation, Jan. 1, 186.'?. 

h) What the Emancipation Proclamation accom- 
plished ; what it left undone ; was its use 
under war powers justifiable.'' 
a. Lincoln's Attitude toward Reconstruction. 

a) Lincoln's plan for the return of seceding states. 

b) Carried out in Tennessee. 

c) Not completed in Louisiana. 

d) Beginning of difference between President and 

Congress upon the subject. 

6. Miscellaneous Events in the North. 

a) Admission of Kansas, 1861. 

b) Homestead Act, 1862. 

c) Slavery forbidden in territories and District of 

Columbia. 

d) West Virginia admitted in 1863. 

e) Draft riots in New York. 

7. Election of 1861.. 

a) Candidates: Lincoln, .McClellan. 

b) Re-election of Lincoln. 

c) Voting in the army. 

R. Conditions and Government of the Confederacy. 

a) Character of Constitution of Confederate States. 

b) Principal statesmen: Davis, Stephens, Toombs. 

c) Finances: foreign and domestic loans; great 

amount of paper money issued. 

d) Failure of foreign trade; impossibility of market- 

ing cotton. 

e) Foreign Affairs : 

1) Recognition of belligerent rights bv Eu- 
ropean states. 



2) Failure to obtain recognition of indejjend- 

ence. 

3) Sentiment in England favoring the South. 

Confederate cruisers fitted out in 
England. 
f) Economic condition in South. 

f). Conditions in the North. 

10. The Cost of the War. 

a) In human lives: 

Size of armies at close of war; total numbrr 
killed and wounded. 

b) In money: 

National debt of United States. Confederate 

debt never paid. 
(■) In future burdens; interest on debt; pensions 

for soldiers, 
d) In a higher level of ta.xation and of expenditures. 

11. Assassination of I,incoln. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, ;iJ9-3G0, 309-371, 391-397, 402- 
40(i, 419-431, 432-435, 441-445; Ashley, 386-398, 4-11-413; Chan- 
ning, 482-490, 513-516; Hart, 433-442," 455-460, 470-473; James & 
Sanford, 381, 386-392, :3y9-402; Johnston-MacDonald, 364-430; 
McLaughlin, 425-426, 428-430, 440-444, 449-452, 400-464; Mc- 
.Master, 394-396, 419-424; Montgomery, 280-327; Muzzey, 452-4.53, 
400-462, 467-475. 

For Collateral Reading. Burgess, Civil War and Constitu- 
tion, I, ch. 5, and pp. 226-242, II, ch. 16, 18, 20, 33, pp. 211- 
233; Burgess, Keconstruction and Constitution, pp. 8-31; 
Coman, Industrial Historv, 279-289; Dewey, Financial Historv, 
271-330; Elson, U. S., 659-068, 704-700, 712-716, 725-732, 761- 
705, 773-785; Sparks, U. S., II, ch. 14; Stanwood, History of 
Presidency, ch. 22; Taussig, Tariff History, 155-170; AV'ilson, 
Division and Reunion, 213-352. 

I. Chadwick, Causes of Civil War, ch. 17-19; Rhodes, U. S., 
Ill, 316-320; Schouler, V. S., VI, 1-20. 

3. Cambridge Modern Historv, ^TI, 508-572, Hosmer, Out- 
come of Civil War, eh. 1; Rh6de.s, III, 559-578, IV, 236-241, 
1-27-429, V, 189-235; Sehouler, VI, 152-157; Stanwood, Tariff 
Controversies, II, ch. 13. 

4. Cambridge Modern History, VII, 581-597; Hosmer, Ap- 
l)eal to Arms, ch. 14; Rhodes, III, 030-637, IV, 60-76, 157-171, 
212-219, 350-300, 473-475; Schouler, VI, 214-232; Wilson, Ameri- 
can People, IV, 229-233. 

5. Cambridge Modern History, VII, 597-603; Hosmer, Out- 
come of Civil War, ch. 8, 13; Rhodes, V, 52-08, 132-137; 
Schouler, VI, 528-535. 

6. Hosmer, .•Vppeal to Arms, ch. 20; Hosmer, Outcome of 
Civil War, eh. 1; Johnston, American Political Historv, 11, 
:{65-420; Rhodes, HI, 417-429, 502-543, IV, 223-255, 321-3.3;; 
108-433, V, eh. 27; Sehouler, VI, 111-129, 261-389, 290-340, 
400-435, 400-478, 616-630; Wilson, IV, 23:J-237, 251-353. 

7. Hosmer, Outcome of Civil War, eh. 9; Rhodes, IV, 450- 
539; Schouler, VI, 519-520. 

8. Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, ch. 19; Hosmer, Out- 
come of Civil War, eh. 4, 10; Johnston, II, 312-364; Rhodes, 
V, ch. 28; Schouler, VI, 50-67, 166-169, 290-340, 535-540, 508- 
578; Wilson, IV, 249-251, 265-312, 313-343 (Confederate States 
Constitution). 

9. Hosmer, Outcome of Civil War, ch. 4, 15. 

II. Schouler, VI, 611-616. 

Source References. — American History Leaflets, 18, 20; 
Caldwell and Persinger, 451-465; Hart. Source Book, 303-3.35; 
Hart, Contemporaries, IV, ch. 13-14, 17, 21; Hill, Liberty 
Documents, ch. 22; Johnston, American Orations, IV, 3-128; 
MacDonald, Source Book, 424-433 (Confederate States Constitu- 
tion), 433-487; MacDonald, Documents, 446-455 (Confederate 
Constitution); MacDonald, Statutes, .5-13, 14, 17-19, 34-51. 
56-133; McPherson, Historv of the Rebellion; Old South Leaf- 
lets, 11, 107, 158, 189; Preston, Documents, 313-317. 

Biographv. — Lives of Lincoln, Seward, Chase, Sumner, Davis, 
A. H. Stephens. 



Copyrlsht. 1912, McKlnley Publishlne Co.. Philadelphia, Pi. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. 
McKinley's Series of Geographical and Historical Outline Maps. No. 2, The United States (State Boundaries). 




Copyright, 1900, The McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 



Map Work for Topic U 33. 

.Show early aiul late seceding .States niul greatest extent of the Confederacy. See Adams and Trent, 353; A.shley, 376; 
Epoch Maps;"Fiske, 408; Hart, 434; Jatnes and Sanford, 378; .lohnston-MacDonald, 3,54; MacCoun, 1861; McMa.ster, 384; Mont- 
poniery, I,eading Facts, 286; Montgomery, Student's, 456; Muzzey, 426; Shepherd, 208; Thomas, 340; Wilson, at end. 



SOURCE-STUDY. 

EMAXCIPATIOX OF THP: SLAVES. 

One of the most interesting subjects for study in connection 
with the Civil A\'ar and with the character of Lincoln, is the 
President's attitude toward slavery after the war had begmi. 
;\t first, trying to dissociate secession from slavery, he was 
later forced to treat them as identical. The following quota- 
tions .show his change of attitude: 

HE.\DQr.\RTERS OF THE WESTERN DeP.VRTMEXT, 

St. Louis, August 31, 1861. 
. . . The ijroperty, real and personal, of all persons, 
ill the .State of Missouri, who shall take up arms against 
the United States, or who shall be directly proven to 
iiave taken an active part with their enemies in the field, 
is declared to be confiscated to the public use, and their 
slaves, if any they have, are hereby declared free 
men. . . . 

.r. C. Fremont, 
Major General Commanding. 
— ^FcPhcrson, Political Hi.itort/ of (he Rebellion, 2 Ki. 

W.\shington, September 11, 186l. 
.Sir: — Yours of the 8th, in answer to mine of the 2nd 
instant, is just received. Assuming that you, upon the 
ground could better judge of the necessities of your posi- 



tion than I could at this distance, on seeing your procla- 
mation of August 30th, I ])erceived no general objec- 
tion to it. The particular clause, however, in relation 
to the confiscation of property and the liberation of 
slaves, appeared to me to be objectionable in its non- 
conformity to the act of Congress passed the 6th day of 
last August upon the same subjects; and hence I wrote 
you expressing my wish t'lat that clause should be modi- 
fied accordingly. Your answer, just received, expresses 
the preference, on your part, that I should make an 
open order for the modification, which I very cheerfully 
do. It is therefore ordered that the said clause of the 
said proclamation be so modified, held, and construed as 
to conform to and not to transcend tlie provisions on the 
same subject contained in tiie act of Congress entitled 
"An act to confiscate property used for insurrectionary 
purposes," apjiroved August 6. 1861, and that said act 
lie published at length with this order. 

Your obedient servant, 

A. Lincoln. 
Maj. Cien. .lohn C. Fremont. 
— McPherson, 246. 

[The act referred to provided for the freeing of those 
slaves whose labor or other services were utilized against 
the authority of the I'nited .States.] 
(Continued on Page 4.) 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. 



SOURCE-STUDY.-Continued. 

Executive Mansion, 
Washington, Friday, Aug. 22, 18()'2. 
Hon. Horace Greeley: 

Dear Sir: ... As to the policy I "seem to be pur- 
suing," as you sa}', I have not meant to leave any one in 
doubt. I would save the Union. I would save it in the 
shortest way under the Constitution. 

The sooner tlie national authority can be restored, the 
nearer the Union will be — the Union as it was. 

If there he those who would not save the Union un- 
less they could at the same time save slavery, I do not 
agree with tliem. 

li there be those who would not save the Union unless 
they could at the same time destroy slavery, I do not 
agree with tliem. 

My permanent object is to save the Union and not 
either to save or destroy slavery. 

If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, 
I would do it — and if I could save it by freeing all the 
slaves, I would do it — and if I could save it by freeing 
some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. 

What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do 
because I believe it helps to save the Union, and what 
I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would 
help to save tlie Union. 

I shall do less whenever I shall believe what I am do- 
ing hurts the cause, and shall do more whenever I be- 
lieve doing more will help the cause. . . . 
Yours, 

A. Lincoln. 
— McPherson, 334. 

[September 13, 1862, Lincoln gave an audience to a 
deputation from all the religious denominations of Chi- 
cago, presenting a memorial for the immediate issue of 
an emancipation proclamation. In his reply the Presi- 
dent spoke in part as follows: — ] . . . Now, then, tell 
me, if you please, what possible result of good would 
follow the issuing of such a proclamation as you desire? 
Understand, I raise no objections against it on legal or 
constitutional grounds, for, as Commander-in-Chief of 
the Army and Navy, in time of war I suppose I have a 
right to take any measure which may best subdue the 
enemy, nor do I urge objections of a moral nature, in 
view of possible consequences of insurrection and mas- 
sacre at the South. I view this matter as a practical 
war measure, to be decided on according to the advan- 
tages or disadvantages it may offer to the suppression 
of the rebellion.— McPherson," 231-232. 

[September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued a preliminary 
proclamation stating that on Jan. 1, 1863, all persons 
held as slaves within any state or designated part of a 
state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion 
against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, 
and forever free, and that the executive would, on that 
date, designate the states and parts of states if any in 
which the people shall then be in rebellion.] 
PROCLAMATION OF EMANCIPATION, JANU- 
ARY 1, 1863. 

Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the 
L'nited States, by virtue of the power in me vested as 
Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of the United 
States in time of actual armed rebellion against the 
authority and government of the United States, and as a 
fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said re- 
bellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of 
our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and 
in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly pro- 
claimed for the full period of one hundred days from the 



day first above mentioned [Sept. 22, 1862], order and 
designate, as the states and parts of states wherein the 
people thereof respectively are this day in rebellion 
against the United States, the following, to wit: 

Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of 
St. Bernard, Plaquemine, Jefferson, St. John, St. Cliarles, 
St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terre Bonne, La- 
fourche, St. Marie, St. Martin, and Orleans, including 
the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, 
Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia 
(except the forty-eight counties designated as West Vir- 
ginia, and also tlie counties of Berkely, Aecoinac, North- 
ampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Anne, and Nor- 
folk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), 
and which excepted parts are for the present left pre- 
cisely as if this proclamation were not issued. 

And, by virtue of the power and for the purpose afore- 
said, I do order and declare that all persons held as 
slaves within said designated states and parts of states 
are and henceforth shall be free; and that the Executive 
Government of the United States, including tlie military 
and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and main- 
tain the freedom of said persons. 

And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to 
be free, to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary 
self-defense ; and I commend to them that in all cases, 
when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. 
And I further declare and make known that such 
persons of suitable condition will be received into the 
armed service of the United States, to garrison forts, 
positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels 
of all sorts in said service. 

And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of 
justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military 
necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind 
and the gracious favor of Almighty God. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my name, 
and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. 
Done at the city of Washington, this first day of Janu- 
ary, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun- 
dred and sixty-three, and of the Independence of the 
United States the eighty-seventh. 
[l.s.] Abraham Lincoln. 

By the President: 
William H. Seward, Secretary of State. 
—McPherson, 228-229. 

LETTER OF OWEN LOVEJOY TO WM. LLOYD 
GARRISON. 

Washington, February 22, 1864. 
Recurring to the President there are a great many re- 
ports concerning him which seem to be reliable and 
authentic, which, after all, are not so. It was currently 
reported among the anti-slavery men of Illinois that the 
emancipation proclamation was extorted from him by the 
outward pressure, and particularly by the delegation from 
the Christian Convention that met at Chicago. Now, 
the fact is this, as I had it from his own lips: He had 
written the proclamation in the summer, as early as 
June, I think — but will not be certain as to the precise 
time — and called his Cabinet together, and informed them 
he had written it, and meant to make it, but wanted to 
read it to them for any criticism or remarks as to the 
features or details. After having done so, Mr. Seward 
suggested whether it would not be well for him to with- 
hold its publication until after we had gained some sub- 
stantial advantage in the field, as at that time we had 
met witli many reverses, and it might be considered a 
cry of despair. He told me he thought the suggestion a 
wise one, and so held on the proclamation until after 
the battle of Antietam. . . .—McPherson, 233. 



McKiiiley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 

Topic U 34. Reconstruction of the South, 1865-1877. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Tlie Problems of Reconstruction. 

a) Position of seceding states after war. 

b) On wbat conditions should they be admitted to 

Union .'' 

c) By whom should conditions be named ? 

d) What sliould be the political and civil })rivileges 

of freedmen .'' 

e) Who should have cliarge of enforcing these 

rights .'' 

f) ^^'hat punishment sliould be inflicted upon soutli- 

ern whites, particularly the leaders.'' 

2. Theories of Reconstruction. 

a) Lincoln and Johnson theory'; State entitled to 

all rights as soon as state government is 
controlled by loyal citizens. 

b) State-suicide theory — a state withdrawing from 

union committed political suicide and is non- 
existent, 
e) C'onquered-territory theorj' — after war the con- 
federate states became conquered territory 
of the Union. 

3. Presidential Reconstruction. 

a) Lincoln's policy. 

b) Jolinson's policy: states should be recognized as 

soon as a state convention or legislature 
had : 

1) Repealed ordinance of secession. 

2) Ratified 1.3th amendment. 

3) Repudiated war debt. 

c) Johnson's policy adopted in South. The states 

agreed to his terms and proceeded to reor- 
ganize; in December, ISS."), sent senators 
and representatives to Washington. 

d) States thus reorga'Yiized provided by vagrancy 

and apprenticeship laws for keeping negroes 
at work for their old masters. 

4. Quarrel between Johnson and Congress. 

a) Causes: Johnson's plan of reconstruction; his 

speeches ; his vetoes. 

b) Congress passed its measures over his vetoes: 

1) Freedmen's Bureau Act. 

2) Civil Rights Act. 

.") Tenure of Office Act. 

5. Congressional Reconstruction. 

a) System of "thorough"; "black Republicans"; 

led by Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, 
and Henry Wilson. 

b) Policy: negroes to be enfranchised; confederates 

disfranchised; 14th (and later l.^th) amend- 
ment to be ratified by votes of southern 
states. 

c) Refusal to admit Congressmen from states recon- 

structed by .lohnson. 

d) Great Reconstruction Act, March, 18fi7; provi- 

sions. 

e) Fourteenth Amendment; analvsis of provisions. 

6. Impeachment of .Tohnson. 

a) Cause: 

1 ) Personal quarrel with President. 

2) Fear of .Johnson's interference with Con- 

gressional reconstruction. 
S) Johnson's violation of tenure of office act. 

b) Trial. 

c) Result: failure to convict (one vote lacking). 



7. Election of Grant, 1868. 

8. Completion of Congressional Reconstruction. 

a) New southern constitutions. 

b) Freedmen admitted to suffrage. 

c) Adoption of Fourteenth Amendment with votes 

of southern states. 

d) Proposal and adoption of Fifteenth Amendment. 

e) Restoration of southern states to the Union. 
!). Carpet-bagger and Negro Rule. 

a) Definition of carpet-bagger. 

b) Negroes ignorant and easily led by sclieming 

northerners (carpet-baggers) or southerners 
(scalawags). 

c) Extravagance; heavy debts. 

10. Ku Klux Klan. 

a) Purpose to intimidate negroes and drive out car- 

pet-baggers; restore white rulers. 

b) Extent of organization; methods. 

c) Led to Force Acts. 

d) Great disorder in south. 

1 1 . White Control in South. 

a) Regained, 1872-1878, by Ku Klux methods; by 

withdrawal of troops from south ; by feeling 
in north that south should be left to settle 
race question. 

b) Later formal disfranchisement of negroes by con- 

stitutional provisions. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 446-45T, 47i; Ashley, 431-44;!; 
Channing, 5.S6-545; Hart, 491-498, 503-505; James & Sanford, 
il5-4.'56; .Tohnston-MacDonald, 444-448, 455-458; Mcr.aughlin, 
!(i9-4r6, 489, 500; McMaster, 425-432, 430-442; Montgomery, 
:i28-333, 345; Muzzcy, 477-489. 

For Collateral Reading.— Burgess, Reconstruction and Con- 
.stitution, 31-280; Elson, U. S., 786-812; Sparks, V. S., II, ch. 
15; Wilson, Division and Reunion, 254-277. 

For Topical Study.— Cambridge Modern Hi.story, VII, Vr2-2- 
fil2; Johnston, American Political History, II, 427-507. 

1. Dunning, Reconstruction, ch. 1-2; Wilson, American Peo- 
ple, V, 1-8. 

3. Dunning, oh. 3; Rhodes, V. S., V, 51fi-56.-,; Wilson, V, 
1-2G. 

4. Dunning, ch. 4-5; Rhodes, V, 565-625; Wilson, V, 27-34. 

5. Dunning, ch. 5-7; Rhodes, VI, ch. 31, 32; Wilson, V, 
34-38, 44-53. 

6. Dunning, pp. 97-108; Rhodes, VI, ch. 33; Wilson, V, 

7. Dunning, ch. 8; Rhodes, VI, ch. 34. 

8. R. B. Andrews, United States in Our Own Time, ch. 1-2; 
Dunning, ch. 11, 13-14, 16; Rhodes, VI, 168-193, 241-217, 281- 
334; Wilson, V, 57-59. 

9. Andrews, ch. 5-6; Dunning, ch. 13-14. 

10. Andrews, ch. 6; Wilson, V, 59-64. 

H. Andrews, ch. 6; Dimning, ch. 17-18; Rhodes. VII, ch. 
41, 42; Wilson, V, 72-78, 98-102, 115-120. 

.Source References. — Caldwell and Persinger, 465-484; Flem- 
ing, Documentary History of Reconstruction; Hart, Source 
Book, .336-351; Hart, Contemporaries, IV, ch. 23-25; Hill, 
Liberty Document.s, ch. 23; Johnston, American Orations, I\', 
273-328; MacDonald, Source Book, 470-472, 488-538, 540-551, 
553-564, 568-569; MacDonald, Statutes, 85-88, 122-174, 179- 
215, 216-235, 249-268, 290-293; McPherson, History of Re- 
construction. 

Biography. — Lives of Andrew .Johnson, Thaddeus Stevens, 
Charles Sumner, V. S. Grant. 



Copyright. I9I2. McKinley Publishine Co . Philadelphia. Pa. 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics tor American History. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

The extracts given IkIdh iiulude some of the principal 
documents relating to the reconstruction of the seceding states 
up to the great reconstruction act of March 2, 18G7. 

Resolvtiox on the Nature and Object of the War, , 
July 22, 18()1. 

Resolved, . . . That the present deplorable civil war 
has been forced upon the country by the disunionists of 
the soutliern States, now in revolt against the constitu- 
tional government, and in arms around the capital ; that 
in this national emergency. Congress, banishing all feel- 
ings of mere passion or resentment, will recollect only 
its duty to the whole country ; that this war is not waged 
on their jiart in any spirit of oppression, or for any 
purpose of conquest or subjugation, or purpose of over- 
throwing or interfering with the rights or established in- 
stitutions of those States, but to defend and maintain the 
siipremaci/ of the (^institution, and to preserve the 
Union with all the dignity, equality, and rights of the sev- 
eral States unimpaired; and that as soon as these objects 
are accomplished the war ought to cease. — McPherson, 
Political History of the Rebellion, 286. 

Proclamation of Amnesty, December 8, 1863. 

. . . Whereas, it is now desired by some persons here- 
tofore engaged in said rebellion to resume their alle- 
giance to the United States, and to rcinaugurate loyal 
state governments within and for their respective states: 

Therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the 
United States, do proclaim, declare, and make known 
to all persons who have, directly or by implication, par- 
ticipated in the existing rebellion, except as hereinafter 
excepted, that a full pardon is hereby granted to them 
and each of them, with restoration of all rights of prop- 
erty, except as to slaves, and in property cases where 
rights of third parties shall have intervened, and upon 
the condition that every such person shall take and sub- 
scribe an oath, and thenceforward keep and maintain 
said oath inviolate; and which oath shall be registered 
for permanent preservation, and shall be of the tenor and 
effect following, to wit: 

"I, , do .solemnly swear, in presence of Almighty 

God, that I will henceforth faithfully support, protect, and 
defend the Constitution of the Ignited States and the Union 
of the States thereunder; and that I will, in like manner, abide 
hy and faithfully suj)port all acts of Congress passed during 
the existing rebellion with reference to slaves, so long and .so 
far «s not repealed, modified, or held void by Congress, or by 
decision of the Supreme Court; and that I will, in like manner, 
abide by and faithfully support all proclamations of the 
President made during the existing rebellion having refer- 
ence to slaves, so long and so far as not modified or declared 
void by decision of the Supreme Court. So help nie God." 

. . . And I do further proclaim, declare, and m.ake 
known that whenever, in any of the States of Arkansas. 
Texas, Uonisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Alabama, 
Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, and North Carolina. 
a number of persons, not less than one tenth in number of 
the votes cast in such State at the presidential election of 
the year A. D. I860, each having taken the oath afore- 
said, and not having since violated it, and being a quali- 
fied voter by the election law of the State existing im- 
mediately before the so-called act of secession, and 
excluding all others, shall re-establish a State govern- 
ment which shall be republican, and in nowise contra- 
vening said oath, such shall be recognized as the true 
government of the State, . . . 



And I do further proclaim, declare, and make known 
tliat any provision which may be adopted by such State 
government in relation to the freed people of such State, 
which shall recognize and declare their permanent free- 
dom, provide for tlieir education, and which may yet 
_be consistent as a temporary arrangement with their 
present condition as a laboring, landless, and homeless 
class, will not be objected to by the National Executive. 

And it is suggested as not improper that, in construct- 
ing a loyal State governnunt in any State, the name of 
the State, the boundary, the subdivisions, the constitu- 
tion, and the general code of laws, as before the rebell- 
ion, be maintained, . . . 

To avoid misunderstanding, it may be proper to say 
that this ])roclamation, so far as it relates to State gov- 
ernments, has no reference to States wherein loyal State 
governments have all the while been maintained. And, 
for the same reason, it may be proper to further say, 
that whether members sent to congress from any State 
shall be admitted to seats constitutionally rests exclu- 
sively with the respective Houses, and not to any extent 
with the Executive. . . . — Richardson, Messages and 
Papers of the Presidents, VI, 21.S-21.'). 

Lincoln's Last Speech, April 11, 186.5. 

... In the annual message of December, 186.S, and 
accompanying proclamation, I presented a plan of re- 
construction (as the phrase goes) which I promised, if 
adopted by any State, should be acceptable to, and sus- 
tained bj' the Executive Government of the nation. I 
distinctly stated that this was not the only plan which 
might possibly be acceptable ; and I also distinctly pro- 
■tested that the Executive claimed no right to say when 
or whether such members should be admitted to seats in 
Congress from such States. . . . 

I have been shown a letter on this subject, supposed 
to be an able one, in which the writer expresses regret 
that my mind has not seemed to be definitely fixed on 
the question whether the seceded States, so-called, are in 
the Union or out of it. . . . As appears to me, that 
question has not been, nor yet is, a practically material 
one, and that any discussion of it, while it thus remains 
practically immaterial, could have no effect other than 
the mischievous one of dividing our friends. As yet, 
whatever it may hereafter become, that question is bad. 
as a basis of a controversy, and good for nothing at all — 
a merely pernicious abstraction. We all agree that the 
seceded States, socalled, are out of their proper prac- 
tical relation with the Union, and that the sole object of 
the Government, civil and military, in regard to those 
States, is to again get them into that proper practical 
relation? I believe it is not only possible, but in fact 
easier to do this without deciding, or ever considering, 
whether these States have ever been out of the L^nion, 
than with it. . . . — McPherson. Political Ifistort/ of the 
Rehellinn, Appendix, 60p. 

Proclamation Declaring the Insurrection at an 
End, April 2. 1866. 

And whereas there now exists no organized armed 
resistance of misguided citizens or others to the author- 
ity of the United States in the States of Georgia, South 
Carolina. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee. Ala- 
bama, Louisiana, Arkansas. Mississippi, and Florida, 
and the laws can be sustained and enforced therein by 
the proper civil authority, ,State or Federal, and the peo- 
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McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE - STUDY.-Continued. 

pie of said States are well and loyally disposed, and 
have conformed or will conform in their legislation to 
the condition of affairs growing out of the amendment 
to the Constitution of the United States, prohibiting 
slavery witliin the limits and jurisdiction of the United 
States ; and 

Wliercas, in view of the before-recited premises, it is 
the manifest determination of the American people that 
no State, of its own will, has the right or the power to 
go out of, or separate itself from, or be separated from 
the American Union, and that therefore each State ouglit 
to remain and constitute an integral part of the United 
States ; and 

Whereas the people of the several before-mentioned 
States have, in the manner aforesaid, given satisfactory 
evidence that they acquiesce in this sovereign and im- 
portant resolution of national unity; and . . . 

Whereas the Constitution of the United States pro- 
vides for constituent communities only as States, and 
not as Territories, dependencies, provinces, or protec- 
torates ; and 

Whereas such constituent States must necessarily be, 
and by the Constitution and laws of the United States 
are made equals, and placed upon a like footing as to 
political rights, immunities, dignity, and power with 
tlie several States with which they are united ; and . . . 

Whereas the policy of tlie government of the United 
States, from the beginning of the insurrection to its over- 
throw and final suppression, has been in conformity with 
tlie principles herein set forth and enumerated ; 

Now, therefore, I, ANDREW JOHNSON, President 
of the United States, do hereby proclaim and declare that 
the insurrection which heretofore existed in the States of 
Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, 
Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, 
and Florida is at an end, and is henceforth to be so re- 
garded. . . . — Richardson, Messages and Papers of the 
Presidents, VI, 429-432. 

First Reconstruction Act, M.\rch 2, 1867. 

. Whereas no legal State governments or adequate pro- 
tection for life or property now exists in the rebel 
States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Florida, 
Texas, and Arkansas ; and whereas it is necessary that 
peace and good order should be enforced in said States 
until loyal and republican State governments can be 
legally established : Therefore, 

Be it enacted, . . . That said rebel States shall be 
divided into military districts and made subject to the 
military authority of the United States as hereinafter 
prescribed, and for that purpose Virginia shall consti- 
tute the first district; North Carolina and South Caro- 
lina the second district ; Georgia, Alabama, and Florida 
the third district; Mississippi and Arkansas the fourth 
district; and Louisiana and Texas the fifth district. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That it shall be 
•the duty of the President to assign to the command of 
each of said districts an officer of the army, not below the 
rank of brigadier-general, and to detail a sufficient mili- 



tary force to enable such officer to perform his duties 
and enforce his authority within the district to which he 
is assigned. 

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted. That, it shall be 
the duty of each officer assigned as aforesaid, to protect 
all ])ersons in their rights of person and property,^, to 
supjircss insurrection, disorder, and violence, and to 
punisli, or cause to be punished, all disturbers of tlie 
j)ublic peace and criminals; and to this end he may 
.-illow local civil tribunals to take jurisdiction of and to 
try offenders, or wlien in his judgment it may be neces- 
sary for the trial of offenders, he shall have power to or- 
ganize military commissions or tribunals for that purpose, 
and all interference under color of State authority with 
tile exercise of military authority under this act, shall be 
null and void. 

Sec 4. ... Provided, That no sentence of deatii 
under the provisions of this act shall be carried into effect 
without the approval of the President. 

Sec. 5. And be it further enacted. That when the 
people of any one of said rebel States shall have formed 
a constitution of government in conformity with the 
Ccnstitution of the United States in all respects, framed 
by a convention of delegates elected by the male citizens 
of said State, twenty-one years old and upward, of what- 
ever race, color, or previous condition, wlio liave been 
resident in said State for one year previous to the daj' 
of such election, except such as may be disfranchised for 
participation in the rebellion or for fclonj' at common 
law, and when such constitution sliall provide that the 
elective franchise shall be enjoyed by all such persons 
as have the qualifications herein stated for electors of 
delegates, and when such constitution shall be ratified 
by a majority of the persons voting on the question of 
ratification who are qualified as electors for delegates, 
and when such constitution shall have been submitted to 
Congress for examination and approval, and Congress 
shall have approved the same, and when said State, by 
a vote of its legislature elected under said constitution, 
shall have adopted the amendment to the Constitution of 
the United States, proposed by the Thirty-ninth Con- 
gress, and known as article fourteen, and when said 
article shall have become part of the Constitution of the 
United States said State shall be declared entitled to 
representation in Congress, and senators and representa- 
tives shall be admitted therefrom on their taking the oath 
prescribed by law, and then and thereafter the preceding 
sections of this act shall be inoperative in said State: 
Provided, That no person excluded from the privilege of 
holding office by said proposed amendment to the Con- 
stitution of the United States, shall be eligible to election 
as a member of the convention to frame a constitution for 
any of said rebel States, nor shall any such person vote 
for members of such convention. 

Sec. 6. And be it further enacted. That, until the 
people of said rebel States shall be b}' law admitted to 
representation in the Congress of the United States, any 
civil governments which may exist therein shall be 
deemed provisional only, and in all respects subject to 
the paramount authority of the United States at any time 
to abolish, modify, control, or supersede the same; . . . 
—Statutes at Large of U. S., XIV, 428-429. 



Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 35. National Reorganization, 1865-1880. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

Administrations of Johnson, Grant, and Hayes. 

1. Foreign Affairs. 

a) French troops withdrawn from Mexico, 1866. 

b) Purchase of Alaska, 1867. 

c) Relations with England: 

1) Right of expatriation granted 1870. 

2) Treaty of Washington, 1871; arbitration 

of differences respecting northwest 
boundary, the fisheries, and the Ala- 
bama claims. 

3) Geneva award: $15,500,000 to United 

States. 
(1) Relations" with West Indies. 

1) Cuba and Virginius affair. 

2) Attempt to purchase Danish West Indies. 
S) Attempt to annex San Domingo. 

2. Financial Reconstruction. 

a) National debt in 1866: amount and character; 

rapid payment of floating indebtedness. 

b) Greenback question: Review of subject; finally 

upheld by supreme court ; demand that 
greenbacks be retired after war ; about one- 
third retired, remainder still in circulation 
(1912); rise of Greenback Party (1871- 
1880). 

c) Provision for war taxes: 

1 ) Protective tariff retained. 

2) Internal taxes largely abolished. 

d) Currency Questions: 

1 ) Greenbacks — see above. 

2) Metallic currency in I860. 

3) Act of 187.'5, demonetizing silver dollar, 

"the crime of 1873." 

4) Demand for re-instatement of silver dollar. 

5) Bland- Allison Act, 1878. Provisions. 

e) Resumption of specie payments, January 1, 1879. 

3. Economic and Industrial Reorganization. 

a) General character of period: 

1) War and high tariff a stimulus to industry 

in north. 

2) Rapid settlement of west under influence 

of homestead law, new railroads, and 
heavy immigration. 

3) Silver mining in Nevada and Colorado 

(1859-1877). 

4) Coal oil in Pennsylvania. 

5) Great development of mining and manufac- 

turing industries: iron and steel. 

6) Organization of capitalistic corporations. 

7) Organization of labor unions. 

b) Great railroad expansion: first Pacific railroad; 

•lay Cooke; Credit IMobilier. 

c) The Granger Movement, 1870-1871'; jiurpose, to 

improve condition of farmers, and restrict 
monopoly of the railroads. 

d) The Labor Movement: early trades unions in the 

United States ; attempts to extend organi- 
zations; labor questions in politics (after 
1872); Knights of Labor; conflicts of 
labor and capital ; strikes, especially that 
of 1877; movement for eight-hour law, and 
against Chinese labor and foreign contract 
labor. 

4. The Crisis of 1873. 

Causes; extent of business depression; results. 



5. Political Reorganization. 

a) Political parties: dissatisfaction in Republican 

party ; renewed strength of Democrats ; rise 
of many new parties : labor, greenback, pro- 
liibition, etc. 

b) Political scandals : Corruption in Federal de- 

partments ; Credit Mobilier; Salary Grab; 
Whiskey Scandal; Star Route cases. 

c) Civil Service Reform; unsuccessful efforts of 

Grant. 

d) Presidential campaigns: 1868, 1872, 1876. 

6. Election of 1876. 

a) Democrats in control in South; dissatisfaction 

in North with Republicans. 

b) Contested election; duplicate returns from Ore- 

gon, Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina. 

c) Electoral Commission. 

d) Counting the votes — all contested votes given to 

Hayes. 

7. Indian Affairs — Custer Massacre. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, -tJS-lSO; Ashley, 442-461; Chan- 
ning, 533-536, 546-550; Hart, 498-503, 505-509, 511-519; James 
& Sanford, 437-450, 451-459; Johnston-MacDonald, 448-455, 
458-469; McLaiiglilin, 479-481, 485-505; McMaster, 433-451; 
Montgomery, 334-348; Muzzey, 489-520. 

For Collateral Reading. — Burgess, Reconstruction and the 
Constitution, 280-33T; Coman, Industrial History, 289-312; 
Dewey, Financial History, 331-401; Elson, U. S., 813-854; 
Sparks, U. S., II, ch. 16, 17; Stanwood, History of Presidency) 
eh. 23-26; Taussig, Tariff History, 171-193; ivilson, Division 
and Reunion, 273-287. 

For Topical Study.— 

1. E. B. Andrews, United States in Our Own Time, 46-56, 
87-95; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 636-038; Dunning, 
Reconstruction, ch. 10; Foster, Century of American Di]>lo- 
macy; Hart, Foundations of American Foreign Policy; Rhodes, 
U. S., VI, 205-215, ch. 38, VH, 29-36; Wilson, American 
People, y, 38-44, 66-72. 

2. Andrews, 249-279; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 631, 
643; Rhodes, VI, 215-234, 241-243, VII, 53-73; Stanwood, Tariff 
Controversies, II, ch. 14.; Wilson, V, 64-66. 

3. Andrews, 1-11, 95-105, 281-305; Cambridge Modern His- 
tory, VII, 647; Dunning, ch. 9, 13-14; Rhodes, VI, 247-283, 
Vli, 37-42; Sparks, Expansion, ch. 30 (Pacific R. R.) ; Sparks, 
National Development, ch. 1-5; Wright, Industrial Evolution, 
ch. 13-19. 

4. Andrews, 250-265; Rhodes, VII, 42-73; Wilson, V, 92-95. 

5. Andrews, 57-85, 104-109; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 
644-654; Dunning, ch. 12, 15; Johnston, American Political 
History, II, 555-588; Rhodes, VI, ch. 39, VH, 1-28, 182-206; 
Sparks, National Development, ch. 6-10; Wilson, V, 78-93. 

6. Andrews, ch. 8; Dunning, ch. 19-31; Rhodes, VII, 206- 
226, ch. 44; Wilson, V, 104-114. 

7. ,\ndrews, ch. 7; Wilson, V, 102-104. 

Source References. — Hart, Source Book, 352-372; Hart, Con- 
temporaries, IV, ch. 26 and pp. 513-518, 529-533, 542-561; 
Johnston, American Orations, IV, 238-272, 329-423; Mac- 
Donald, Source Book, 473-483, 511-514, 539-540, 551-553, 565- 
575; MacDonald, Statutes, 174-179, 203-304, 31.5-316, 235-349, 
268-290, 294-316. 

Biography. — Lives of .lay Cooke, J. G. Blaine, Garfield, 
Tilden. 



Copyrishl, 1912. McKiiUey PublishintCo . Philadelphia. Pa 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 
McKinley's Series of Geo^aphical and Historical Outline Macs No 2. Tbe United States (State Boundaries). 



127 1»! lir 112^ lOrLoniiituik- 102 W.-Bt il' ti 




Copyright, 1900, The McKinley Publishing Co.. Philadelphia. Pa 



Map Work for Topic U 35. 



Show on the map the location of the principal transcontinental railroads, and the parts of the West which received the 
greatest portion.s of the immigration, 1865-1880. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

The policy adopted by the United States government in 
its distribution of public lands has been of far-reaching con- 
sequence in the up-building of the nation. That policy was 
marked Ijy a democratic spirit of liberality and impartiality 
imknown in other countries. Copied in .some of its elements 
from the land systems of the colonies, particularly New Eng- 
land, it was developed into a great national means for ad- 
vancing popular well-being; and its features have since been 
incorporated into the land systems of other new countries, 
like Canada and Australia. No .'\merican citizen can afford 
to be ignorant of the principal acts relating to this distribution. 

PRE-EMPTION ACT, SEPTEMBER I, 18H. 

Sec. 10. And be it further enacted. That from and 
after the passage of this act, every person being the head 
of a fainil}', or widow, or single man, over the age of 
twenty-one years, and being a citizen of the United 
States, or having filed his declaration of intention to be- 
come a citizen, as required by the naturalization laws, 
who since tlie first day of June, A. D. eighteen hundred 
and forty, has made or shall hereafter m;ike a settlement 
in person on tlic ])ublic lands to whicli the Indian title 
had been at the time of such settlement extinguished, and 
which has been, or shall have been surveyed prior 
thereto, and who shall inhabit and improve the same, and 
who has or shall erect a dwelling thereon, shall be, and 
is hereby, authorized to enter with the register of the 
land office for the district in which such land may lie, 



by legal subdivisions, any nutuber of acres not exceeding 
one hundred and sixty, or a quarter section of land, to 
include the residence of such claimant, upon paying to the 
United States the minimum price of such land . . . 

Sec. 11. And be it further evacfed, Thai when two or 
more persons shall have settled on tlie same quarter sec- 
tion of land, the right of pre-emption shall be in him or 
her who made the first settlement, provided such persons 
shall conform to the other provisions of this act. 
— U. S. Statutes at Larrje, Vol. V, 4.55-456. 

THE HOMESTEAD ACT, MAY 20, 1862. 

Chap. LXXV. — An Act to secure Homesteads to actual 
Settlers on the Public Domain. 

[Be it enacted, etc.,] that any person who is tlic head 
of a family, or who has arrived at the age of twentj'-one 
years, and is a citizen of tiie United States, or wlio shall 
have filed his declaration of intention to become such, 
as required by the naturalization laws of the United 
States, and who has never borne arms against the United 
.States Government or given aid and comfort to its ene- 
mies, sliall, from and after the first [day of] January, 
eighteen hundred and sixty-three, be entitled to enter 
one quarter section* or a less quantity of unappropriated 
public lands, upon which said persons may have filed a 
pre-emption claim, or which may, at the time the appli- 

•160 acres. 

(Continued on Page 4.) 









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McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE STUDY.-Continued. 

cation is made, be subject to pre-emption at one dollar 
and twenty-five ecnts, or less, per acre; or eiglity acres 
or less of such unappropriated lands, at two dollars and 
fifty cents per acre, to be located in a body, in conformity 
to the legal subdivisions of the public lands, and after 
the same shall have been surveyed: Provided, That any 
person owning and residing on land may, under the pro- 
visions of this act, enter other land lying contiguous to 
his or her said land, which shall not, with the land so 
already owned and occupied, exceed in the aggregate one 
hundred and sixty acres. 

Sec. 2. And be it fnrther enacted. That the person 
applying for the benefit of this act shall, upon applica- 
tion to the register of the land office in which he or she 
is about to make such entry, make affidavit before the 
said register or receiver that he or she is the head of a 
family, or is twenty-one years or more of age, or shall 
have performed service in the army or navy of the United 
States, and that he has never borne arms against the 
Government of the United States or given aid and com- 
fort to its enemies, and that such application is made for 
his or her exclusive use and benefit, and that said entry 
is made for the purpose of actual settlement and cultiva- 
tion, and not either directly or indirectly for the use or 
benefit of any other person or persons whomsoever ; and 
upon filing the said affidavit with the register or receiver, 
and on payment of ten dollars, he or she shall thereupon 
be permitted to enter the quantity of land specified: 
Provided, however. That no certificate shall be given or 
patent issued therefor until the expiration of five years 
from the date of such entry ; and if, at the expiration 
of such time, or at any time within two years thereafter, 
the person making such entry ; or, if he be dead, his 
widow; or in case of her death, his heirs or devisee; or 
in case of a widow making such entry, her heirs or de- 
visee in case of her death ; shall prove by two credible 
witnesses that he, she, or they have resided upon or cul- 
tivated the same for the term of five years immediately 
succeeding the time of filing the affidavit aforesaid, and 
shall make affidavit that no part of said land has been 
alienated, and that he has born true allegiance to the 
Government of the United States ; then, in such case, he, 
she, or they, if at that time a citizen of the United States, 
shall be entitled to a patent, as in other cases provided 
for by law: And provided, further. That in case of the 
death of both father and mother, leaving an infant child, 
or children, under twenty-one years of age, the right 
and fee shall enure to the benefit of said infant child or 
children; and the executor, administrator, or guardian 
may, at any time within two years after the death of the 
surviving parent, and in accordance with the laws of the 
State in which such children for the time being have their 
domicile, sell said land for the benefit of said infants, 
but for no other purpose; and the purchaser shall ac- 
quire the absolute title by the purchase, and be entitled 
to a patent from the United States, on payment of the 
office fees and sum of money herein specified. 

Sec. 4. And be it further enacted. That no lands ac- 
quired under the provisions of this act shall in any event 
become liable to the satisfaction of any debt or debts 
contracted prior to the issuing of the patent there- 
for. . . . 

Sec. 6. And he it further enacted. Thai no inA'\yiA\ia.\ 
shall be permitted to acquire title to more than one quar- 
ter section under the provisions of this act; . . . Pro- 
vided, further, That no person who has served, or may 
hereafter serve, for a period of not less than fourteen 



days in the army or navy of the United States, either 
regular or volunteer, under the laws thereof, during the 
existence of an actual war, domestic or foreign, shall be 
deprived of the benefits of this act on account of not hav- 
ing attained the age of twenty-one years. . . . — U. S. 
Statutes at Large, Vol, XII, pp. 392-3.03. 

THE TIMBER ACT, AS AMENDED MARCH 13, 

1871. 
[Be it enacted] That any person who is the head of a 
family or who has arrived at the age of twenty-one years, 
and is a citizen of the United States, or, who shall have 
filed his declaration of intention to become such as re- 
quired by the naturalization [laws] of the United States, 
who shall plant, protect, and keep in a healthy, growing 
condition for eight years, forty acres of timber, the trees 
thereon not being more than twelve feet apart each waj', 
on any quarter-section of anj- of the public lands of the 
United States, or twenty acres on any legal subdivision 
of eighty acres, or ten acres on any legal subdivision of 
forty acres, or one-fourth part of any fractional sub- 
division of land less than forty acres, shall be entitled 
to a patent for the whole of said quarter-section, or of 
such legal subdivision of eighty or forty acres, or frac- 
tional subdivision of less than forty acres, as the case 
may be, at the expiration of the said eight years, on 
making proof of such fact by not less than two credible 
witnesses. . . . — Statlites of the U. S., 1st sess., 43 
cong., p. 21. 

An Act to aid in the Construction of a Railroad and 
Telegraph Line from the Missouri River to the Pacific 
Ocean. . . . 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the right of 
way through the public lands be, and the same is hereby, 
granted to said company for the construction of said 
railroad and telegraph line; and the right, power, and 
authority is hereby given to said company to take from 
the public lands adjacent to the line of said road, earth, 
stone, timber, and other materials for the construction 
thereof; said right of way is granted to said railroad to 
the extent of two hundred feet in width on each side of 
said railroad where it may pass over the public lands. 
. . . The United States shall extinguish as rapidly as 
may be the Indian titles to all lands falling under the 
operation of this act and required for the said right of 
way and grants hereinafter made. 

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted. That there shall 
be, and is hereby, granted to the said company, for the 
purpose of aiding in the construction of said railroad and 
telegraph line, and to secure the safe and speedy trans- 
portation of the mails, troops, munitions of war, and pub- 
lic stores thereon, every alternate section of public land, 
designated by odd numbers, to the amount of five alter- 
nate sections per mile on each side of said railroad, on 
the 'line thereof, and within the limits of ten miles on 
each side of said road, not sold, reserved, or otherwise 
disposed of by the United States, and to which a pre- 
emption or homestead claim may not have attached, at 
the time the line of said road is definitely fixed: Pro- 
vided, That all mineral lands shall be excepted from the 
operation of this act; but where the same shall contain 
timber, the timber thereon is hereby granted to said com- 
pany. And all such lands, so granted by this section, 
which shall not be sold or disposed of by said company 
within three j'ears after the entire road shall have been 
completed, shall be subject to settlement and ])re-cmption, 
like other lands, at a price not exceeding one dollar and 
twenty-five cents per acre, to be paid to said com- 
pany." . . .—U. S. Statutes at Large, XII, 4f)l-492 (act 
of July 1, 1862). 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 36. National Prosperity, 1880-1892. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

Administrations of Garfield and Arthur, Cleveland 
(1st), and Harrison. 

1. Cieneral Character of Period: time of unexampled 

prosperity. 

2. Industrial Expansion. 

a) Development of natural resources ; agriculture, 

mining, petroleum and natural gas, manu- 
factured goods. 

b) Expansion of foreign trade. 

c) Growth of corporations ; attempt to monopolize 

products and control jirices; led to: 

d) Sherman anti-trust act of 1890; purposes; pro- 

visions ; results ; not so beneficial as was ex- 
pected. 

3. Growth of Railroads. 

a) Period of greatest railroad building in the history 

of the country. 

b) New western lines; competing lines in the east; 

railroad rate wars ; pooling agreements. 

c) Popular agitation against railroads ; state regula- 

tion; the Granger movement; leading to: 

4. Interstate Commerce Act, 1887. 

a) Constitutional powers of Congress over com- 

merce. 

b) Early exercise of power over interstate com- 

merce. 

c) Demand for national regulation of railroads. 

d) Interstate commerce Act: 

1) Prohibited unjust practices of railroads. 

2) Provided for Interstate Commerce Com- 

mission. 

e) Powers and weaknesses of the Commission. 

f) Powers augmented by acts of 1906, IQIO. 

5. Development of the West. 

a) Encouraged by new railroads and by immigra- 

tion on a large scale. 

b) Passing of the Indian frontier; Indian reserva- 

tions opened to settlers. 

c) Western industries: northern wheat belt; new 

mining methods; the destruction of the buf- 
falo, and the occupation of the prairies by 
herds of cattle and sheep; introduction of 
orchards on Pacific Coast ; irrigation sys- 
tems ; importance of refrigerator cars to the 
cattle raiser and fruit-producer. 

d) Admission of new states: North and South Da- 

kota, Montana, Washington (1889); Idaho, 
Wyoming (1890). 
e) Mormon question in Utah. 

6. Labor Questions. 

a) Growth of labor organizations ; American Feder- 

ation of Labor. 

b) Exclusion of Chinese laborers: 

1) Treaties with China. 

2) Influx of Chinese laborers into Pacific 

Coast. 

3 ) Movement to exclude them ; reasons for. 

4) Treaty difficulties finally obviated by spe- 

cial treaty. 

c) Opposition to foreign contract labor; passage of 

act of 1885. 

d) United States Bureau of Labor, 1884. 

e) Labor disputes; attempts to settle bj^ arbitration 

laws; movement for eight-hour day. 



7. National Finance. 

a) Rapid payment of national debt. 

b) Treasury faces a huge surplus. 

c) Proposals to get rid of surplus by: 

1 ) Increased expenditures ; 

2) Reduction of internal taxes. 

3) Change in the tariff. 

8. The Tariff. 

a) Revenue could be reduced either by increasing 

tariff or by decreasing it. 

b) Tariff practically unchanged since the war. 

c) Act of 1884; slight reduction; protectionist 

measure. 

d) Cleveland's message on tariff, 1885; called forth 

Mills' bill, which failed to pass Senate. 

e) McKinley tariff of 1890; reduced revenue by in- 

creasing tariff; had provisions for a free 
list, and for reciprocity with other countries. 

f) Prominence of tariff controversy in this period. 
9- General Legislation; Political Events. 

a) Presidential Succession Law, 1886; succession 

of cabinet members. 

b) Electoral Count Law, 1887; regulated the count- 

ing of the electoral vote for president. 

c) Civil Service Reform; failure of Grant's efforts; 

Act of 1883 considerable advance. 

d) Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. 

e) Political campaigns of 1884, 1888, 1892. 
1 0. Foreign Affairs. 

a) Chinese Exclusion treaty. 

b) Northeastern fisheries dispute. 

c) Behring Sea Seal fisheries. 

d) Joint occupation of Samoa with Germany and 

Great Britain. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 485-504; Ashley, 462-478, 491, 
485-488; Channing, 550-558; Hart, 518-543; James & Sanford, 
460-476; Johnston-MacDonald, 469-480; McLaughlin, 505-520; 
McMaster, 452-470; Montgomery, 348-362; Muzzey, 520-552. 

For Collateral Reading. — Bogart, Economic History, 286-355, 
373-399; Coman, Industrial History, 313-318, 361-369; Dewey, 
Financial Historj% 402-433; Elson, U. S., 854-877; Sparks, 
Expansion, ch. 34; Sparks, U. S., II, ch. 17; Stanwood, His- 
tory- of Presidency, ch. 27-29; Taussig, Tariff History, 230-283; 
Wilson, Division and Reunion, 289-327. 

For Topical Study. — Cambridge Modern History, VII, 655- 
661. 

1. Dewey, National Problems, ch. 1 ; Wilson, American Peo- 
ple, V, 120-124. 

2. Sparks, Xational Development, ch. 2; Wilson, V, 124-132. 

3. Hadley, Railroad Transportation, 4-7; Johnson, American 
Railroad Transportation; Johnson, Elements of Transporta- 
tion, ch. 3; Sparks, ch. 4. 

4. Andrews, United States in Our Own Time, 486-487; 
Dewey, ch. 6. 

5. Andrews, 585-593; Sparks, ch. 15; Wilson, V, 198-208. 

6. Dewey, ch. 3; Sparlis, ch. 5, 14; Wilson, V, 140-142; 
Wright, Industrial EvoUition, ch. 18-25. 

7. Wilson, V, 142-149. 

8. Andrews, ch. 17, 19; Dewey, ch. 4, 11; Stanwood, Tariff 
Controversies, 11, ch. 15-16; Wilson, V, 163-172, 187-194. 

9. Andrews, ch. 12-22; Dewey, ch. 2 (civil service). 

10. Andrews, ch. 14, 16; Dewey, ch. 7, 13. 

Source References. — American History Leaflets, 6; Hart, 
Contemporaries, IV, oh. 27-29; MacDonald, Source Book, 575- 
.595; MacDonald, Statutes, 317-411. 

Biography. — Lives of Blaine, Cleveland, B. Harrison. 



Copyright. 1912, McKinley Publishing Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. 




2 ^ 

C X 






McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. No. U 36. 



Copyrisht. 1ftl2. McKinley Publishing Co . Philadelphia. Pa. 




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Development of the locomotive. lS4n-1310. 
No. 1. Baldwin locomotive aboufi 1850. 

No. 2. Pas.senEer locomotive on Chicnso and North-Western Railway in 1848. 

No. 3. View of the mixed equipment and bridge construction about 1860-1870 Reproduced by permission of S. D. Waldron, General 
Passenger Agent of the Maine Centr.nl Railroad Co. 

No. 4. Baldwin locomotive of ]8fi1. , 

No. 5. Central Railroad of New Jersev locomotive, about 1871. 

No. 6. Mallet articulated locomotive of 1911. 

Nos. 1, 4, 5 and G are reproduced by courtesy of the Baldwin Locomotive Works. Philadelphia. 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE-STUDY. 

POLITICAL PLATFORMS OF CAMPAIGN OF 

1884. 

It has not been deemed possible in the limits of space 
allowed for source material in this series to present at lengtli 
any of the arguments on the tariff controversy. For details 
of these arguments, the student is referred to Taussig, Tariff 
History of the United States, to Stanwood, American Tariff 
Controversies, and to Johnston, American Orations. The ex- 
tracts given below present the views of the several parties 
upon the tariff, as well as upon some other current problems. 

[The Anti-Monopoly Party declares] ... 5. That it 
is the duty of the government to immediately exercise its 
constitutional prerogative to regulate commerce among 
the States. The great instruments by which this com- 
merce is carried on are transportation, money, and the 
transmission of intelligence. They are now mercilessly 
controlled by giant monopolies, to the impoverishment of 
labor, the crushing out of healthful competition, and the 
destruction of business security. We hold it, therefore, to 
be the imperative and immediate duty of Congress to pass 
all needful laws for the control and regulation of these 
great agents of commerce, in accordance with the oft- 
repeated decisions of the Supreme Court of the United 
States. 

6. That these monopolies, which have exacted from 
enterprise such heavy tribute, have also inflicted count- 
less wrongs upon the toiling millions of the United 
States; and no system of reform should commend itself 
to the support of the people which does not protect the 
man who earns his bread by the sweat of his face. 
Bureaus of labor-statistics must be established, both State 
and national ; arbitration take the place of brute force in 
the settlement of disputes between the employer and em- 
ployed; the national eight-hour law be honestl)' en- 
forced ; the importation of foreign labor under contract 
be made illegal; and whatever practical reforms may be 
necessary for the protection of united labor must be 
granted to the end that unto the toiler shall be given that 
proportion of the profits of the thing or value created 
which his labor bears to the cost of production. . . . — 
Stanwood, Hisiorrj of Presidential Elections, p. 379. 
[The National (Greenback) Party declared] 
1. That we hold the late decision of the Supreme 
Court on the legal tender question to be a full vindication 
of the theory which our party has always advocated on 
the right and authority of Congress over the issue of legal 
tender notes, and we hereby pledge ourselves to uphold 
said decision, and to defend the Constitution against 
alterations or amendments intended to deprive the people 
of anj' rights or privileges conferred by that instrument. 
We demand the issue of such money in sufiicient quan- 
tities to supply the actual demand of trade and commerce, 
in accordance with the increase of population and the 
development of our industries. We demand the substitu- 
tion of greenbacks for national bank notes, and the 
prompt payment of the public debt. We want that 
money which saved our country in time of war and which 
has given it prosperity and happiness in peace. We con- 
demn the retirement of the fractional currency and the 
small denomination of greenbacks and demand their res- 
toration. We demand the issue of the hoards of money 
now locked up in the LTnited States Treasury, by apply- 
ing them to the payment of the public debt now due. . . . 
— Ibid., p. 382. [The Supreme Court decision referred 
to is that in th case of Juillard vs. Greenman.] 

[The Republican Party declared] ... 4. It is the 
first duty of a good government to protect the rights and 
promote the interests of its own people. The largest 
diversity of industry is most productive of general 



prosperity and of the comfort and independence of 
the people. We therefore demand that the imposition 
of duties on foreign imports shall be made, not for 
revenue only, but that, in raising the requisite revenues 
for the government, sucli duties shall be so levied as 
to afford security to our diversified industries, and 
protection to the rights and wages of the laborers, 
to the end that active and intelligent labor, as well as 
capital, may have its just reward, and the laboring man 
his full share in the national prosperitj'. 

5. Against the so-called economical system of the 
Democratic party, which would degrade our labor to the 
foreign standard, we enter our most earnest protest. The 
Democratic party has failed completely to relieve the 
people of the burden of unnecessary taxation by a wise 
reduction of the surplus. 

6. The Republican party pledges itself to correct the 
irregularities of the tariff and to reduce the surplus, not 
by the vicious and indiscriminate process of horizontal 
reduction, but by such methods as will relieve the tax- 
paj'er without injuring the laborer or the great productive 
interests of the countrj'. 

7. We recognize the importance of sheep husbandry in 
the United States, the serious depression which it is now 
experiencing, and the danger threatening its future pros- 
perity; and we therefore respect the demands of the 
representatives of this important agricultural interest for 
a readjustment of duties upon foreign wool, in order that 
such industry shall have full and adequate protection. 
. . .—Ibid, pp. 387-388. 

. . . [The Democratic Party] pledges itself to purify 
the administration from corruption, to restore economy, 
to revive respect for law, and to reduce taxation to the 
lowest limit consistent with due regard to the preservation 
of the faith of the nation to its creditors and pensioners. 
Knowing full well, however, that legislation affecting the 
occupations of the people should be cautious and con- 
servative in method, not in advance of public opinion, 
but responsive to its demands, the Democratic party is 
pledged to revise the tariff in a spirit of fairness to all 
interests. But, in making reduction in taxes, it is not 
proposed to injure any domestic industries, but rather to 
promote their healthy growth. From the foundation of 
this government, taxes collected at the custom houses 
have been the chief source of Federal revenue. Such 
they must continue to be. Moreover, many industries 
have come to rely upon legislation for successful con- 
tinuation, so that any change of law must be at every 
step regardful of the labor and capital thus involved. 
The process of reform must be subject in the execution 
to this plain dictate of justice; all taxation sliall be 
limited to the requirements of economical government. 
The necessary reduction in taxation can and must be 
effected without depriving American labor of the ability 
to compete successfully with foreign labor, and without 
imposing lower rates of duty than will be ample to cover 
any increased cost of production which may exist in con- 
sequence of the higher rate of wages prevailing in this 
country. Sufficient revenue to pay all the expenses of 
the Federal government, economically administered, in- 
cluding pensions, interest and principal of the public 
debt, can be got under our present system of taxation 
from custom-house taxes on fewer imported articles, bear- 
ing heaviest on articles of luxury, and bearing lightest on 
articles of necessity. We therefore denounce the abuses 
of the existing tariff; and, subject to the preceding limita- 
tions, we demand that Federal taxation shall be exclu- 
sivelv for public purposes, and shall not exceed the needs 
of the government economically administered. . . . — 
Ibid, p. ?p."). 



McKinley'9 Illustrated Topics for An 



Topic U 37. Panic and Recovery, 1892-1898. 



\ 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Economic Conditions, 1890-18!)3. Prosperity and 
speculation; uncertaintj' about tariff; uneasiness 
in the west ; rise of populism. 

^. The Crisis of 1893. 

a) Causes: Speculation, tariff agitation, fear of 

currency change to silver basis, bad crops, 
etc. 

b) Characteristics of: Long duration and slow re- 

covery ; man}' unemployed ; general fall of 
prices ; reduction of wages. 

c) Results : financial ruin to many ; labor difficulties, 

as Pullman strike and Coxey's Army ; re- 
peal of purchase clause of Sherman Act; 
sale of bonds to keep currency on a gold 
basis; growth of populism and demand for 
free coinage of silver ; antagonism between 
the debtor and the creditor, east and west. 

.T. The Chicago World's Fair, 1893. Greatest interna- 
tional exposition up to that time. 

■t. The Wilson Tariff, 189 i. 

a) Opposition to extremely high rates of McKinley 

Act of 1890. 

b) Wilson Act: a considerable reduction in rates. 
5. Income Tax, 1894-95. 

Passed to make up the expected deficit under 
Wilson Act. In 189.5 income tax declared 
unconstitutional because it was a direct tax 
and was not apportioned as constitution 
directed. 
3. Foreign Affairs. 

a) England and Venezuela. Cleveland's message, 

1895; excitement in England and United 
States ; Monroe Doctrine invoked ; question 
submitted to arbitration. 

b) Hawaii : attempts of Americans in islands to se- 

cure annexation to United States, 1893- 
1895; President Harrison favored; Cleve- 
land opposed ; latter restored native queen. 

7. The Currency Question. 

a) Significance of question in American history; be- 

lief that government by its power over cur- 
rency could create national prosperity. 

b) Review of greenback party. 

c) Free Silver: W^hat is meant by free coinage; 

what is meant by 16 to 1 ; review of silver 
legislation, demonetization in 1873, Bland 
Allison Act of 1878. Sherman Act of 1890, 
repeal of purchase clause, 1893. 

d) Basis for silver movement, 1895-1900: belief 

that low prices injured many people, and 
that an issue of more money would raise 
prices. 

8. Campaign of 1896. "Campaign of Education." 

a) Democratic party influenced bv W. J. Bryan 

adopts free silver, gold Democrats split off 
and nominate J. M. Palmer. 

b) Republican party opposed free silver. 

c) Populist party nominated Bryan, the Demo- 

cratic candidate. 

d) Character of campaign; danger of a new sec- 

tionalism : east against west. 

e) Result of election: McKinley elected. 



9. Return of prosperit}-, 1897-99. Return of business 

confidence; increase in production of gold; good 
crops. 

10. Dingley Tariff Act, 1897. Raised duties on many 

goods; permitted reciprocity with other countries. 

11. Negro Disfranchisement in the South. 

1'2. The Country in 1897. Entering upon wider indus- 
trial and commercial activity than ever before. 
Unconsciously ready for wider resiionsibilities of 
the next epoch. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, o04-513; Ashley, 478-495; Chan- 
ning, 550-558; Hart, 527-550; James & Sanford, 477-496-; 
Jolinston-MacDonald, 480-499; McLaughlin, 520-529; McMas- 
ter, 470-476; Montgomery, 363-371; Muzzey, 552-573. 

For Collateral Reading.— Coman, Industrial History, 318-321, 
335-341; Dewev, Financial History, 434-402; Elsnn, U S., 
878-889; Si)arks, U. S., II, cli. 17ll8; Stanwood, History of 
Presidency, ch. 30-31; Taus.sig, Tariff History, 284-360; 
Wilson, Division and Reunion, 289-327. 

For Topical Study. — 

1. Dewey, Xational Problems, ch. 11-12; Wilson, .\merican 
People, V, 206-216; Wright, Industrial Evolution, ch. 24-20. 

2. Andrews, United States in Our Own Time, 691-693; Wil- 
son, V, 214-240. 

3. Andrews, ch. 21. 

4. Andrews, 693-697; Dewey, ch. 17; Stanwood, Tariff Con- 
troversies, H, ch. 17. 

5. Andrews, 696-697. 

6. Andrews, 700-708; Dewey, ch. 19; Wilson, V, 240-248. 

7. Andrews, ch. 26; Dewey,' ch. 5, 14, 16. 

8. Andrews, ch. 26; Dewey, ch. 20; Wilson, V, 252-263. 

9. Wilson, V, 264-269. 

10. Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, H, ch. 18. 

11. Andrews, ch. 25. 

Source References. — Hart, Contemporaries, IV, 526-528, 536- 
541; MacDonald, Source Book, 595-596; MacDonald, Statutes, 
411-422. 



SOURCE- STUDY. 

CLEVELAND'S VENEZUELA MESSAGE. 

This message should be studied not only for the matter of 
which it treats and the importance of the crisis which it faced, 
but also for that remarkable lucidity of exposition of which 
President Cleveland was a master. 

Executive Mansios, 
December 17, 1895. 
To the Congrrss: 

In my annual message addressed to the Congress on the third 
instant, I called attention to the pending boundary controversy 
between Great Britain and the Republic of Venezuela, and 
recited the substance of a representation made by this Gov- 
ernment to Her Britannic Majesty's Government, suggesting 
reasons why such dispute should be submitted to arbitration 
for settlement and inquiring whether it would be so submitted. 

The answer of the British Government, which was then 
awaited, has since been received, and, together with the 
despatch to which it is a reply, is hereto appended. 

Such reply is embodied in two communications addressed 
by the British prime minister to Sir Julian Pauncefote, the 
British ambassador at this capital. It will be seen that one 
of these communications is devoted exclusively to observations 
upon the Monroe doctrine, and claims that in the present 
instance, a new and strange extension and development of 
this doctrine is insisted on by the United States; that the 
reasons justifying an appeal to the doctrine enunciated 
by President Monroe, are generally inapplicable "to the state 
of things in which we live at the present day," and especially 
inapplicable to a controversy involving the boundary line be- 
tween Great Britain and Venezuela. 



(Continued on Pafie 4.) 



C<p>Ti«ht. 1913. UcKlialer PuUIibisiCo.. Pbilailplphla. P>. 




CO 2 



o 
o 









_ 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



SOURCE - STUD Y— Continued. 

Without attempting extended argument in reply to these 
positions, it may not be amiss to suggest that the doctrine 
upon whicli we stand is strong and sound, because its enforce- 
ment is important to our peace and safety as a nation, and 
is essential to the integrity of our free institutions and the 
tranquil maintenance of our distinctive form of government. 
It was intended to apply to every stage of our national life 
and cannot become obsolete while our Republic endures. If 
the balance of power is justly a cause for jealous anxiety 
among the governments of the Old World, and a subject for our 
absolute non-interference, none the less is an observance of the 
Monroe doctrine of vital concern to our people and their 
Government. 

Assuming, therefore, that we may properly insist upon this 
doctrine without regard to "the state of things in which we 
live," or any changed conditions here or elsewhere, it is not 
apparent why its application should not be invoked in the 
present controversy. 

If a European power, by an extension of its boundaries, 
takes possession of the territory of one of our neighboring 
Republics against its will and in derogation of its rights, it 
is diflScult to see why to that extent such European power 
does not thereby attempt to extend its system of government 
to that portion of this continent which is thus taken. This 
is the precise action which President Monroe declared to be 
"dangerous to our peace and safety," and it can make no 
difference whether the European system is extended by an 
advance of frontier or otherwise. 

It is also suggested in the British reply that we should not 
seek to apply the Monroe doctrine to the pending dispute, 
because it does not embody any principle of international 
law which "is founded on the general consent of nations," 
and that "no statesman, however eminent, and no nation, how- 
ever powerful, are competent to insert into the code of inter- 
national law a novel principle which was never recognized 
before, and which has not since been accepted by the govern- 
ment of any other country." 

Practically the principle for which we contend has peculiar, 
if not exclusive relation to the United States. It may not 
have been admitted in so many words to the code of inter- 
national law, but since in international councils every nation 
is entitled to the rights belonging to it, if the enforcement 
of the Monroe doctrine is something we may justly claim 
it has its place in the code of international law as certainly 
and as securely as if it were specifically mentioned; and when 
the United States is a suitor before the high tribunal that 
administers international law, the question to be determined 
is whether or not we present claims which the justice of 
that code of law can find to be right and valid. 

The Monroe doctrine finds its recognition in those principles 
of international law which are based upon the theory that 
every nation shall have its rights protected and its just 
claims enforced. 

Of course, this Government is entirely confident that under 
the sanction of this doctrine we have clear rights and un- 
doubted claims. Nor, is this ignored in the British reply. 
The prime minister, while not admitting that the Monroe 
doctrine is applicable to present conditions, states: In de- 
claring that the United States would resist any such enterprise 
if it was contemplated. President Monroe adopted a policy 
which received the entire sympathy of the English Govern- 
ment of that date. 

He further declares: Though the language of President 
Monroe is directed to the attainment of objects which most 
Englishmen would agree to be salutary, it is impossible to 
admit that they have been inscribed by any adequate authority 
in the code of international law. 

Again, he says: They [Her Majesty's Government] fully 
concur with the view which President Monroe apparently en- 
tertained, that any disturbance of the existing territorial dis- 
tribution in that' hemisphere by any fresh acquisitions on 
the part of any European State would be a highly inexpedient 
change. 



In the belief that the doctrine for which we contend was 
clear and definite, that it was founded upon substantial con- 
siderations and involved our safety and welfare, that it was 
fully applicable to our present conditions and to the state of 
the world's progress, and that it was directly related to the 
pending controversy, and without any conviction as to the 
final merits of the dispute, but anxious to learn in a satis- 
factory and conclusive manner whether Great Britain sought 
under a claim of boundary to extend her possessions on this 
continent without right, or whether she merely sought pos- 
session of territory fairly included within her lines of owner- 
ship, this Government proposed to the Government of Great 
Britain a resort to arbitration as the proper means of 
settling the question, to the end that a vexatious boundary 
dispute between the two contestants might be determined and 
our exact standing and relation in respect to the controversy 
might be made clear. 

It will be seen from the correspondence herewith submitted, 
that this proposition has been declined by the British Gov- 
ernment upon grounds which, in the circumstances, seem to 
me to be far from satisfactory. It is deeply disappointing 
that such an appeal, actuated by the most friendly feelings 
toward both nations directly concerned, addressed to the sense 
of justice and to the magnanimity of one of the great powers 
of the world, and touching its relations to one comparatively 
weak and small, should have produced no better results. 

The course to be pursued by this Government, in view of 
the present condition, does not appear to admit of serious 
doubt. Having labored faithfully for many years to induce 
Great Britain to submit this dispute to impartial arbitration, 
and having been now finally apprised of her refusal to do so, 
nothing remains but to accept the situation, to recognize its 
plain requirements and deal with it accordingly. Great 
Britain's present proposition has never thus far been regarded 
as admissable by Venezuela, though any adjustment of the 
boundary which that country may deem for her advantage 
and may enter into of her own free will cannot, of course, 
be objected to by the United States. 

Assuming, however, that the attitude of Venezuela will re- 
main unchanged, the dispute has reached such a stage as to 
make it now encumbent upon the United States to take 
measures to determine with sufficient certainty for its justifica- 
tion what is the true divisional line between the Republic of 
Venezuela and British Guiana. The inquiry to that end should 
of course be conducted carefully and judiciously, and due weight 
should be given to all available evidence, records and facts 
in support of the claims of both parties. 

In order that such an examination should be prosecuted in 
a thorough and satisfactory manner, I suggest that the Con- 
gress make an adequate appropriation for the expenses of a 
commission, it to be appointed by the Executive, who shall 
make the necessary investigation and report upon the matter 
with the least possible delay. When such report is made, 
and accepted, it will, in my opinion, be the duty of the 
United States to resist by every means in its power, as a 
willful aggression upon its rights and interests, the appropria- 
tion by Great Britain of any lands or the exercise of govern- 
mental jurisdiction over any territory which, after investiga- 
tion, we have determined of right belongs to Venezuela. 

In making these recommendations, I am fully alive to the 
responsibility incurred and keenly realize all the consequences 
that may follow. I am, nevertheless, firm in my conviction 
that while it is grievous to contemplate the two great Eng- 
lish-speaking peoples of the world as being otherwise than 
friendly competitors in the onward march of civilization and 
strenuous and worthy rivals in all the arts of peace, there 
is no calamity which a great nation can invite which equals 
that which follows a supine submission to wrong and injustice, 
and the consequent loss of national self-respect and honor, 
beneath which are shielded and defended a people's safety and 
greatness. 

Gbo\'er Cle\'eland. 

— Richardson, Messar/en and Paper) of the Presidents, IX, 655. 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 38. Spanish- American War and Imperialism, 1898-1902. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

I. --Causes of the Spanish- American War. 

a) The Cuban insurrection, 1895, and Spanish at- 

tempts to subdue. 

b) Injuries to American property and commerce. 

c) Atrocities committed by Spain in Cuba. 

d) Influence of Cuban sympathizers in United 

States, and of sensational newspapers. 

e) Destruction of Maine, February 15, 1898, 

!2. Attitude of United States. Obtain justice for Cubans; 

restore peace ; later effort to obtain autonomy for 

Cuba; McKinley's delay in order to obtain a 

peaceable settlement. 
S. Recognition of Cuban Independence, Apr. 20, 1898; 

followed by Declaration of War against Spain, 

April 25, l"898. 
•i. The War. 

a) Dewey's expedition to Philippines: 

1) Battle of Manila Bay, May 6. 

2) Manila taken, August 13. 

b) Destruction of Spanish fleet in Santiago, Cuba, 

•Tuly 3. 

c) Invasion of Cuba and Porto Rico. 
5. Treaty of Peace. 

a) Preliminary protocol, August 12, 1898. 

b) McKinley's attitude toward the Philippines. 

c) Final treaty, signed at Paris, Nov., 1898; terms: 

1 ) Independence of Cuba. 

2) Cession of Porto Rico, Philippines, and an 

island in the Ladrones (Guam) to 
United States. 

3) Payment of .$2(),()()().0()0 to Spain. 
(). Results of the War. 

a) Reversal of traditional policy and entrance of 

United States into world politics. 

b) Interest of United States in problems of tlie 

Pacific and of Asia. 

c) Annexation of other Pacific Islands: Hawaii, 

1898; Tutuila (Samoa), 1899. 

d) Xecessitated permanent enlargement of army and 

navy, and larger appropriations for those 
purposes. 

e) Introduced new problems of territorial govern- 

ment: management of diverse races and 
partly civilized people ; control of the 
tropics. 

f) Party divisions at home: expansionists, and anti- 

expansionists. 

g) Important medical discoveries: Mosquito and 

yellow-fever; hookworm disease. 
7. Crovrrnment of New Possessions. 

a) Hawaii: organized with a territorial government 

similar to the earlier continental territories. 

b) Guam and Tutuila: in charge of naval or military 

officer. 

c) Cuba: island pacified; health regulations estab- 

lished; constitutional convention called; con- 
stitution adopted ; withdrawal of United 
States troops and establishment of inde- 
[lendent government, 1902. 

d) Porto Rico: early military government; revision 

of legal code ; establishment of civil govern- 
ment under act of April 12, 1900; pro- 
visions of act. 

e) The Philippines : character of population ; revolt 

of natives, February, 1899, under Agui- 
naldo; First Philippine Commission to in- 



vestigate the needs of the islands ; sup- 
pression of revolt by capture of Aguinaldo, 
March, 1901 ; establishment of civil gov- 
ernment, 1902; later acts, see Topic 39. 
8. Election of 1900. 

a) Parties and issues. 

b) Election of McKinley and Roosevelt. 

■9. Assassination of McKinley: .September, 1901 ; suc- 
cession of Roosevelt. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, ,514-530; Ashley, 49T-J13; Clian- 
ning, 557-580; Hart, 551-5()4; James & Sanford, +97-510; 
.lohnston-MacDonaltl, 503-529; McLaughlin, 328-541; McMas- 
ter, 476-486; Montgomery, 371-392; Muzzey, 575-591. 

For Collateral Kcading. — Dewey, Financial History, 403- 
477; Elson, U. S., 889-906; Wilson, Division and Reunion, 
328-342. 

F'or Topical Study. — See under several topics, Brookings and 
Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate. 

1. Andrews, United States in Our Own Time, 799-805; Latane, 
America as a World-Power, ch. 1; McKinley, Island Posses- 
sions, ch. 1; Sparks, Expansion, ch. 35-36; Wilson, American 
People, V, 348-252. 

2. Latan6, ch. 1; McKinley, oh. 1. 

3. Latan6, ch. 1; McKinley, ch. 1. 

4. Alger, Spanish-American War; Andrews, 805-820; Cam- 
bridge Modern History, VII, ch. 22; Latani?, ch. 2-3; Lodge, 
War with Spain; McKinley, ch. 2; Roosevelt, Rough Riders; 
Wilson, V, 204-292. 

5. Andrews, 820-822; Latane, ch. 4; McKinley, 53-59, 90 
(full text of treatv). 

6. Wilson, \', 292-300. 

7. Andrews, 822-862; Latan^, ch. 5, 8-10; McKinley, ch. 3, 
5, 7, 9, 10; Willoughbv, Territories and Dependencies of I'nited 
States. 

8. Latane, ch. 7. 

Source References. — Hart, Source Book, 373-392; Hart, Con- 
temporaries, IV, ch. 30-34; Hill, Libertv Documents, ch. 21; 
MacDonald, Source Book, 597-608; MacDonald, Statutes, 422- 
436. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

McKINLEY'S MESSAGES ON THE WAR. 
The story of the Spanish-American War can be easily gained 
from the special messages of President McKinley and from 
bis second annual message. Below are given extracts fron; 
tliese documents. 

Executive Mansion, April 11, 1898. 
To the Congress of the United States: 

. . . The grounds for such intervention [in Cuba] 
may be briefly summarized as follows: 

First. In the cause of humanity and to put an end 
to the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and liorriblc 
miseries now existing there, and which the parties to the 
conflict are either unable or unwilling to stop or mitigate. 
It is no answer to say this is all in another country, be- 
longing to another nation, and is therefore none of our 
business. It is specially our duty, for it is right at our 
door. 

Second, ^^'e owe it to our citizens in Cuba to afford 
lliem that protection and indemnity for life and prop- 
erty which no government there can or will afford, and 
to that end to terminate the conditions that deprive 
tlicm of legal i)rotection. 

Third. The right to intervene may be justified by the 
very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and business 
of our people and by the wanton destruction of prop- 
erty and devastation of the island. 

Fourth, and which is of the utmost importance. The 
present condition of affairs in Cuba is a constant menace 
to our peace and entails upon this Government an enor- 
(Continued on Page 4.) 



Copyrlftht 1912, McKinley Publishing Co . PhlladelphiB, P« 



McKinley's Series of Geographical and Historical Outline Slaps. Ko. 10, Cuba. 




Copyriglu,i>^o, The McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia. Pa. 




Map Work for Topic U 38. 

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McKinley'8 Illustrated Topic* lor American History. 



SOURCE - STUDY.— Continued. 

mous expense. With such a conflict waged for years in 
an island so near us and with which our people have 
such trade and business relations; when the lives and 
liberty of our citizens are in constant danger and their 
property destroyed and tliemselvcs ruined ; when our trad- 
ing vessels are liable to seizure and are seized at our 
very door by war ships of a foreign nation; the expedi- 
tions of filibustering tiiat we arc powerless to i)revent 
altogetlier, and the irritating questions and entanglements 
thus arising — all these and others that I need not men- 
tion, with tlie resulting strained relations, are a constant 
menace to our peaei^ and compel us to keep on a semi- 
war footing with a nation with which we are at peace. 

These elements of danger and disorder already pointed 
out have been strikingly illustrated by a tragic event 
which has deeply and justly moved the American peo- 
ple. I have already transmitted to Congress the report 
of the naval court of inquiry on the destruction of the 
battle sliip Maine in the harbor of Havana during the 
night of the l.lth of February. . . . 

The only liope of relief and repose from a condition 
which can no longer be endured is the enforced pacifi- 
cation of Cuba. In the name of humanity, in the name 
of civilization, in behalf of endangered American inter- 
est which give us the right and the duty to speak and to 
act, tlie war in Cuba must stop. 

In view of these facts and of these considerations I 
ask the Congress to authorize and empower the Presi- 
dent to take measures to secure a full and final termina- 
tion of hostilities between the Government of Spain and 
the people of Cuba, and to secure in the island the estab- 
lishment of a stable government, capable of maintaining 
order and observing its international obligations, insur- 
ing peace and tranquility and the security of its citi- 
zens as well as our own, and to use the military and 
naval forces of the United States as may be necessary for 
these purposes. . . . 

[Congress adopted resolutions on Apr. 20, 1898, in 
consonance with the President's recommendations. On 
the President's communicating the demands of the resolu- 
tion to the Spanish Minister, the latter asked for his 
passports and withdrew.] 

Executive Mansion, Washington, April 25, 1898. 
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America: 

. . . The position of Spain being thus made known 
and the demands of the United States being denied, with 
a complete rupture of intercourse, by the act of Spain, 
I have been constrained, in exercise of the power and 
authority conferred upon me by the joint resolution 
aforesaid, to proclaim under date of April 22, 1898, a 
blockade of certain ports of the north coast of Cuba, 
lying between Cardenas and Bahia Honda, and of the 
port of Cienfuegos, on the south coast of Cuba, and fur- 
ther in exercise of my constitutional powers and using 
the authority conferred upon me by the act of Congress 
approved April 22, 1898, to issue my proclamation dated 
April 23, 1898, calling forth volunteers in order to carry 
into effect the said resolution of April 20, 1898. . . . 

In view of the measures so taken, and with a view to 
the adoption of such other measures as may be neces- 
sary to enable me to carry out the expressed will of the 
Congress of the United States in the premises, I now 
recommend to your honorable body the adoption of a 
joint resolution declaring that a state of war exists be- 
tween the United States of America and the Kingdom 
of Spain. . . . 



[From the special message of May 9, 1898.] 
On the 24th of April I directed the Secretary of the 
Navy to telegrajih orders to Commodore George Dewey, 
of the United States Navy, commanding the Asiatic 
Squadron, then lying in the port of Hongkong, to pro- 
ceed forthwith to the Philippine Islands, then to com- 
mence operations and engage the assembled Spanish fleet. 
Promptly obeying that order, the United States squad- 
ron, consisting of the flagship Olympia, Baliimore, 
Raleigh, Boston, Concord, and Petrel, with the revenue 
cutter McCulloch as an auxiliary dispatch boat, entered 
the harbor of Manila at daybreak on tlie 1st of May and 
immediately engaged the entire Sjianish fleet of eleven 
ships, whicli were under the protection of tlie fire of the 
land forts. After a stubborn fight, in which the enemy 
suffered great loss, these vessels were destroyed or com- 
jiletely disabled and the water battery at Cavite silenced. 
Of our brave oflicers and men not one was lost and only 
eight injured, and those slightly. All of our ships es- 
caped any serious damage. . . , 

[From the second annual message, Dec. 5, 1898.] 

. . . By June 7 the cutting of the last Cuban cable 
isolated the island. Thereafter the invasion was vigor- 
ously prosecuted. On June 10, under a heavy protecting 
fire, a landing of 600 marines from the Oregon, Marble- 
head, and Yankee was effected in Guantanamo Bay, 
where it had been determined to establish a naval station. 

This important and essential port was taken from the 
enemy, after severe fighting, by the marines, who were 
the first organized force of the United States to land in 
Cuba. 

The position so won was held despite desperate at- 
tempts to dislodge our forces. By June 16 additional 
forces were landed and strongly intrenched. On June 22, 
the advance of the invading army under Major-General 
Shaffer landed at Daiquire, about 15 miles east of San- 
tiago. This was accomplished under great difficulties, 
but with marvelous despatch. On June 23 the move- 
ment against Santiago was begun. On the 21th the first 
serious engagement took place, in which the First and 
Tenth Cavalry and the First United States Volunteer 
Cavalry, General Young's brigade of General Wheeler's 
division, participated, losing heavily. By nightfall, 
however, ground within 5 miles of Santiago was won. 
The advantage was steadily increased. On July 1 a 
severe battle took place, our forces gaining the outworks 
of Santiago; on the 2d El Caney and San Juan were 
taken after a desperate charge, and the investment of 
the city was completed. The Navy co-operated by shell- 
ing the town and the coast-forts. 

On the day following this brilliant achievement of 
our land forces, the 3d of July, occurred the decisive 
naval combat of the war. The Spanish fleet, attempting 
to leave the harbor, was met by the American squadron 
under command of Commodore Sampson. In less than 
three hours all the Spanish ships were destroyed, the 
two torpedo boats being sunk and the Maria Theresa, 
Almirante Oquendo, Viscaya, and Crisiobal Colon 
driven ashore. The Spanish admiral and over 1300 men 
were taken prisoners. While the enemy's loss of life was 
deplorably large, some 600 perishing, on our side but 
one man was killed on the Brookli/n, and one man 
seriouslj' wounded. Although our ships were repeatedly 
struck, not one was seriously injured. . . . 

The capitulation of Santiago followed. . . . — Richard- 
son, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, X, 147-148,. 
150, 154-172. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



Topic U 39. Recent Economic and Political Questions, 1902-1912. 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

1. Economic Tendencies. 

a) Growth in population; character of immigration. 

b) Revival of prosperity, 1897-190'2. 

c) Organization of capital ; tendency toward con- 

centration ; huge corporate holdings. 

d) Many monoiiolics developed under franchises or 

by virtue of great capital. 

e) Organization of labor; spread of unionism among 

new classes of workers. 

f) Increased cost of living. 

2. Political Tendencies. 

a) Rule of political bosses; attempts to check. 

b) The new democracy ; tiie Wisconsin movement. 

c) Attempt through politics to secure economic 

reforms. 

3. The Trust Question. 

a) Definition of trust. 

b) Great aggregations of capital formed in 1901- 

1902. 

c) The Steel Trust; railway mergers; Sugar 

Trust; Standard Oil Company; Beef Trust, 
insurance companies. 

d) Relation of corporations to politics. 

e) Influence of popular magazines ; muck-raking. 

f) Sherman anti-trust law of 1890. 

g) Efforts to enforce Sherman Act, 1902-1912. Dis- 

solution of railway mergers and of indus- 
trial combinations. 

4. Conservation of Natural Resources. 

a) Roosevelt's interest in; conference of 1908. 

b) Forest reservations. 

c) Irrigation appropriations. 

d) Care in selling or leasing mineral lands. 

5. Pure Food Legislation. Demand for national inspec- 

tion of foods subject to interstate commerce; Act 
of 1907. 

6. Transportation Problems. 

a) Improvements in speed and comfort by land and 

sea ; improvements in railway roadbed and 
equipment. 

b) Railroad and steamship mergers. 

c) Rebates and other preferences. 

d) Elkins rebate act of 1902. 

e) Trial of Standard Oil Company for rebating, 

1,907-1909. 

f ) State laws regulating railroad rates ; railroad and 

public service commissions ; two-cent fare. 

g) Efforts to revive river and coastwise traffic; new 

Erie Canal ; others proposed. 

7. Labor Disputes. Strikes of coal miners, 1902, 1906. 

8. Panama Canal. 

a) Preceding history; Clayton-Bulwer treaty; 

French canal comi)any. 

b) American company in Nicaragua. 

c) Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, November, 1901. 

d) Independence of Panama, 1903. 

e) Cession of Canal Zone to United States; $10,- 

000,000 to Panama; $40,000,000 to French 
Company. 
\ f ) Engineering problems ; sanitary problems. 
g) Completion of the work. 

9. Foreign Affairs. 

a) Relations to China; Boxer Rebellion, I9OI ; in- 
demnity not accepted by United States; 
Secretary Hay stands for the territorial in- 



tegrity of China, and the "open door" for 
trade of all countries, 
b") American efforts to secure peace between Japan 
and Russia, 1905. 

c) Alaskan Boundary settled by arbitration, 1903. 

d) Canadian Reciprocity Treaty fails, 19II. 

e) San Domingo: United States compelled to resort 

to control of custom houses in order to pay 
foreign debts of San Domingo, 1905. 

f) Peace Movement. The Hague conferences, 

1899, 1909; arbitration treaties. 

10. Renewal of Tariff Question. 

11. Banking and Currency Reforms. 

12. Presidential Elections, 1904, 19O8. 
IS. Political Movements. 

a) Conferences of Governors, 1908, I91O, etc. 

b) Rise of Insurgents or Progressives in Republican 

Party; opposed to high tariff, arbitrary rule 
in house of representatives, political bosses, 
and machine politics. 

c) Many political reform measures leading to 

broader popular control of government: 
referendum and initiative ; recall of officials, 
particularly of judges or of their decisions; 
direct primaries ; publicity of campaign con- 
tributions ; commission form of municipal 
government. 

d) Controversy between Taft and Roosevelt, 1912. 

e) Election of 1912. 

REFERENCES. 

Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 536-55T; Ashley, 512-55T; Chan- 
ning, 580-585; Hart, 565-58G; James & Sanford, 507-526; Mc- 
Laughlin, 541-556; McMaster, 486-491; Montgomery, 392-400; 
Muzzey, 591-626. 

For Collateral Reading. — Bogart, Economic History, 400- 
469; Com.in, Industrial Historv, 331-334 (commerce and ship- 
ping), 347-354 (railroads), 354-361 (trusts), 361-369 (labor), 
375-413 (conservation); Elson, U. S., 906-911; Taussig, Tariflf 
History, 361-408; Wilson, Division and Reunion, 342-357. 

For Topical Study. — See Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs 
or Debate. 

1. Latane, America as a World Power, ch. 18. 

2. Brookings and Ringwalt, Nos. 47-57. 

C. Johnson, Elements of Transportation, ch. 15-18. 

7. Brookings and Ringwalt, Xos. 57-65. 

8. Johnson, Elements of Transportation, ch. 27; Johnson, 
Four Centuries of the Panama Canal; Latan^, ch. 12; Sparks, 
National Development, ch. 13. 

9. Latan^, ch. 6, 11, 14-16. 

10. Latan^, ch. 13. 

11. Brookings and Ringwalt, Kos. 6-19. 

Source References. — American History Leaflets, 34; C. L. 
Jones, Readings on Parties and Elections. 



SOURCE -STUDY. 

CONSERVATION OF NATIONAL RESOURCES. 

The first decade of the twentieth century was remarkable 
for a growing national consciousness of the value of the 
country's natural resources, and for the expression of this 
consciousness in the acts of voluntary societies, of state legis- 
latures, of Congress emd of the national executive. The Con- 
ference of Governors (1908) was one step toward a more 
secure popular control of the existing national resources. 

The Constitution of the United States thus grew in 
large part out of the necessity for united action in the 
wise use of one of our natural resources. The wise use 
of all of our natural resources, which are our national 
resources as well, is the great material question of today. 
I have asked you to come together now because the 
enormous consumption of these resources, and the threat 
of imminent exhaustion of some of them, due to reckless 



Copyright. 1912. McKinley Publishing Co . Philadelpiiia. Pa. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics fur American History. 




^./%n4 ,c,.,.4 



F i C 




I I J-oi.gi(udil U.-.l of rM- cciT,.N-.cU ^ - 



W"'~'^~lf: 



Routes of projio^etl interoceanic railways and canals. 



SOURCE - STUD Y.-Continued. 

and wasteful use, once more calls for common effort, 
common action. 

We want to take action that will prevent the advent 
of a woodless age, and defer as long as possible the ad- 
vent of an ironless age. . . . 

The steadily increasing drain on tliese natural re- 
sources has promoted to an extraordinary degree the 
complexity of our industrial and social life. Moreover, 
this unexampled development has had a determining 
effect upon the character and oj)inions of our people. 
The demand for efficiency in the great task has given us 
vigor, effectiveness, decision, and power, and a capacity 
for achievement which in its own lines has never yet 
been matched. So great and so rapid has been our 
material growth that there has been a tendency to lag 
behind in spiritual and moral growth ; but that is not 
the subject upon which I speak to you today. 

Disregarding for the moment the question of moral 
purpose, it is safe to say that the prosperity of our 
people depends directly on the energy and intelligence 
with wliich our natural resources are used. It is equally 
clear that these resources are the final basis of national 
power and perpetuity. Finally, it is ominously evident 
that these resources are in the course of rapid exhaustion. 

This Nation began with the belief tliat its landed 
possessions were illimitable and capable of supporting 
all the people who might care to make our country their 



home; but already the limit of unsettled land is in sight, 
and indeed but little land fitted for agriculture now re- 
mains unoccupied save what can be reclaimed by irriga- 
tion and drainage — a subject with which this Conference 
is partly to deal. We began with an unapproached 
heritage of forests; more than half of the timber is 
gone. We began with coal fields more extensive than 
those of any other nation and with iron ores regarded 
as inexhaustible, and many experts now declare tliat the 
end of both iron and coal is in sight. 

. . . The enormous stores of mineral oil and gas are 
largely gone; and those Governors who liave in their 
States cities built up by natural gas, where the natural 
gas has since been exhausted, can tell us something of 
what that means. Our natural waterways are not gone, 
but they have been so injured by neglect, and by the 
division of responsibility and utter lack of system in deal- 
ing with them, tliat tliere is less navigation on them now 
than there was fifty years ago. Finally, we began with 
soils of unexam))led fertility, and we have so impover- 
ished them by injudicious u.se and by failing to check 
erosion that their crop-producing power 's diminishing 
instead of increasing. In a word, we have thought- 
lessly, and to a large degree imnecessarily, diminished 
the resources upon which not only our prosperity but 
the prosperity of our children and our children's children 
must always depend. . . . 

(Continued on Page i ) 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. U 39. 



Copyritht. 1912. McKinley Publisbmg Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. 



THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC JUNCTION 
COMPANY. 



(navigation TIIGOUGH the I8THUUS OF DAEIEN 
WITHOUT LOCKS.) 



Il.v Rcfflalered.) 



T" be Tncorporntcif h'f I*oi/(tl Charter ov Act nf Parliament, litmting 
the lialiililii nftUe ,%arlhoMers. 



Being the An: 



t SHABlt. TVITH 

1 limited hy the Art ;th & 8th Vic., cap. 1 10. 



Provisional Direotors. 

Clian-vmt —TitK Right Honolbable Lor.D WHaiiNcupri! 

Depuly-Clminnan. — John Pembehton Hetwood, Esq. 

J S. Brownricg. Esq.. Gnvemor of tlie Austxali&n Agricuiturai 

Charles Bkownell^ Esq.. Lt\'ori)Ool. 

Thonjas R Cra'mstdn, Esq., 2. Kensiogtoit Square. 

Edward CnoHrfeB. Esq.. Livrrpool. 

J C EivABT. Esq . Ln'er]iool 

G D'Ol.iER GowAN. Esq . Copthall Couil 

W.J Hamilto.m. Ksq , Cbesham Place 

Lewis H. Haslcwood. Esq.. Highgatc. 

T. H Hope. Esq.. I'iccad.lly. 

Huoil HoRNBV Esq . Chairman of tlie Clmmhor of C( 

Liverpool 
Admiral C. R Mooksom. R N . HighfielH, nirmingham. 
Captain Maikinnon. R.N , 4. Hyde Park Place. 
A. MoNTovA. Esq. Consul General for New Grenadft, 




^. .^^ ^ ^ 'f=^ ^ 



F 



y 




THE IXTEROCEANIC CANAL. 
No. 1. Prospectus of an English Company for an isthmian canal without locks, 1852. 
No. 3. Proposed Honduras Interoceanic Ship Railway, 1865. 

No. 3. View of the French workings on the Panama Canal, showing laborious way of loading cars by hand and wheel-barrow. 
No. i. View of the American workings (1907) near the same spot as picture 3, showing use of steam-shovel, etc. 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics (or American History. 



SOURCE - STUD Y.—ConUnued. 

Just let me interject one word as to a particular type 
of folly of which it ought not to be necessary to speak. 
We stop wasteful cutting of timber; that of course makes 
a slight shortage at tlie moment. To avoid that slight 
shortage at the moment, there are certain people so foolish 
that they will incur absolute shortage in the future, and 
they are willing to stop all attemjits to conserve the 
forests, because of course by wastefully using them at 
the moment we can for a year or two provide against 
any lack of wood. That is like providing for the farm- 
er's family to live sumptuously on the flesh of the milch 
cow. Any farmer can live prett}' well for a year if he 
is content not to live at all the year after. . . . — Theo- 
dore Roosevelt, Address to the Conference of Governors, 
May 13, 1908; 60th Cong., 2nd Sess., House Documents, 
No. 1425. 



The first of all considerations is the permanent wel- 
fare of our people; and true moral welfare, the highest 
form of welfare, can not permanently exist save on a 
firm and lasting foundation of material well-being. . . . 

The policy of conservation is perhaps the most typical 
example of the general policies which this Government 
has made peculiarly its own during the opening years of 
the present century. The function of our Government is 
to insure to all its citizens, now and Iiereafter, their 
rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. If 
we of this generation destroy the resources from which 
our children would otherwise derive their livelihood, 
we reduce tlie capacity of our land to support a popula- 
tion, and so either degrade the standard of living or de- 
prive the coming generations of their right to life on 
this continent. If we allow great industrial organiza- 
tions to exercise unregulated control of the means of 
production and the necessaries of life, we deprive the 
Americans of today and of the future of industrial 
liberty, a riglit no less precious and vital than political 
freedom. Industrial liberty was a fruit of political 
liberty, and in turn has become one of its chief sup- 
ports, and exactly as we stand for political democracy 
so we must stand for industrial democracy. 

The rights to life and liberty are fundamental, and 
like other fundamental necessities, when once acquired, 
they are little dwelt upon. The right to tlie pursuit of 
happiness is the right whose presence or absence is most 
likely to be felt in daily life. . . . The freedom of the 
individual should be limited only by the present and 
future rights, interests, and needs of the other individuals 
who make up the community. . . . The man wlio serves 
the community greatly should be greatly rewarded by 
the community; as there is great inequality of service, 
so there must be great inequality of reward ; but no man 
and no set of men should be allowed to play the game 
of competition with loaded dice. . . . 

The unchecked existence of monopoly is incompatible 
with equality of opportunity. The reason for the exercise 
of government control over great monopolies is to equal- 
ize opportunity. . . . 

Our public-land policy has for its aim the use of the 
public land so that it will promote local development by 



the settlement of home-makers ; the policy we champion 
is to serve all the people legitimately and openly, instead 
of permitting the lands to be converted illegitimately and 
under cover, to the private benefit of a few. Our forest 
policy was established so that we might use the public 
forests for the permanent public good, instead of merely 
for temporarj' private gain. The reclamation act, under 
which the desert parts of the public domain are converted 
to higher uses for the general benefit, was passed so that 
more Americans might have homes on the land. . . . 

The enactment of a pure-food law was a recognition 
of the fact that the public welfare outweighs the right 
to private gain, and that no man may poison the people 
for his private profit. The employers' liability bill 
recognized the controlling fact that wliile the employer 
usually has at stake no more than liis profit, the stake 
of the employee is a living for himself and his family. 

We are building the Panama Canal; and this means 
that we are engaged in the giant engineering feat of all 
time. We are striving to add in all ways to the habita- 
bility and beauty of our country. We are striving to 
hold in the public hands the remaining supply of un- 
appropriated coal, for the protection and benefit of all 
the people. We have taken the first steps toward the 
conservation of our natural resources, and the betterment 
of country life, and the improvement of our waterways. 
We stand for the right of every child to a childhood free 
from grinding toil, and to an education ; for the civic 
responsibility and decency of every citizen ; for prudent 
foresight in public matters, and for fair play in every 
relation of our national and economic life. In inter- 
national matters we apply a system of diplomacy which 
puts the obligations of international morality on a level 
with those that govern the actions of an honest gentle- 
man in dealing with his fellow-men. Within our own 
border we stand for truth and honesty in public and 
private life, and war sternly against wrongdoers of 
every grade. All these attempts are integral parts of 
the same attempt, the attempt to enthrone justice and 
righteousness, to secure freedom of opportunity to all of 
our citizens, now and hereafter, and to set the ultimate 
interest of all of us above the temporary interest of 
any individual, class, or group. 

The nation, its government, and its resources exist, 
first of all, for the American citizen, whatever his creed, 
race, or birthplace, whether he be rich or poor, educated 
or ignorant, provided only that he is a good citizen, 
recognizing his obligations to the nation for the rights 
and opportunities which lie owes to the nation. 

. . . The application of common sense to common 
problems for the common good, under the guidance of 
the principles upon which this republic was based, and 
by virtue of which it exists, spells perpetuity for the 
nation, civil and industrial liberty for its citizens, and 
freedom of opportunity in the pursuit of happiness for 
the plain American, for whom this nation was founded, 
by whom it was preserved, and through whom alone it 
can be perpetuated. . . . — Theodore Roosevelt, Special 
Messaqe Transmitting the Report of the National Con- 
servation Commission, 60th Cong., 2nd Sess., Senate 
Doc. No. 676, pp. 3-6. 



McKlnJsy's Illustrated Topics (or American History. 



Topic U 161. The Articles of Confederation 



OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 

Proposed Articles of Confedorntioii were del)!ited in Con- 
gress from July 12, 1776, till November 15, 1777, when they 
were finally agreed to. Two days later they were submitted 
to the states. The first ratifications by the states were on 
July 9, 1778; the last one on March 1, 1781, when Maryland 
completed the unanimous consent necessary to put the .\rticles 
in operation. 

"Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, be- 
tween the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, 
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Connecticut, 
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary- 
land, J'irginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and 
Georgia. 

Article 1. The stile of this confederacy shall be 
"The United States of America." 

Article 2. Each State retains its sovereignty, free- 
dom and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, 
and right, which is not by this confederation expressly 
delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled. 

Article S. The said States hereby severally enter 
into a firm league of friendship with each other for their 
common defence, the security of their liberties and their 
mutual and general welfare ; binding themselves to assist 
each other against all force offered to, or attacks made 
upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, 
sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever. 

Article 4. The better to secure and perpetuate mu- 
tual friendship and intercourse among the people of the 
different States in this union, the free inhabitants of 
each of these states, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives 
from justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges 
and immunities of free citizens in the several states; and 
the people of each State shall have free ingress and 
regress to and from any other State, and shall enjoy 
therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, subject 
to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions, as the 
inhabitants thereof respectively ; provided, that such re- 
strictions shall not extend so far as to prevent the re- 
moval of property, imported into any State, to any other 
State of which the owner is an inhabitant; provided also, 
that no imposition, duties, or restriction, shall be laid by 
any State on the property of the United States, or either 
of them. 

If any person guilty of, or charged with treason, 
felony, or other high misdemeanor in any State, shall 
flee from justice and be found in any of the United 
States, he shall, upon demand of the governor or execu- 
tive power, of the State from which he fled, be delivered 
up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of his 
offence. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these 
states to the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of 
the courts and magistrates of every other State. 

Article 5. For the more convenient management of 



the general interests of the United States, delegates shall 
be annually appointed in such manner as the legisla- 
ture of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on the 
1st Monday in November in every year, with a power 
reserved to each State, to recall its delegates, or any of 
them, at any time within the year, and to send others in 
their stead for the remainder of the year. 

No State shall be represented in Congress by less 
than two, nor by more than seven members ; and no per- 
son shall be capable of being a delegate for more than 
three years in any term of six years ; nor shall any per- 
son, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office 
under the United States, for which he, or any other for 
his benefit, receives any salary, fees, or emolument of 
any kind. 

Each State shall maintain its own delegates in a meet- 
ing of the states, and while they act as members of the 
committee of the states. 

In determining questions in the United States, in Con- 
gress assembled, each State shall have one vote. 

Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not 
be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of 
Congress ; and the members of Congress shall be pro- 
tected in their persons from arrests and imprisonments, 
during the time of their going to and from, and attend- 
ance on Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of 
the peace. 

Article 6. No State, without the consent of the 
United States, in Congress assembled, shall send any 
embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into 
any conference, agreement, alliance, or treaty with any 
king, prince, or state; nor shall any person, holding any 
office of profit or trust under the United States, or any of 
them, accept of any present, emolument, office or title, of 
any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign 
state ; nor shall the United States, in Congress assembled, 
or any of them, grant any title of nobility. 

No two or more states shall enter into any treat}-, con- 
federation, or alliance, whatever, between them, without 
the consent of the United States, in Congress assembled, 
specifying accurately the purposes for which the same 
is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue. 

No state shall lay any imposts or duties which may 
interfere with any stipulations in treaties entered into by 
the United States, in Congress assembled, with any king, 
prince, or state, in pursuance of any treaties already pro- 
posed by Congress to the courts of France and Spain. 

No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace 
by any State, except such number only as shall be 
deemed necessary by the United States, in Congress 
assembled, for the defence of such State or its trade; 
nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State, in 
time of peace, except such number only as, in the judg- 
ment of the United States, in Congress assembled, shall 
be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the 



McKinley's lllti<<trated Topics fi)r American Hislor> . 



defence of such State; but every State shall always 
keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, suffi- 
ciently armed and accoutreed, and shall provide, and 
constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due 
number of field pieces and tents, and a proper quan- 
tity of arms, ammunition and camp equipage. 

No State shall engage in any war without the consent 
of the United States, in Congress assembled, unless such 
State be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have re- 
ceived certain advice of a resolution being formed by 
some nation of Indians to invade such State, and the 
danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay till 
the United States, in Congress assembled, can be con- 
sulted : nor shall any State grant commissions to any 
ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, 
except it be after a declaration of war by the United 
States, in Congress assembled, and then only against the 
kingdom or state, and the subjects thereof, against which 
war has been so declared, and under such regulations 
as shall be established by the United States, in Congress 
assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in 
which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occa- 
sion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or 
until the United States, in Congress asembled, shall de- 
termine otherwise. 

Article 7. ^^^^en land forces arc raised by any 
State for the common defence, all officers of or under the 
rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature of 
each State respectively, by whom such forces shall be 
raised, or in such manner as such State shall direct; and 
all vacancies shall be filled up by the State which first 
made the appointment. 

Article 8. All charges of war and all other ex- 
penses, that shall be incurred for the common defence or 
general welfare, and allowed by the United States, in 
Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common 
treasury, which shall be supplied by the several states, 
in proportion to the value of all land within each State, 
granted to or surveyed for any person, as such land and 
the buildings and improvements thereon shall be esti- 
mated according to such mode as the United States, in 
Congress assembled, shall from time to time, direct and 
appoint. 

The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and 
levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures 
of the several states, within the time agreed upon by the 
United States, in Congress assembled. 

Article 9. The United States, in Congress as- 
sembled, shall have the sole and exclusive right and 
power of determining on peace and war, except In the 
cases mentioned in the 6th article; of sending and re- 
ceiving ambassadors ; entering into treaties and alliances, 
provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made, 
whereby the legislative power of the respective sfcites shall 
be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on 
foreigners as their own people are subjected to, or from 
prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species 



of goods or commodities whatsoever; of establishing rules 
for deciding, in all cases, what captures on land or water 
shall be legal, and in what manner prizes, taken by land 
or naval forces in the service of the United States, shall 
be divided or appropriated ; of granting letters of marque 
and reprisal in times of peace; appointing courts for the 
trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, 
and establishing courts for receiving and determining, 
finally, appeals in all cases of captures ; provided, that no 
member of Congress shall be appointed a judge of anj- of 
the said courts. 

The United States, in Congress assembled, sliall also 
be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differ- 
ences now subsisting, or that hereafter ma}' arise between 
two or more states concerning boundary, jurisdiction or 
any other cause whatever; which authority shall always 
be exercised in the manner following: whenever the legis- 
lative or executive authority, or lawful agent of any 
State, in controversy with another, shall present a peti- 
tion to Congress, stating the matter in question, and pray- 
ing for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given, by order 
of Congress, to the legislative or executive authority of 
the other State in controversy, and a day assigned for 
the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who 
shall then be directed to appoint, by joint consent, com- 
missioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and 
determining the matter in question ; but if they cannot 
agree. Congress shall name three persons out of each of 
the United States, and from the list of such persons each 
party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners 
beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen ; 
and from that number not less than seven, nor more than 
nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall, in the pres- 
ence of Congress, be drawn out by lot, and the persons 
whose names shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall 
be commissioners or judges to hear and finally determine 
the controversy, so always as a major part of the judges 
who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination; 
and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day ap- 
pointed, without showing reasons which Congress shall 
judge sufficient, or, being present, shall refuse to strike, 
the Congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out 
of each State, and the Secretary of Congress shall strike 
in behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the 
judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed, in 
the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclu- 
sive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to 
the authority of such court, or to appear or defend their 
claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to 
pronounce sentence or judgment, which shall, in like 
manner, be final and decisive, the judgment or sentence 
and other proceedings being, in either case transmitted 
to Congress, and lodged among the acts of Congress for 
the security of the parties concerned : provided, that every 
commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an 
oath, to be administered by one of the judges of the 
supreme or superior court of the State where the cause 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics fo 



rican History. No. U. 161. 



shall be tried, "well and truly to hear and determine the 
matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, 
without favour, affection, or hope of reward:" provided, 
also, that no State shall be deprived of territory' for the 
benefit of the United States. 

All controversies concerning the private right of 
soil, claimed under different grants of two or more 
■itates, whose jurisdiction, as they may respect such 
lands and the states which passed such grants, are ad- 
justed, the said grants, or either of them, being at the 
same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such 
settlement of jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of either 
party to the Congress of the United States, be finallj- 
determined, as near as may be, in the same manner as is 
before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting terri- 
torial jurisdiction between different States. 

The United States, in Congress assembled, shall also 
liave the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating 
the alloj' and value of coin struck by their own authority, 
or by that of the respective states ; fixing the standard of 
weights and measures throughout the United States ; 
regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the 
Indians not members of any of the states ; provided that 
the legislative right of any State within its own limits 
be not infringed or violated ; establishing and regulating 
post offices from one State to another througliout all the 
United States, and exacting such postage on the papers 
passing through the same as may be requisite to defray 
the expenses of the said office ; appointing all officers of 
the land forces in the service of the United States, ex- 
cepting regimental officers ; appointing all tlie officers of 
the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever 
in the service of the United States ; making rules for 
the government and regulation of the said land and 
naval forces and directing their operations. 

The United States, in Congress assembled, shall have 
authority to appoint a committee to sit in the recess of 
Congress, to be denominated "a Committee of the States," 
and to consist of one delegate from each State, and to 
appoint such other committees and civil officers as may 
be necessary for managing the general affairs of the 
United States, under their direction; to appoint one of 
their number to preside, provided that no person be 
allowed to serve in the office of president more than one 
year in anj' term of three years ; to ascertain the necessary 
sums of money to be raised for the service of the United 
States, and to appropriate and apply the same for de- 
fraying the public expenccs ; to borrow money or emit 
bills on the credit of the United States, transmitting, 
every half year, to the respective states, an account of 
the sums of money so borrowed or emitted ; to build and 
equip a navy ; to agree upon the number of land forces, 
and to make requisitions from each State for its quota, in 
proportion to the number of white inhabitants in such 
State; which requisitions shall be binding; and there- 
upon, the legislature of each State shall appoint the 
regimental officers, raise the men, and cloathe, arm, and 



equip them in a soldier-like manner, at the expcnce of 
the United States; and the officers and men so cloathed, 
armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed 
and within the time agreed on by the United States, in 
Congress assembled ; but if the United States, in Congress 
assembled, sliall, on consideration of circumstances, judge 
proper that any State should not raise men, or should 
raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any 
other State should raise a greater number of men than 
tlie quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, 
officered, cloathed, armed, and equipped in the same man- 
ner as the quota of such State, unless the legislature of 
such State shall judge that such extra number cannot be 
safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall 
raise, officer, cloathe, arm, and equip as many of such 
extra number as they judge can be safely spared. And 
the officers and men so cloathed, armed, and equijiped, 
shall march to the place appointed and within the time 
agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled. 

The United States, in Congress assembled, shall never 
engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal 
in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, 
nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascer- 
tain the sums and expences necessary for the defence and 
welfare of the United States, or any of them: nor emit 
bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the United 
States, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the num- 
ber of vessels of war to be built or purchased, or the 
number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a 
commander in chief of the army or navy, unless nine 
States assent to the same ; nor shall a question on any 
other point, except for adjournipg from day to day, be 
determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the 
United States, in Congress assembled. 

The Congress of the United States shall have power 
to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place 
within the United States, so that no period of adjourn- 
ment be for a longer duration than the space of six 
months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings 
monthly, except such parts thereof, relating to treaties, 
alliances or military operations, as, in their judgment, 
require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the delegates 
of each State on any question shall be entered on the 
journal, when it is desired by any delegate; and the 
delegates of a State, or any of them, at his, or their re- 
quest, shall be furnished with a transcript of the said 
journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay 
before the legislatures of the several states. 

Article 10. The committee of the states, or any 
nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess 
of Congress, such of the powers of Congress as the 
United States, in Congress assembled, by the consent of 
nine states, shall, from time to time, think expedient to 
vest them with ; provided, that no power be delegated to 
the said committee, for the exercise of which, by the 
articles of confederation, the voice of nine states, in 
the Congress of the United States assembled, is requisite. 



Copyrifiht, 1912, McKlnl«y Pablishlnt Co. . Pluladtlphta, Pa. 



McKlnley'ii lllustruted Tuples tor American History. 



Artitle 11. Canada acceding to this confederation, 
and joining in the measures of the United States, shall 
be admitted into and entitled to all the advantages of 
this union ; but no other colony shall be admitted into the 
same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine states. 

Article 12. All bills of credit, emitted, monies bor- 
rowed and debts contracted by, or under the authority 
of Congress before the assembling of the United States, 
in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be 
deemed and considered as a charge against the United 
States, for pajinent and s.atisfaction whereof the said 
United States and the public faith arc hereby solemnly 
pledged. 

Article 13. Every State shall abide by the deter- 
minations of the United States, in Congress assembled, on 



all questions which, by this confederation, are submitted 
to them. And the articles of this confederation shall be 
inviolably observed by every State, and the union shall be 
perpetual ; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter 
be made in any of them, unless such alteration be agreed 
to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards 
confirmed by the legislatures of every State. 

These articles shall be proposed to the legislatures of 
all the United States, to be considered, and if approved of 
by them, they are advised to authorize their delegates to 
ratify the same in the Congress of the United States; 
which being done, the same shall become conclusive. — 
Journals of the Continental Congress (Lib. of Cong, 
cd.), Vol. IX, pp. 907-923. 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History^ 



Topic U 162. The Constitution of the United States. 



We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more 

perfect Union, estalilish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, 

provide for the common defence, promote the general W'el- 

fare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and 

our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution 

for the United States of America. 
Article I. 

Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be 
\ested in a Congress of the United States, which shall con- 
sist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 

Section 2. The House of Kepresentatives shall be com- 
posed of Members chosen e\ery second Year by the People 
of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have 
the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous 
Branch of the State Legislature. 

Xo Person shall be a Representative who shall not have 
attained to the Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven 
Years a Cit.zen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be 
chosen. 

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among 
the several States which may be included within this Union, 
according to their respective Numbers, which shall be deter- 
mined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, 
including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and 
excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. 
The actual Eiumieration shall be made within three Years 
after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, 
and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such 
Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Repre- 
sentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, 
but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and 
until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New 
Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts 
eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecti- 
c^it fi\e. New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, 
Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five. 
South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any 
State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of 
Election to fill such \'acancies. 

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and 
other Officers; and .shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. 

Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be com- 
posed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legis- 
lature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have 
one Vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence 
of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may 
be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first 
Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second year, of 
the second Clasj at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and 
of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, .so that 
one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies 
happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the 
Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make tempo- 
rary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, 
which shall then fill such Vacancies. 

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to 
the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of 
the United States, and who .shall not, when elected, be an 
Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice President of the LTnited States shall be Presi- 
dent of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be 
equally divided. 

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a Presi- 
dent pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or 
when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United 
States. 

The Senate .shall have the sole Power to try all Impeach- 
ments. When sitting for that Purpo.se, they shall be on 
Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United 
States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Per- 
son shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds 
of the Members present. 

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment .shall not extend further 
than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold 
and enjoy any Office of honor. Trust or Profit under the 
United States; but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be 
liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punish- 
ment, according to Law. 

Section i. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elec- 
tions for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed 



in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress 
may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, 
except as to the Places of chusing Senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, 
and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in De'cember, 
unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. 

Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elec- 
tions, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a 
Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but 
a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be 
authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in 
such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may 
provide. 

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, 
punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the 
Concurrence of two thirds, expel n Member. 

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and 
from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts 
as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas 
and Nays of the Members of either Hou.se on any question 
shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those present, be entered 
on the Journal. 

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, with- 
out the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three 
days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two 
Houses shall be sitting. 

Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive 
a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, 
and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They 
shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the 
Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at 
the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in 
either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for 
which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under 
the Authority of the United States, which shall have been 
created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased 
during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the 
United States, .shall be a Member of either House during his 
Continuance in Office. 

Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate 
in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propo.se 
or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. 

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Represen- 
tatives and the Senate, .shall, before it become a Law, be 
presented to the President of the United States; If he ap- 
prove he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his 
Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, 
who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and 
proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two 
thirds of that House .shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be 
.sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by 
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by 
two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all 
such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by 
Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for 
and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each 
House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by 
the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it 
.shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a law, 
in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by 
their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall 
not be a Law. 

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence 
of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary 
(except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to 
the President of the United States; and before the Same shall 
take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved 
by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limita- 
tions prescribed in the Case of a Bill. 

Section 9. The Congress shall have Power To I.iy and 
collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts 
and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of 
the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall 
be uniform throughout the United States; 

To borrow Money on the Credit of the United States; 
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the 
several States, and with the Indian Tribes; 

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform 
Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United 
States; 



McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. 



To coin Moiuy, regulate tlie Viilue thtreof, and of foreign 
Coin, nnd fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; 

To provide for the Punisliment of counterfeiting the Se- 
curities and current Coin of the United States; 

To establisli Post Otiices and post Hoads; 

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by 
securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors tlie ex- 
clusive Uit;ht to their respective Writings and Discoveries; 

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; 

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on 
the high Seas, and Oftences against the Law of Nations; 

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and 
make Rules concerning Ca]itures on Land and Water; 

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of 
Money to that L'se shall be for a longer Term than two 
Years; 

To provide and maintain a Xavy; 

To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the 
land and naval Forces; 

To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the 
Laws of the I'nion, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the 
Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be em- 
ployed in tlie Service of the United States, reserving to the 
States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the 
Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline 
prescribed by Congress; 

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, 
over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, 
by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Con- 
gress, become the Scat of the Government of the United 
States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places pur- 
chased bv the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which 
the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, 
Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; — And 

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and jiroper for 
carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other 
Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the 
United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. 

SECTION !). The Migration or Importation of such Persons 
as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, 
fhall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one 
thousand eight hundred "and eight, but a Tax or Duty may 
be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for 
each Person. 

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be 
suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the 
public Safety may require it. 

Xo Bill of" Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. 

No Capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in 
Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed 
to be taken. 

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any 
State. 

No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Com- 
merce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over tliose of 
another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be 
obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. 

No Money shall be drawn "from the Treasury, but in Con- 
sequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular 
Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of 
all public Monev shall be published from time to time. 

No Title of Nobilitv shall be granted by the United States: 
And no Person holdi"ng any Office of Profit or Trust under 
them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of 
any present. Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind what- 
ever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. 

SECTio>f 10. " No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, 
or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; 
coin Monev; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold 
and silver" Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any 
Bill of Attainder, ex post facto i,aw, or Law impairing the 
Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. 

No State .shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay 
any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what 
may be alisolutclv necessary for executing its inspection Laws: 
and the net Produce of ail Duties and Imposts, laid by any 
State on Imports or Exports, .shall be for the Use of the 
Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be 
subject "to the Revision and Controul of the Congress. 

No State .shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any 
Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of 
Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another 
State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless 
actually invaded, or In such imminent Danger as will not admit 
of Delay. — 



,\IIT1C1X II. 

Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a Presi- 
dent of the United States of America. He shall hold his 
Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the 
\ive President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as 
follows 

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature 
thereof may direct, a Numlier of Electors, equal to the whole 
Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State 
may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Represen- 
tative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under 
t!ic L'nited States, shall be appointed an Elector. 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote 
by ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be 
an Inhabitant of the same State with them.selves. And they 
.shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the 
Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and 
certify, and transmit scaled to the Seat of the Government 
of the L'nited States, directed to the President of the Senate. 
The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, 
and the Votes .shall then be counted. The Person having the 
greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such 
Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors 
appointed; and if there be more than one who have such 
JIaJority and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House 
of Representatives shall immediately chu.se by Ballot one of 
them for President; and if no person have a Majority, then 
from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like 
Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the 
Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each 
State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall con- 
sist of a Member or Members from two-thirds of the States, 
and a Majority of all the States .shall be necessary to a 
Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, 
the person having the greatest Number of Votes of the 
Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should 
remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall 
chuse from them by Ballot the Vice-President.* 

The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the 
Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; 
which Day shall be the same throughout the L'nited States. 

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the 
United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitu- 
tion, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall 
any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have at- 
tained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen 
Years a Resident within the United States. 

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of 
his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers 
and Duties of the said Office, the same shall devolve on the 
Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the 
case of Removal, Death, Resignation, or Inability, both of the 
President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then 
act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until 
the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, 
a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor di- 
minished during the Period for which he shall have been 
elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other 
Emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take 
the following Oath or .Affirmation: — "I do solemnly swear (or 
"affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President 
"of the L^.ited States, and "will to the be?t of my Ability, 
"preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United 
States." 

Sectio>j 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of 
the Army and Navj' of the United States, and of the Militia 
of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the 
United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the 
principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon 
any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, 
and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons 
for Offences against the LTnited States, except in Cases of 
Impeachment. 

He .shall have Po^ver. by and with the Advice and Coflsent 
of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the 
Senators present concur: and be shall nominate, and by and 
with the Advice nnd Consent of the Senate, shall appoint 
.Ambassadors, other )niblic Ministers and Consuls, Judges of 
the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, 
whose Appointments are not herein othem-ise provided for, 

* This paragraph was superseded by the 12th Artiele of th« ameBt- 
nenta^ 



Mckinley's Illustrated Topics tor American History. No. U 1C2. 



and which shall be establislietl by Law: but the Congress may 
by Law vest the Appointment of such inferor Officers, as 
tliey think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of 
Law, or in the Heads of Departments. 

The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that 
may happen during tlie Recess of the Senate, by granting 
Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next 
Session. 

Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Con- 
gress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend 
to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge neces- 
sary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, con- 
vene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagree- 
ment between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, 
lie may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; 
be shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he 
shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and 
.shall Commission all the Officers of the United States. 

Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Offi- 
cers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on 
impeachment for, and Conviction of. Treason, Bribery, or 
other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. 

Article IH. 

Section- L The judicial Power of the United States, shall 
be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts 
as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. 
The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall 
hold their Offices during good behavior, and .shall, at stated 
Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which 
shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. 

Section 2. The judicial Power .shall extend to all Cases, in 
Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of 
Ihe L^nited States, and Treaties made, or which shall be 
made, under their Authority; — to all Cases affecting Ambas- 
sadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; — to all Cases of 
admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; — to Controversies to 
which the United States .shall be a Party; — to Controversies 
between two or more States; — between a State and Citizens 
of another State; — between Citizens of different States, — be- 
tween Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants 
of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens 
thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. 

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers 
and Consuls, and those in which a State .shall be Party, the 
supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the 
other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have 
appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such 
Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall 
make. 

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, 
'hall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State 
where the .said Crimes shall have been committed; but when 
not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such 
Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. 

Section 3. Treason against the L^nited States, shall con- 
sist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their 
Enemies, giving ;hem Aid and Comfort. No Person shall 
be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Wit- 
nesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. 

The Congress .shall have Power to declare the Puni-shment 
of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corrup- 
tion of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the 
Person attainted. 

Article TV. 

Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each 
State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings 
of every other State. And the Congress may by general 
Laws prescrilie the Manner in which such Acts, Records and 
Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. 

Section' 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to 
all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. 

A person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or 
other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in 
another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority 
of the State from which he fled, be delivered up to be re- 
moved to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. 

No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under 
the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence 
of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such 
Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the 
Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. 

Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress 
into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected 
within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be 
formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of 



States, witliout tlie Consent of the Legislatures of the States 
concerned as well as of the Congress. 

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all 
needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or 
other Property belonging to the L'nited States; and nolhing 
in this Constitution sliall be so construed as to Prejudice any 
Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 

Section 4. The United States .shall guarantee to every 
.State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and 
shall ])rotect each of them against Invasion; and on Applica- 
tion of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legis- 
lature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. 

Article V. 

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Con- 
stitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of 
two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention 
for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be 
valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Con.stitu- 
tion, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the 
several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as 
the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed 
by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment whicli may 
be made prior to the Year One thou.sand eight hundred and 
eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses 
in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and tliat no State, 
without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage 
in the Senate. 

Article VI. 

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before 
the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against 
the United States under this Constitution, as under the Con- 
federation. 

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which 
shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or 
which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, 
shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in 
every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitu- 
tion or Laws of any State to the "Contrary notwithstanding. 

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the 
Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive 
and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the 
several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to sup- 
port this Constitution; but no' religious Test shall ever be 
required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under 
the United States. 

Article VII. 

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be 
sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between 
the States so ratifying the Same. 

ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, 
THE CONSTITUTION. 

Article I. 
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging 
the freedom of .speech, or of the press; or the right of the 
people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government 
for a redress of grievances. 

Article II. 
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a 
free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, 
.shall not be infringed. 

Article III. 
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, 
without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a 
manner to be prescribed by law. 

Article IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in tlieir persons, houses, 
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, 
shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon 
probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particu- 
larly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or 
things to be seized. 

Ahttcle V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otlier- 
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment 
of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval 
forces, or In the Militia, when in actual service in time of 
War or in public danger; nor shall any person be subject 
for the same offence to be twice put m jeopardy of life or 



J 1912 



McKlnley's Illustrated Topics fur American History. 



limb; nor shall lie comiiclled in any Criminal Cast to he a 
witness against himself, nor he dejjrived of life, liberty, or 
l)roperty, «itlioiit due proeess of law; nor shall private prop- 
erty he taken for ])uhlie use, without just eom)iensation. 

Article VI. 
In all eriniinal proseeutions, the accused shall enjoy the 
right to a speedy and pul)lic trial, by an impartial jury of 
tlie State and distriet wherein the crime shall have been com- 
mitted, which district shall have been previously ascertained 
liy law, and to be informed yf the nature and cau.se of the 
accusation; to be confronted with the witncs.ses against him; 
to have compulsory j)rocess for obtaining Witnesses in his 
favor, and to have the .Assistance of Counsel for his defence. 

.\llTItlE \'ll. 
In suits at connnon law, wlicrc the value in controversy .shall 
exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall he 
preserved, and no fact tried by a jury .shall he otherwise re- 
examined in any Court of the I'nitcd States, than according 
to the rules of tlie connnon law 

.\iiTKi.i; VIII. 
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines im- 
jmsed, nor cruel and unusual i)un)shmonts inflicted. 

.\htki.e IX. 
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall 
not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the 
people. 

Articm; X, 
Tlie powers not delegated to the United Stales l)y llie 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved 
to the .States rcs]>ectively, or to the jieople.* 

.\liTICI.E XI. 

'ilie .hidicial ))ower of the I'nited States shall not he con- 
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or 
proseoited against one of tlie United States by Citizens of 
another State, or bv Citizens or Sulijects of anv Foreign 
State.t 

Article XII. 

The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote 
by ballot for President and \'ice-President, one of whom, 
at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with 
themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted 
for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for 
as Vice-President, and they .shall make distinct lists of all 
persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for 
as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which 
list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the 
seat of the government of the United States, directed to the 
President of the Senate; — The President of the Senate shall, 
in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
open all the certificates and the votes shall then he counted; — 
The person having the greatest number of votes for President, 
shall he the President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have 
such majority, then from the jiersons having the highest 
numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as 
President, the House of Representatives .shall choose imme- 
diately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the Presi- 
dent, 'the' votes .shall be taken by .states, the reiiresentation 
from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose 
.shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the 
states, and a majority of all the states .shall be necessary to 
a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not 
choose a President whenever the right of choice .shall devolve 
upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, 
then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the ease 
of the death or other constitutional disability of the Presi- 



dent. 'Ihe jierson having tlie greatest number of votes as 
\'ice-Presidcnt, shall he the Vice-President, if such number 
be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and 
if no jjcrson have a majority, then from the two highest 
mnnliers on the list, the Senate .shall choose the Vice-President; 
a quorum for the ])urpo.se shall consist of two-thirds of the 
whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole num- 
ber sliall he neces.sary to a choice. "But" no person constitu- 
tionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligilile 
to that of N'ice-Prcsident of the United States.? 

Article XIII. 

Section 1. Xeitber slavery nor involuntary .servitude, ex- 
cept as a puni.shment for crime whereof the party shall have 
been duly convicted, .shall exist within the United States, or 
any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

■Sectjo.v i?. Congress shall have power to enforce this article 
by ai)pro))riMte legislation. g 

Article XIV. 

Section- 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens 
of the United States and of tlie State wherein they reside. No 
State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the 
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor 
.'hall any State deprive any ])cr.son of life, liberty, or prop- 
erty, without due process of law; nor denj' to any person 
within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Section i?. Representatives shall be apportioned among the 
several States according to their respective numbers, count- 
ing the whole number of persons in each State, excluding 
Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election 
for the choice of electors for President and Vice President 
of the I'nited States, Representatives in Congress, the Execu- 
tive and .Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the 
Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants 
of such States, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens 
of the I'nited States, or in any way abridged, excejjt for 
participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of rejire- 
sentation therein shall he reduced in the proportion which 
the number of such male citizens .shall bear to the whole num- 
ber of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 

Section 3. No ,ierson .shall be a Senator or Representa- 
tive in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, 
or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, 
or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as 
a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United State>i, 
or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or 
judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of 
the United States, .shall have engaged in insurrection or re- 
bellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the 
enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds 
of each House, remove such disability. 

Section 4-. The validity of the public debt of the United 
States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for pay- 
ment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing 
insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither 
the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt 
or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or 
emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations 
and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Section 5. The Congress .shall have power to enforce, by 
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. tt 

.\l!TICLE XV. 

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to 
vote .shall not be dtnicd or abridged by the United State; 
or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condi- 
tion of servitude. 

Section 2. The Congress .shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. ij 

— Revised Slnfiifrs of the Vitiled Stales, 17-:12. 



ntn effect Xov. 3, 1791. 



t In effect Sept. 25, 1804. 
I In effect Dec. 13, 1363. 



+Hn effect .luly 23. 186S. 
;t In effect March 30, 1S70 



McKINLEY SERIES OF AIDS TO THE STUDY 

AND TEACHING OF HISTORY 

AND GEOGRAPHY. 



McKINLEY'S ILLUSTRATED HISTORICAL TOPICS. These 
topics contain a collection of illustrative material for history classes. The fields of 
history are divided into sub-topics, for each of which is given an outline or syllabus, 
references to collateral reading, illustrative pictures, an outline map, and source 
material. The most satisfactory means for enlivening history. 

McKINLEY'S DESK OUTLINE MAPS. For classes in history 
and geography. Several hundred maps are now included in the series ; there are 
three different sizes, and maps with varying amount of detail for various uses. 

McKINLEY'S OUTLINE ATLASES AND NOTEBOOKS 
FOR HISTORY CLASSES. These consist of bound outline maps arranged 
for several fields of history, with or without blank leaves for notes. 

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outline maps, printed on a strong paper of neutral tint. Designed for depicting in 
class facts of geographical or historical importance. 

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WALL SIZE. This is a cross-ruled paper, size 32 by 48 inches, for use in 
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